Consolidated Comparative Study on Copyright Laws of ARIPO Member States and their Adherence to International Instruments on Copyright and Related RightsIS

BN

: 978

-1-7

7906

-335

-9 Lesotho

Kingdom of Eswatini

Mozambique

Sudan

Zimbabwe

Zambia

Botswana

Kenya

Rwanda

Uganda

Malawi

Tanzania

Namibia

The Gambia

Liberia

São Tomé and Príncipe

Ghana

Sierra Leone

Consolidated CoMPaRatiVe stUdY oF CoPYRiGHt laWs oF aRiPo MeMBeR states and tHeiR adHeRenCe to

inteRnational instRUMents on CoPYRiGHt and Related

RiGHts

aRiPo Harare, Zimbabwe

2018

Executive Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Acknowledgement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6

Acronyms & Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

I. BACKGROUND.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

II. COUNTRY PROFILES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

(i) Botswana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

(ii) Kingdom of Eswatini . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

(iii) The Gambia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

(iv) Ghana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

(v) Kenya . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

(vi) Lesotho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

(vii) Liberia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

(viii) Namibia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

(ix) Malawi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

(x) Mozambique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

(xi) Rwanda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

(xii) São Tomé and Príncipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

(xiIi) Sierra Leone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

(xiv) Sudan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17

(xv) Tanzania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

(xvi) Uganda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

(xvii) Zambia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

(xviii) Zimbabwe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

III. BENEFITS OF INTERNATIONAL INSTRUMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

International instruments on Copyright and Related Rights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

Berne Convention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

Rome, Phonograms & Brussels Convention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Marrakesh Treaty & WIPO Copyright Treaty (WCT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

WIPO Performances and Phonogram Treaty (WPPT) & Beijing Treaty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

IV. STATUS OF ARIPO MEMBER STATES ON INTERNATIONAL INSTRUMENTS FOR COPYRIGHTS & RELATED RIGHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

Country Comparisons Treaties, Conventions and Agreement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

Treaties uptake summary of the 17 ARIPO Member States understudy as at March 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

(i) Botswana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

(ii) Kingdom of Eswatini . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

(iii) The Gambia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

(iv) Ghana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

(v) Kenya . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

(vi) Lesotho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

(vii) Liberia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

(viii) Namibia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

(ix) Malawi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

(x) Mozambique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

(xi) Rwanda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

(xii) Sierra Leone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

(xiii) Sudan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

(xiv) Tanzania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

(xv) Uganda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

(xvi) Zambia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

(xvii) Zimbabwe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

V. COUNTRY COPYRIGHT & RELATED RIGHTS LAWS COMPARISON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

Observations & Key Findings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

TABLE OF

Contents

The Copyright and Related Rights mandate was included in 2002 to the African Regional Intellectual Property Organization (ARIPO). This called for ARIPO to develop and implement strategies through which it can promote and support growth and effectiveness in the administration, management and enforcement of copyright and related rights in the Member States and Africa. As a result this research was undertaken by ARIPO and represents the position on stated variables based on available literature. The report presents a comparative study of eighteen of the ARIPO Member States, whose copyright and related rights laws were reviewed at length as part of the study. These are (Botswana, Kingdom of Eswatini, The Gambia, Ghana, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Namibia, Malawi, Mozambique, Rwanda, São Tomé and Príncipe, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe).

The study further looks at the adherence to international treaties and conventions related to copyright and related rights of the eighteen ARIPO Member States, mentioned above, as well as the benefits of international instruments both at the broad level and on a country-specific level. This is one of the tools that could inform ARIPO, it’s Member States and the general public of the status of compliance to international treaties and conventions and the national laws on copyright and related rights. Such information will contribute towards advising Member States on policy issues, harmonizing the laws and also improving the national legislations for the benefit of all stakeholders nationally and internationally so as to ensure growth and development in the copyright and related rights arena.

Fernando dos SantosDirector General

exeCUtiVe

sUMMaRY

54

This desk research is a result of concerted efforts by the African Regional Intellectual Property Organization (ARIPO) in its quest to bring value and growth transformation within the Member States copyright and related rights legislations through the comparative study of their laws on copyright and related rights. Many thanks go to ARIPO’s Anderson Ray Zikonda Library for the favorable environment availed to conduct this desk research. We thank the Member States who gave their inputs to improve this study and all colleagues who assisted in one way or the other to make this work a success.

aCknoWledGMent

aCRonYMARIPO African Regional Intellectual Property Organization

Act Copyright and Related/Neighbouring Rights Act

Art. Article

CIPA Companies Intellectual Property Authority

COSBOTS Copyright Society of Botswana

CopyGhana The Reproduction Rights Organization of Ghana

COSOTA Copyright Society of Tanzania

COSOMA Copyright Society of Malawi

CMO Collective Management Organisation

GDP Gross Domestic Product

ICT Information Communications Technologies

IP Intellectual Property

KECOBO Kenya Copyright Board

KOPIKEN The Reproduction Rights Society of Kenya

KAMP Kenya Association of Music Producers

KOPIKEN The Reproduction Rights Society of Kenya

MINICOM Ministry of Trade and Industry

NAMRRO Namibian Reproduction rights Organization

NISR Rwanda National Institute of Statistics

PRISK Performers Rights Society of Kenya

PACRA Patents and Companies Registration Agency

ppp Purchasing Power Parity

PPP Public Private Partnership

RDB Rwanda Development Board

RSAU Rwanda Society of Authors

Sq Km Square Kilometre

TPM Technological Protection Measure

URSB Uganda Registration Services Bureau

UFMI Uganda Federation of Movie Industry

UPRS Uganda Performing Rights Society

URRO Uganda Reproduction Rights Organization

USD United States Dollars

SOMAS Associação Moçambicana de Autores

ZAMCOPS Zambian Music Copyright Protection Society

ZARRSO Zambia Reproduction Rights Society

ZIMURA Zimbabwe Music Rights Association

ZIMCOPY Reproduction Rights Organisation of Zimbabwe

ZIPO Zimbabwe Intellectual Property Office

aCRonYMs &

aBBReViations

76

In implementing its mandate on Copyright and Related Rights, ARIPO undertook a comparative study on copyright laws of its Member States and their adherence to international instruments on copyright and related rights with the view to study the legal regimes on copyright and related rights. This includes; identification of provisions and gaps in the copyright laws and their compliance to international instruments on copyright and related rights. The study will contribute towards advising Member States on policy issues, harmonizing the laws and also improving the national legislations for the benefit of all stakeholders nationally and internationally so as to ensure growth and development inthe copyright and related rights arena.

The review reveals that the copyright laws of countries understudy were enacted as follows: Botswana – 2006, Ghana – 2005, Kenya – 2001, Rwanda – 2009, Sierra Leone – 2011, Uganda – 2006, Mozambique - 2001, Sudan - 2013, Lesotho - 2015, Kingdom of Eswatini - 2018, the Gambia - 2004, Liberia - 2016, Zimbabwe - 2005 and Zambia - 2010, Tanzania - 1999, Malawi - 2016, Namibia - 1994, São Tomé and Príncipe - 2017.

In the case of Somalia, it is not possible to obtain reliable responses due to the prevailing political situation. The studies applied desk research on comparative study of the copyright and related rights regime in the eighteen countries.

i. BaCkGRoUnd

(i) BotswanaBotswana is situated in Southern Africa surrounded by Angola, Zambia, Zimbabwe, South Africa and Namibia. The country has a total land size of 581 730 sq. km; a population of 2 155 784 (July 2014 est.); a GDP purchasing power parity of USD 34 Billion and an 85.1% literacy rate. A study on the contribution of the creative industry on the GDP has been undertaken in 2018. In the draft report creative industries surpass other important sectors such as water and electricity (0.3%); agriculture (2%); manufacturing (5.20%). In 2016 the industries contributed 5.46% to GDP and 2.66% to the total labour force. Music, photography and dramatic works are some of the major copyright sectors which contribute to the national economy. The key industries are mining, livestock agriculture and textiles. The currency used is the Botswana Pula.

In Botswana there is an established system for intellectual property. The Companies and Intellectual Property Authority (CIPA) has three Offices within the Authority, namely, the Companies and Business Names Office, the Industrial Property Office and the Copyright Office.

CIPA’s functions include promoting and enabling the full protection of the rights of investors and right-holders obtained under the Companies Act, Registration of Business Names Act, Industrial Property Act and Copyright and Neighbouring Rights Act. The Copyright Office is responsible for all matters affecting copyright in Botswana; supervises the activities as provided for under section 36A of the Copyright and Neighbouring Rights Act; maintains an effective database on copyright matters and on authors and their works; maintains a register of works published in Botswana; issues a licence, prescribed by the Minister, for the operation of the Copyright Society; designs and issues the security device under section 35A of the Copyright and Neighbouring Rights Act; administers the fund established under section 35G (2) of the Copyright and Neighbouring Rights Act; be responsible for such matters related to copyright, as the Minister may direct

for the better carrying out of the purposes and provisions of the Copyright and Neighbouring Act and this Act; and exercises

any other powers conferred on it by the Act or any other Act, or which the Minister may by regulations prescribe.

The Copyright and Neighbouring Rights Act of Botswana provides for technical device levy which is charged on all technical items with potential to copy protected works. The Levy on Technical Devices Fund was established and is used to fund projects whose intended objective is to promote creativity in Botswana. The Technical Devices Fund Committee issues open calls inviting individuals, government departments, associations, nongovernmental organisations and private entities to submit project proposals to be considered for funding.

The Copyright Society of Botswana (COSBOTS) is the Collective Management Organization in Botswana, incorporated in 2008 as a Private Company limited by guarantee. COSBOTS is mandated by the Copyright and Neighbouring Rights Act CAP 68:02 to among others license and collect royalties from users of copyright works and distribute to right holders. By virtue of representing copyright owners or owners of protected works, that is music, photography, film and video, visual arts, literary and dramatic works; through legislation by the Copyright and Neighbouring Rights Act CAP 68:02.

(ii) kingdom of eswatiniEswatini is situated in Southern Africa, bordered by Mozambique and South Africa. The country has a total area size of 17,364 sq. km; a population of 1,419,623 (July 2014 est); GDP (purchasing power parity) of USD 6.259 Billion (2013 est.); and a literacy rate of 87.8% of the total population. The main contributors to the GDP according to 2013 estimates are agriculture (7.6%),

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industry (47.8%) and Services (44.6%). The main industries are coal, wood pulp, sugar, soft drink concentrates, textiles and apparel. The currency used in Eswatini is the emalangeni.

Eswatini was not part of the survey on the status of CMOs in ARIPO Member States undertaken by ARIPO in cooperation with NORCODE published in 2016 as at that time the Copyright Act 1912 had no provision on the establishment of CMO. Currently there is a new law Copyright and Neighbouring Rights Act 2018 which provides for copyright and neighbouring rights Society of Swaziland. Eswatini has not undertaken a creative industries study.

(iii) the Gambia

The Gambia (Gambia) is situated in West Africa, bordered by the Senegal and the North Atlantic Ocean. The country has a total land size of 11,295 sq. km; a population of 1,925,527 (July 2014 est); GDP (purchasing power parity) of USD 3,678 Billion (2013 est.); and a literacy rate of 51.1% of the total population. The main contributors to the GDP according to 2013 estimates are agriculture (19.7%), industry (12.6%) and Services (67.7%). The main industries are processing peanuts, fish and hides, tourism, beverages, agricultural machinery assembly, woodworking, metalworking and clothing. The currency used in the Gambia is the Gambian Dalasis.

The Gambia has a functional industrial property office run by the Attorney Generals Chambers under the Ministry of Justice. Copyright is governed under the Copyright Act of 2004 which includes provisions for Related Rights and for the establishment of the Collecting Society of the Gambia (CSG), a CMO. The Society which was subsequently established in 2014 is responsible for all rights under the Copyright Act

(Broadcasting, Public Performance, Reproduction, Related Rights). CSG is being mentored by the Copyright Society of Malawi (COSOMA) and CopyGhana with the support from the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) and ARIPO. The Minister of Tourism and Culture on 28 March 2018 signed the regulations that seeks to implement the Copyright Act and encourage reward to creativity. This is a milestone to CSG and the rightholders as collection for usage of their works will be realised. The country has also not yet undertaken the creative industries survey. In an article on the Music in Africa website, Hassoum Ceesay notes that the challenges with copyright in the country include a lethargic collective management organisation and a clear lack of capacity in the sector with Gambia’s creative industries still largely in their formative stages. Ceesay further notes that in the book publishing industry there are no book publishers - instead there are editors and printers who print on demand from authors and authors distribute the books themselves, while in the music industry, artists have a limited knowledge of copyright matters and require education on the subject and that the Copyright Office has limited resources, including staff and budget, to undertake its full responsibilities.

(iv) GhanaThe country situated in West Africa, is formerly known as the Gold Coast, and is surrounded by Togo, Cote D’Ivoire and Burkina Faso. Ghana has a total land size of 238 533 sq. km; population of 25 758 108 (2014 est.); a GDP purchasing power parity (ppp) of USD 90.41 Billion and a 71.5 % literacy rate. The main economic activities are estimated at Agriculture (21.5 %), Industry (28.7 %) and Services (49.8%). Ghana is reputed for its cloth designs, a rising film industry and the creative industry in general. The currency used in Ghana is the Ghanaian Cedi.

Ghana has not yet undertaken a study on the creative industry’s contribution to the national economy but a study

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PRoFileswas commissioned by the Musicians Union of Ghana in 2014 titled “Comprehensive Study of the Music Sector in Ghana” funded by the Government of Ghana with the support from World Bank. The study established that the sector is estimated to employ over 27,000 along the value chain and it contributes approximately 0.20% to the GDP of the country.

The copyright system in Ghana is governed by the Copyright Act No. 690 of 2005, which established the Copyright Office responsible for administration of copyright. It’s functions include: implementing copyright and copyright related laws and regulations and providing for copyright administration; registering right holders’ works, investigating and redressing cases of infringement of copyright, and settling disputes of copyright where those disputes have not been reserved for settlement by the Copyright Tribunal; be responsible for the administration of external copyright relations; administration of copyrights of which the State is the owner; carrying out other duties in relation to copyright administration. A copyright monitoring team was setup too.

The Copyright Office has Copyright Regulations 2010 L.I. 1962 which has provisions to be followed for any person who wants to establish a Collective Management Organization. They have to get the approval of the Minister in writing if they meet the conditions in the regualtions such as a body corporate registered as a company limited by guarantee under the Companies Act, 1963 (Act 179). If it is a music, audio-visual rights, performers rights or literary rights society, have to provide evidence of having functional presence in the society. If it is a music rights or performers rights society that it has at least twenty members in each of the regions in which it is functional. If it is a literary rights or audio-visuals rights society that it has at least fifty members at the national level, and each member has at least one published work or holds the entire economic rights on one published work. There are three Collective Management Organization in Ghana. These are Ghana Music Rights Organization (GHAMRO), CopyGhana (Reproduction Rights Organization), and Audio-visual Rights Society of Ghana (ARSOG).

GHAMRO are collecting royalties on behalf of the music right-holders and the right holders are fully involved as they

accompany GHAMRO officials to negotiate and collect royalties. Distribution of royalties is also done through the use of mobile phones.

Authentication devices will soon be re-introduced in Ghana to mitigate piracy in the country. Piracy kills creativity, piracy is illegal, piracy is unacceptable it needs concerted efforts from all players the public, users, right holders, police, customs, judiciary, copyright office and the CMOs to curb it.

GHAMRO has come up with a system called AGRIMS (Age, Right holders Monthly Stipend) which intends to financially support the retired members of the society. Some of the right holders as they get old some can no longer produce songs. So AGRIMS supports right holders when need arises. It is very helpful to the retired members surety of having something to sustain themselves.

The Audio-visual Rights Society of Ghana (ARSOG) was established in 2011 to protect the rights of owners of Audio-Visual works in Ghana. These right owners are producers, writers and performers. ARSOG collects royalties on behalf of right holders from users.

CopyGhana is the Reproduction Rights Organization which has mandate from five (5) member associations namely, Ghana Association Writers, Ghana Book Publishers Association, Ghana Journalists Association, Ghana Association of Visual Artists and Ghana Union of Professional Photographers and other individual rights holders. CopyGhana has licensed four tertiary institutions and ten polytechnics, namely Accra Polytechnic, Bolgatanga Polytechnic, Cape Coast Polytechnic, Koforidua Polytechnic, Ho Polytechnic, Takoradi Polytechnic, Kumasi Polytechnic, Sunyani Polytechnic, Wa Polytechnic and Tamale Polytechnic as at April 2016. Eight (8) of the Polytechnics have been upgraded to Technical Universities with effect from September 2016.

(v) kenyaKenya is situated in East Africa and it borders Ethiopia, Somalia, Tanzania, Uganda and Southern Sudan. The country

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has a total area of 580 367 sq. km, a population of 45 010 056, GDP purchasing power parity is at USD 79.9 billion and literacy levels are 87.4 % of the total population. The main economic contributors to GDP are agriculture (29.3%), industry (17.4%) and services (53.3%) (2013 est.). The currency used in Kenya is the Kenyan Shillings. A study on creative industry which was undertaken in 2009 showed that in 2007 copyright industries contributed 5.3 % to GDP and 3.4% to employment.

The Copyright Act Cap 130 governs the copyright system in Kenya. This Act established the Kenya Copyright Board to direct, co-ordinate and oversee the implementation of laws and international treaties and conventions to which Kenya is a party. It also performs all other functions that relate to copyright and other rights recognised by this Act and ensure the observance thereof. Further KECEBO also licenses and supervises the activities of collective management societies as provided for under this Act. KECOBO also devise promotion, introduction and training programs on copyright and related rights, to which end it may co-ordinate its work with national or international organisations concerned with the same subject matter. Apart from this it also organises the legislation on copyright and related rights and propose other arrangements that will ensure its constant improvement and continuing effectiveness. Other functions are to enlighten and inform the public on matters relating to copyright and related rights; maintain an effective data bank on authors and their works; and administer all matters of copyright and related rights in Kenya as provided for under the Act and to deal with ancillary matters connected with its functions.

KECOBO grants certificates of registration for a period of twelve months from date of issue to associations who have satisfied the criteria to carry on the collective administration of copyright that include: the body is a company limited by guarantee and incorporated under the Companies Act (Cap.

486); it is a non-profit making entity; its rules and regulations contain such other provisions as are prescribed, being provisions necessary to ensure that the interests of members of the collecting society are adequately protected; its principal objectives are the collection and distribution of royalties; and its accounts are regularly audited by independent external auditors elected by the society.

KECOBO shall not approve another collecting society in respect of the same class of rights and category of works if there exists another collecting society that has been licensed and functions to the satisfaction of its members. Furthermore, by notice in the Gazette, KECOBO may de-register a collecting society if it is satisfied that the collecting society is not functioning adequately as a collecting society; is not acting in accordance with its Memorandum and Articles of Association or in the best interests of its members; has altered its rules so that it no longer complies with subsection 4 of section 46; and it has refused or failed to comply with any of the provisions of the Act.

The collecting societies in Kenya, are: Kenya Association of Music Producers (KAMP), Reproduction Rights Society of Kenya (KOPIKEN), Music Copyright Society of Kenya (MCSK) and Performers Rights Society of Kenya (PRISK) and Music Publishers Association of Kenya (MPAKE).

The Music Copyright Society of Kenya (MCSK) is a collective management organization registered in 1983 as a Company limited by guarantee under the Companies Act (Cap 486 of the law of Kenya) and licensed by KECOBO as a collecting society. It aims at building, mobilizing, institutionalizing, and supporting the music fraternity within Kenya. Integrating, sustaining and enhancing earning for their works for authors, composers, arrangers and publishers.

The Performers Rights Society of Kenya (PRISK) is a collective management organisation licensed by the Kenya Copyright Board to represent performers in sound recording and audio-visual works.

PRISK is a non-profit company limited by guarantee, and not having a share capital. PRISK negotiates, sets tariffs

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The Kenya Association of Music Producers (KAMP) is a collective management organization registered as a non-profit making private company, with no share capital limited by guarantee in 2003 under the Companies Act, Chapter 486 of the Laws of Kenya and licensed by the Kenya Copyright Board to operate as a collective management organisation in May 2008. KAMP represents the rights and interests of producers of sound recordings, it negotiates with users, collects license fees and distribute royalties for communication to the public and broadcasting in accordance with the Copyright Act of 2001 of the Laws of Kenya.

KOPIKEN is a CMO established in 2005 under the Copyright Act as a company limited by guarantee. KOPIKEN licenses reproduction of printed literary, artistic and musical works used by way of photocopying, scanning, printing and similar means such as digital reproduction against payment of fees where it is not practical for individual right holders to do so. KOPIKEN represents authors (non-fiction, fiction and oral literature), publishers, photographers illustrators and designers through their respective associations which include, Kenya Non Fiction Authors Association (KENFAA). This is an association of non-fiction writers and translators who have published at least 100 pages works comprising of books, periodicals and professional and scientific journals. Writers Association of Kenya (WAK), which is an association of writers in Kenya, who have published creative literary works such as poems, short stories, novels, plays, biographies, autobiographies and memoirs, literary criticism and other kinds of literary scholarship. Kenya Oral Literature Association (KOLA). Which is a professional association of researchers, scholars in Kenyan Universities and oral artists. Kenya Union of Journalists (KUJ), which is an association of persons engaged in journalistic works in Kenya and the Kenya Association of Photographers Illustrators and Designers

(KAPIDE) which is an association for artists, visual creators, photojournalists, illustrators and designers are represented too by KOPIKEN. Song lyricists and writers of sheet music are also represented by KOPIKEN and the Kenya Publishers Association (KPA) which is an association bringing together all companies, organizations or individuals engaged in book publishing in Kenya. MPAKE is a non-profit organization representing authors, composers and music publishers in Kenya.

(vi) lesothoLesotho is situated in Southern Africa, surrounded by South Africa. The country has a total land size

of 30,355 sq. km; a population of 1,942,008

(July 2014 est.); a GDP purchasing power parity of USD 4.265 billion (2013

est.) and a literacy rate of 89.6% of the total population. The key economic drivers are the textile and Garment industry, Agriculture, Customs Duties and Other remittances and Diamond mining.

In Lesotho, there is an established intellectual property system. Industrial Property was initiated in Lesotho in 1989 and it operates under Industrial Property Order No. 5 of May 1989, covering the Patents, Trade Marks, Industrial Designs and Utility Model and is administered by the Registrar General in the Ministry of Law and Constitutional Affairs. The country has not undertaken a Creative Industry study. On 5th September 2018 Board Directors of the Society of Authors and Artists was gazetted. This is a milestone to Lesotho to have a CMO. Copyright is administered under the Copyright Order No. 13 of May 1989 by the office of the Registrar General of the Ministry of Law and Constitutional Affairs for the Industrial Property. The role of the Registrar is to monitor operations of the Society of Authors and Artists, collect and distribute

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royalties and other remuneration accruing from expressions of folklore and implementation of the Copyright Order. Enforcement and dispute resolution is the responsibility of the High Court of Lesotho. The Act provides for the creation of a non-profit making Society of Authors and Artists whose role is to promote and protect the interests of authors, artists and performers who are its members through collection and distribution of royalties or other remuneration accruing to its members in respect of their rights and maintenance of a register of works, productions and associations of authors, artists and performers.

(vii) liberiaLiberia is situated in West Africa, bordered by Sierra Leone, Guinea, Cote D’Ivoire and the North Atlantic Ocean. The country has a total land size of 111,369 sq. km; a population of 4,092,310 (July 2014 est); GDP (purchasing power parity) of USD 4 Billion (2015 est.); and a literacy rate of 60.8% of the total population. The main contributors to the GDP according to 2002 estimates are agriculture (76.9%), industry (5.4%) and Services (17.7%). The main industries are mining, rubber processing, palm oil processing, timber and diamonds. The currency used in Liberia is the Liberian Dollar.

In the survey on the status of CMOs in ARIPO Member States undertaken by ARIPO in cooperation with NORCODE revealed that the Copyright Society of Liberia (COSLIB), though established, had not yet commenced the management of rights. Liberia has not yet undertaken a study on the contribution of creative industries. The Intellectual Property Act 2016 governs the management of copyright and has provisions for the registration of works. There is also an established intellectual property system.

(viii) namibiaNamibia officially the Republic of Namibia is a country in southern Africa whose western border is the Atlantic Ocean. It shares land borders with Zambia and Angola to the north, Botswana to the east and South Africa to the south and east. Although it does not border Zimbabwe, less than 200 metres of the Zambezi River (essentially a small bulge in Botswana to achieve a Botswana/Zambia micro-border) separates the two countries. Namibia gained independence from South Africa on 21 March 1990, following the Namibian War of Independence. Its capital and largest city is Windhoek, and it is a member state of the United Nations (UN), the Southern African Development Community (SADC), the African Union (AU), and the Commonwealth of Nations.

The dry lands of Namibia were inhabited since early times by the San, Damara, and Nama peoples. From 1948, with the National Party elected to power, South Africa applied apartheid also to what was then known as South West Africa.Namibia obtained full independence from South Africa in 1990. However, Walvis Bay and the Penguin Islands remained under South African control until 1994.Namibia has a population of 2.6 million people and a stable multi-party parliamentary democracy. Agriculture, herding, tourism and the mining industry – including mining for gem diamonds, uranium, gold, silver, and base metals – form the basis of its economy. The large, arid Namibia Desert has resulted in Namibia being overall one of the least densely populated countries in the world.

(ix) MalawiMalawi officially the Republic of Malawi, is a landlocked country in southeast Africa that was formerly known as Nyasaland. It is bordered by Zambia to the northwest,

Tanzania to the northeast, and Mozambique on the east, south and west. Malawi is over 118,000 km2 (45,560 sq mi) with an estimated population of 18,091,575 (July 2016 est.). Its capital is Lilongwe, which is also Malawi’s largest city. The country is also nicknamed “The Warm Heart of Africa”. Lake Malawi takes up about a third of Malawi’s area.

Malawi’s foreign policy is pro-Western and includes positive diplomatic relations with most countries and participation in several international organizations, including the United Nations, the Commonwealth of Nations, the Southern African Development Community (SADC), the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA), and the African Union (AU).

Malawi is among the world’s least-developed countries. The economy is heavily based in agriculture, with a largely rural population. The Malawian government depends heavily on outside aid to meet development needs, although this need (and the aid offered) has decreased since 2000. The Malawian government faces challenges in building and expanding the economy, improving education, healthcare, environmental protection, and becoming financially independent amidst widespread overpopulation and unemployment. Since 2005, Malawi has developed several programs that focus on these issues, and the country’s outlook appears to be improving, with a rise in the economy, education and healthcare seen in 2007 and 2008. Although there was periodic regional conflict fueled in part by ethnic divisions in the past, by 2008 it had diminished considerably and the concept of a Malawian nationality had re-emerged.

(x) MozambiqueMozambique is situated in Southern Africa, bordered by Zimbabwe, Zambia, Malawi, Tanzania, Eswatini, South Africa and the Indian Ocean. The country has a total land size

of 799,380 sq. km; a population of 24,692,144 (July 2014 est); GDP (purchasing power parity) of USD 28.15 Billion (2013 est.); and a literacy rate of 56.1% of the total population.

The main contributors to the GDP according to 2013 estimates are agriculture (28.7%), industry (24.9%) and Services (46.4%). The main industries are aluminium, petroleum products, chemicals (fertilizer, soap, paints), textiles, cement, glass, asbestos, tobacco, food and beverages. The currency used in Mozambique is the metical.

Mozambique has created an industrial property office run by the industrial property institute under the current Ministry of Industry and Commerce. It is responsible for Patents, Trade and Service marks, Industrial designs, Utility Model, Geographical Indications, Commercial Names and Denominations of origin and logo. The Copyright and Related Rights are under the Ministry of Culture Youth and Sports and Administered by the National Institute of Books and Records. The current copyright law was enacted in 2001 and the first CMO Associação Moçambicana de Autores- (SOMAS) was established in 2000. SOMAS manages Public Performance, Broadcasting and Audio-visual Rights and is composed of authors of literary works, composers, visual artists and photographers. The country has undertaken a creative industries study with the help of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD).

(xi) RwandaRwanda is a landlocked country situated in East Africa, bordered to the North by Uganda, to the East by Tanzania, to the South by Burundi and to the West by the Democratic

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of 7,092,113, GDP purchasing power parity of USD 9.156 Billion and literacy rates of 43.3 %. Agriculture and mining are the major contributors to the economy though there are other activities such as tourism and industrial processing. The currency used is the United States Dollars.

Sierra Leone has not undertaken the study on the contribution of creative industries to the national economy. The law governing copyright matters is the Copyright Act 2011 which provides for the establishment of a collecting society of Sierra Leone. It is a corporate body with perpetual succession and a common seal and is specifically tasked and charged with that responsibility of administering and enforcing provisions of the Act in consultation with the national enforcement agencies.

(xiv) sudanSudan is situated in North-Eastern Africa, bordered by the Red Sea, Egypt and Eritrea. The country has a total land size of 1,861,484 sq. km; a population of 35,482,233 (July 2014 est); GDP (purchasing power parity) of USD 89.97 Billion (2013 est.); and a literacy rate of 56.1% of the total population. The main contributors to the GDP according to 2013 estimates are agriculture (27.4%), industry (33.6%) and Services (39%). The main industries are oil, cotton ginning, textiles, cement, edible oils, sugar, soap distilling’s, shoes, petroleum refining, pharmaceuticals, armaments and automobile/light truck assembly. The currency used in Sudan is the Sudanese Pound.

Sudan has created an industrial property office run by the Registrar General of Intellectual Property under the Ministry of Justice. Copyright is governed by the Copyright and neighbouring rights (protection) and literal and artistic works Act of 2013. The country has not undertaken a creative industries study and was not part of the survey on the status of CMOs in ARIPO Member States undertaken by ARIPO

in cooperation with NORCODE published in 2016. An IPRs survey published in 2013 concluded that findings “indicate the recognition of the importance of strengthening IPRs for achieving economic development objectives in Sudan and show that the important types of IPRs protection implemented in Sudan are industrial designs, trademarks, related rights to copyright, copyright, patents and invention and protection against unfair competition respectively.” The copyright act does not have provisions for CMOs.

(xv) tanzaniaTanzania officially the United Republic of Tanzania is a state in eastern Africa within the African Great Lakes region. It borders Kenya and Uganda to the north; Rwanda, Burundi, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west; Zambia, Malawi, and Mozambique to the south; and the Indian Ocean to the east. Mount Kilimanjaro, Africa’s highest mountain, is in north-eastern Tanzania.

The United Nations estimated Tanzania’s 2016 population at 55.57 million. The population is composed of several ethnic, linguistic, and religious groups. Tanzania is a presidential constitutional republic and since 1996 its official capital city has been Dodoma. Dar es Salaam, the former capital, retains most government offices and is the country’s largest city, principal port, and leading commercial centre. The Menai Bay Conservation Area is Zanzibar’s largest marine protected area. Over 100 different languages are spoken in Tanzania, making it the most linguistically diverse country in East Africa.

(xvi) UgandaUganda is located in East Africa, to the northwest of Lake Victoria surrounded by South Sudan, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, Kenya and Tanzania. The country has a total area of 241 038 sq km, a population of 35 918 915, a GDP

Republic of the Congo. Considered to be among the smallest countries on the continent, Rwanda’s total area is estimated to be 26 334 sq km. According to Rwanda’s National Institute of Statistics (NSIR), in 2015, the population density in Rwanda was estimated to be 445 people per square kilometre and the total population is approximately 11,262,564. Rwanda’s economy is increasingly experiencing the predominance of the service sector. The country experienced a GDP per capita of US$ 1,536 Billion for the 2016 first quarter according to the NISR and 71.1 % literacy rate. The currency used is the Rwandan Franc.

Rwanda through the Ministry of Sports and Culture in 2014 undertook mapping on creative industry and in 2016, started its first cultural and creative industries survey. The objective of the survey is to identify institutions, organizations and individuals working in the sector. The survey will also collect information on employment, revenue, expenditure and marketing strategies from institutions, and build a database of the creative and cultural industries as well as a management system for the exploitation of the data to establish their contribution to the economic growth of the region.

The law governing copyright matters is the Law on Intellectual Property, Law N° 31/2009 of 26/10/2009. The Ministry of Trade and Industry (MINICOM) is responsible for: the policy framework, preparing policy related to the promotion of intellectual property, preparing orders related to the application of the law and to supervise the organ in charge of intellectual property.

The Ministry of Sport and Culture is responsible for protecting the moral rights of creators of copyrighted works, promote artists and performers, promote and protect Rwanda’s national culture and heritage and to prepare orders related to copyright. The Office of the Registrar General is in charge of daily registration of intellectual property, to establish measures allowing for just remuneration of copyright owners and equitable distribution of remunerations available under the copyright and related rights, to monitor activities of private institutions that manage jointly copyright and related rights and to arbitrate all disputes arising from intellectual property.In Rwanda there is one multi-purpose collective management

organization called Rwanda Society of Authors (RSAU). The RSAU was established and registered with the Rwanda Development Board (RDB) in May 2010. RSAU is the first collective management organization comprising of the Association of Musicians (INGOMA Music Association), the Association of Cinema Artists (IRIZA CARD), the Association of Writers (LA PLUME D’OR) and ISOKO Arts Rwanda. RSAU has started licensing process in May 2016 the distribution is expected to be in 2017.

(xii) são tomé and PríncipeSão Tomé and Príncipe is located in the Central Africa Islands in the Gulf of Guinea, just north of the Equator, west of Gabon. The part of the volcano chain featuring striking rock and coral formations rain forests and beaches. On the Larger Island Sao Tome is the Lagoa Azul Lagoon, Obo Natural Park, a biodiverse jungle preserve covers much of São Tomé and Príncipe and distinguished by Pico Cao Grande a sky scrapper like volcanic rock. The country has a total area of 964 sq km, Sao Tome the capital city has a quarter of the nations population. The northern areas of both islands have the highest population densities. Agriculture, tourism, fishing are among economic activities. GDP purchasing power parity $676 million. The currency used is the dobra (db). São Tomé and Príncipe has not undertaken the creative Industries study.

(xiii) sierra leoneSierra Leone is in West Africa. It is surrounded by Liberia, Guinea and the Atlantic Ocean. The country has a total area of 71 740 sq. km, a population

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purchasing power parity of USD 54.37 Billion and the literacy levels of 73.2 % of the total population. Agriculture is the mainstay of the economy. The currency used is the Ugandan Shillings. Uganda has a relatively vibrant information sector, including a small but fast-growing publishing industry. Furthermore, Uganda has a liberalized telecommunications industry which has contributed tremendously to growth of the country’s ICT sector. Given this infrastructure, education and research institutions are making increasing use of digital technology for both instruction and research .The country however has a growing film and music industry, rich cultural heritage and other diverse copyright and related rights activities. A creative industries study to establish potential contribution of copyright to the national economy has not yet been undertaken.

The law governing copyright matters is the Copyright and Neighboring Rights Act 2006. Section 2 of the Copyright Act provides the scope for copyright protection and defines the different types of works. Section 5 of the Act outlines the specific types of works that are eligible for protection under copyright. Besides economic rights including publication, distribution, broadcasting and communication to the public, which are outlined in detail in Section 9, the law also recognizes and protects moral rights under Section 10. The types of works that will receive protection, include literary, scientific and artistic works (including computer programmes, illustrations and traditional folklore and knowledge), as well as derivative works such as translations, transformations and collections. However, Section 6 makes it clear that ideas are not protected by copyright and Section 7 excludes from copyright protection ‘public benefit works’ such as laws and government reports. The 2006 Copyright and Neighbouring Rights Act affords copyright protection for 50 years after the lifetime of the author in most cases, but otherwise the term of protection varies depending on the type of work. With reference to audiovisual work, sound recordings and broadcasts, the economic rights of the author are protected until the expiration of 50 years from the date of making the work or from the date the work is made available to

the public with the consent of the author. In general, the duration of copyright term in Uganda keeps to the minimum requirements laid out in Article 12 of TRIPs.

The Uganda Registration Services Bureau (URSB) is the National Copyright Information Center. Section 41 of the Act, provides for a Registrar of Copyright and other officers. The Registrar of Copyright shall: process applications for licenses; register works and productions to be registered under this Act; register collecting societies; give guidance to and discipline collecting societies; register assignments, licences and transfers of copyrights; register copyright contracts relating to exploitation of rights; provide copyright and neighbouring rights information service to the public and users of copyright works; in collaboration with the collecting societies, advise Government, on matters relating to copyright and neighbouring rights; perform any other duty or function relating to copyrights, neighbouring rights and collecting societies as may be necessary for the better functioning of the Act or as the Minister may by regulation prescribe. As at August 2016, URSB has registered and licensed three collecting management organizations’ namely: Uganda Federation for Movie Industry, Uganda Performing Right Society and Uganda Reproduction Rights Organisation.

The Uganda Federation for Movie Industry (UFMI) was formed in 2006 as a company limited by guarantee having no share capital. On 24 July 2009 UFMI was licensed as a collective management organisation. The CMO manages members’ rights in audiovisual works.

Uganda Performing Rights Society (UPRS) was formed in 1985 by authors (mainly musicians) to advance the cause of copyright administration in Uganda. It is registered with the Registrar of Companies as a company limited by guarantee having no share capital. UPRS administers performing rights of members in musical works and sound recording both foreign and local works falling within their repertoire.

Uganda Reproduction Rights Organisation (URRO) was approved as a collective management organization for reproduction rights in 2011. URRO represents the Uganda Publishers Associations, Uganda Visual Artists and Designers Association, Uganda Children Writers and Illustrator’s Association, Uganda Female

ii. CoUntRY

PRoFilesii. CoUntRY

PRoFilesWriters Association, Uganda Textbook, Academic and Non-fiction Authors Association, and Uganda Journalists Association. URRO administers reproduction/reprographic rights in literary works.

(xvii) ZambiaZambia is situated in Southern Africa, bordered by Zimbabwe, Botswana, Namibia, Angola, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Malawi, Tanzania and Mozambique. The country has a total land size of 752,618 sq. km; a population of 15,066,266 (2015 est.); GDP (purchasing power parity) of USD 62.71 Billion (2015 est.); and a literacy rate of 63.4% of the total population. The main contributors to the GDP according to 2015 estimates are agriculture (8.6%), industry (31.3%) and services (60%). The main industries are copper mining and processing, construction, foodstuffs, beverages, chemicals, textiles, fertilizer and horticulture. The country’s currency is the Zambian Kwacha.

The country has a functional intellectual property system.Industrial Property is managed by the Patents and Companies Registration Agency (PACRA). Copyright is governed under the Copyright and Performances Rights (Act No. 44 of 1994) which is read together with Copyright and Performance Rights (Amendment) Act, 2010, (Act 25 of 2010), which includes provisions for Related Rights and for the establishment and monitoring of the collecting societies. Two collecting societies, Zambian Music Copyright Protection Society (ZAMCOPS) established in 1996 and Zambia Reproduction Rights Society (ZARRSO) established in 2010 are in operation. The country has also not yet undertaken the creative industries study.

(xviii) ZimbabweZimbabwe is situated in Southern Africa, bordered by South Africa, Mozambique, Botswana and Zambia. The country has a total land size of 390,757 sq. km; a population of 14,229,541 (July 2015est); GDP (purchasing power parity) of USD 28.1 Billion (2015 est.); and a literacy rate of 86.5 % of the total population. The main contributors to the GDP according to 2015 estimates are agriculture (20%), industry (26%) and Services (53.3%). The main industries are mining, steel, wood products, cement, chemicals, fertilizer, clothing and footwear, foodstuffs, beverages.

Zimbabwe uses a basket of currencies that include Zimbabwean Bond notes denominated at par with the US Dollar, US dollars, South African Rand and other key foreign currencies such as the Botswana Pula and Chinese renminbi.

The country has an intellectual property system. Industrial Property is managed by the Zimbabwe Intellectual Property Office (ZIPO). Copyright is governed under the Copyright and Neighbouring Rights Act (Chapter 26:05) which includes provisions for Related Rights and for the registration of collecting societies. Two collecting societies, the Zimbabwe Music Rights Association (ZIMURA) established in 1982 and the Reproduction Rights Organisation of Zimbabwe (ZIMCOPY) established in 1985, are operational.

The Act also provides for the establishment of Copyright and Neighbouring Rights Collecting Society of Zimbabwe, which has however not been established. The country has also not yet undertaken the copyright industries survey and little data exists on the contribution of these industries to the economy.

1918

International treaties and conventions set the international norms that the international regime has to work within and abide to. The international instruments clearly show the commitment made by the signatories and they are expected to set systems within their jurisdictions to observe the international commitments.

There are various benefits that arise from being party to international instruments and these include:

a. Creation of common rules and regulations essential to achieving a robust intellectual property protection that spurs global economic expansion;

b. Broadening protection for local creators;

c. Enabling cooperation in fighting infringement and promoting commercialization;

d. Coordinating the efforts to track use of works to ensure creators benefit, in light of digitization and technological changes;

e. Creating grounds for dispute settlement;

f. Enabling works of country’s authors to be automatically protected in all countries party to the convention e.g. Berne, with the result that these authors may derive financial benefits from the expansion of markets for their works;

g. Enabling a signatory country to make use of the limitations provided for in that treaty to further the goals of its own citizens’ development;

International instruments on Copyright & Related RightsBerne ConventionThe Berne Convention is the first multilateral treaty on copyright and related rights. The need for a uniform system led to the formulation and adoption on September 9, 1886, of the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works.

The aim of the Berne Convention, as indicated in its preamble, is “to protect, in as effective and uniform manner as possible, the rights of authors in their literary and artistic works.”

The Berne Convention sets the minimum standard on what copyright and related rights legislation should incorporate in the different jurisdictions. Most of the ARIPO member states are party to the Berne convention and have included most of the Berne provisions in their nationallegislations on copyright and related rights. Some of the principles incorporated in the Berne Convention are the “national treatment principle” whereby a country is to treat the works of non-national authors in the same way as they treat the works of national authors. Therefore, there will be no discrimination as each country is required to treat works from other countries in the same way as they treat the works of their own nationals. Similarly, on the ‘national treatment principle’, non-national right holders cannot demand to have their works treated differently to that of national right holders in the different jurisdictions provided they abide to the national legislation requirements. Automatic protection by virtue of creation not subject to the formality of registration, deposit or the like though in some ARIPO Member States they provide for the voluntary registration and notification systems and territoriality aspect.

There is also the “Appendix to the Berne Convention” which is very instrumental for developing countries concerning translation for the purpose of teaching, scholarship or research and reproduction of works of foreign origin1 to use the opportunity to implement non-voluntary licenses for translation and reproduction of works in certain cases, in connection with educational activities. In these cases, the described use is allowed without the authorization of the right holder, subject to the payment of remuneration to be fixed by the law and after compliance with certain procedural steps,by the competent authority of the developing country concerned.

1 Articles2bis,9(2),10(2),10bisandthe ten-yearrule (Article 30(2) (b)

Rome ConventionThe Rome Convention secures protection in performances for performers, in phonograms for producers of phonograms and in broadcasts for broadcasting organisations. The Rome Convention is based on the “national treatment” principle minimum protection guaranteed by the Convention to performers is provided by “the possibility of preventing certain acts”. The restricted acts comprise: broadcasting or communication to the public of a “live” performance; recording an unfixed performance; reproducing a fixation of the performance, provided that the original fixation was made without the consent of the performer or the reproduction is made for purposes not permitted by the Convention or the performer 2.

Producers of phonograms have the right to authorize or prohibit the direct or indirect reproduction of their phonograms 3. The Rome Convention does not provide for any right to authorize performances of the phonogram and does not explicitly prohibit distribution or importation of unauthorized duplicates of phonograms.

Broadcasting organizations have the right to authorize or prohibit: the simultaneous rebroadcasting of their broadcasts, the fixation of their broadcasts, the reproduction of unauthorized fixations of their broadcasts or reproduction of lawful fixations for illicit purposes and the communication to the public of their television broadcasts by means of receivers in places accessible to the public against payment. The later right does not extend to communication to the public of merely sound broadcasts, and that it is a matter for domestic legislation to determine the conditions under which such a right may be exercised. The Rome Convention does not protect against distribution by cable of broadcasts. The Convention allows for limitations and exceptions to the protection and gives country discretion to interpret certain provisions according to its needs.

This treaty is of particular importance to African countries where there are various performers making a living out of both modern and traditional artistic performances and where fixation may be done involuntarily by tourists or other people who come into contact with such performers and their acts.

The Treaty is also very crucial in the modern era where involuntary recording of one’s performances and the subsequent sharing of such works on several media platforms such as social media is rampant and in an era where media is becoming big business and content is king, African performers, producers and broadcasters have to be adequately covered to enable them to compete effectively and benefit economically out of their works. Of the ARIPO member states, only Lesotho has acceded to the Rome Convention.

Phonograms ConventionThe convention provides that contracting States shall protect producers of phonograms who are nationals of other Contracting States against the making of duplicates without the consent of the producer and against the importation of such duplicates, provided that any such making or importation is for the purpose of distribution to the public, and against the distribution of such duplicates to the public4. However, no compulsory licenses may be permitted unless all of the following conditions are met: the duplication is for use solely for the purpose of teaching or scientific research; the license shall be valid for duplication only within the territory of the Contracting State whose competent authority has granted the license and shall not extend to the export of duplicates; the duplication made under the license gives rise to an equitable remuneration fixed by the said authority taking into account, inter-alia, the number of duplicates which will be made5. Only Kenya, among the ARIPO member states, is a party to the convention.

Brussels ConventionThis convention provides for the obligation of each Contracting State to take adequate measures to prevent the unauthorized distribution on or from its territory of any programme-carrying signal transmitted by satellite. This convention is very relevant because of the importance of satellite communications in the modern era.

2 Article 7 3 Article 10 4 Article 25 Article 6

iii. BeneFits oF inteRnational

instRUMentsiii. BeneFits oF inteRnational

instRUMents

2120

The Convention shall not apply where the signals emitted by or on behalf of the originating organization are intended for direct reception from the satellite by the general public6. Safeguard clauses are provided for in this Convention that the Convention shall in no way be interpreted to limit or prejudice the protection secured to authors, performers, producers of phonograms, or broadcasting organizations, under any domestic law or international agreement7, and in no way will the Convention be interpreted as limiting the right of any Contracting State to apply its domestic law in order to prevent abuses of monopoly8.

Marrakesh TreatyThe World Health Organization in 2010 estimated that the total number of people with blindness in Africa was 5.888 million; low vision was 20.407 million and 26.295 million with visual impairments. This represents a significant figure of people needing access to enhanced materials for both their educational and informational needs. Botswana and Liberia acceded to the Marrakesh Treaty in October of 2016. Recently Kenya acceded to the treaty on the 2nd of June 2017 and Malawi on the 14th of July 2017.

Some of key benefits that can be derived from ratification or accession to the Treaty are that:

(i) The Treaty addresses access to published works in compliance with the United Nations Human Rights Declaration on the Rights of Disabled Persons, which clearly links copyright and human rights;

(ii) It provides the minimum flexibilities in copyright laws needed to ensure full and equal access to information by persons who are blind, visually impaired and print disabled;

(iii) The Treaty offers an opportunity for works to be converted into accessible formats without need for authorization by the author or copyright owner of a published work. The elimination of the need for authorization gives an opportunity for works to be made available in accessible format copies as quickly as possible;

(iv) The Treaty, through its cross-border exchange provision, provides opportunities for cost saving. Authorized entities may pool resources together and convert published works into accessible formats and exchange Such works for access by beneficiary persons;

(v) Entities such as libraries may be able to borrow from each other for purposes of serving beneficiary persons.

The Treaty leaves contracting parties enough room to implement its provisions taking into account its own legal systems and practices including determination of fair practices, dealings or uses provided they comply with the three step test obligations under the treaty. By ratifying the treaty, African states will ensure access of knowledge to this group of their citizens. While a number of African countries have signed this treaty, only Botswana, Burkina Faso, Kenya, Liberia, Malawi, Mali and Tunisia have ratified or acceded to the treaty.

WIPO Copyright Treaty (WCT) This Treaty is a special agreement within the meaning of Article 20 of the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works, as regards Contracting Parties that are countries of the Union established by that Convention. This Treaty shall not have any connection with treaties other than the Berne Convention, nor shall it prejudice any rights and obligations under any other treaties. Nothing in this Treaty shall derogate from existing obligations that Contracting Parties have to each other under the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works9. Article 20 of the Berne Convention provides: “The Governments of the countries of the Union reserve the right to enter into special agreements among themselves, in so far as such agreements grant to authors more extensive rights than those granted by the Convention, or contain other provisions not contrary to this Convention.”

The Treaty clearly provides for limitations and exceptions in observance of the three step test. “Contracting Parties may, in their national legislation, provide for limitations or exceptions to the rights granted to authors of literary and artistic works under this Treaty in certain special cases that do not conflict with a normalexploitation oftheworkanddonotunreasonably prejudice the legitimate interests of the author.

6 Article 37 Article 68 Article 79 Article 1 also known as safe guard clause

iii. BeneFits oF inteRnational

instRUMentsContracting Parties shall,when applying the Berne Convention, confine any limitations of or exceptions to rights provided for therein to certain special cases that do not conflict with a normal exploitation of the work and do not unreasonably prejudice the legitimate interests of the author10.”

WCT mentions two subject matters to be protected by copyright that is computer programs, whatever the mode or form of their expression; and compilations of data or other material (“databases”), in any form, which, by reason of the selection or arrangement of their contents, constitute intellectual creations. Where a database does not constitute such a creation, it is outside the scope of protection under the Treaty. The treaty also extends to owners of works the rights to distribution, rental and communication to the public.

WIPO Performances and Phonogram Treaty (WPPT) This is an important Treaty for the performers and producers of phonogram. It provides for a safeguard provision —“Nothing in this Treaty shall derogate from existing obligations that Contracting Parties have to each other under the International Convention for the Protection of Performers, Producers of Phonograms and Broadcasting Organizations done in Rome, October 26, 1961 (herein after the “Rome Convention”). ProtectiongrantedunderthisTreatyshallleaveintactandshall in no way affect the protection of copyright in literary and artistic works. Consequently, no provision of this Treaty may be interpreted as prejudicing such protection. This Treaty shall not have any connection with, nor shall it prejudice any rights and obligations under, any other treaties”11.

The Treaty is of special importance in the digitalenvironment where making economic gains is increased due to the growth of the world into a connected digital market, but where normally creators do not benefit because of increased incidents of infringement through illegal copying and downloads. The Treaty grants performers and producers moral rights and economic rights in their performances fixed in phonograms, sound recording: the right of reproduction; the right of distribution; the right of rental; the right of making available;therightofbroadcasting(exceptinthecaseofrebroadcasting);

the right of communication to the public (except where the performance is a broadcast performance); and the right of fixation. The Treaty also addresses technological protection measures (TPM) that “adequate legal protection and effective legal remedies against the circumvention of effective technological measures that are used by performers or producers of phonograms in connection with the exercise of their rights under this Treaty and that restrict acts, in respect of their performances or phonograms, which are not authorized by the performers or the producers of phonograms concerned or permitted by law against circumvention of TPMs, which is rampant in the digital sphere12.

Beijing TreatyThe Beijing Treaty is an instrument for the Protection of Audio- visual Performances, granting performers moral rights and four kinds of economic rights for their performances fixed in audio-visual fixations, such as motion pictures: the right of reproduction; the right of distribution; the right of rental; and the right of making available. As for unfixed (live) performances, the Treaty grants performers three kinds of economic rights: the right of broadcasting (except in the case of rebroadcasting); the right of communication to the public (except where the performance is a broadcast performance); and the right of fixation.

Limitations and exceptions with regard to the protection of performers can be provided in national legislation, in connection with the protection of copyright in literary and artistic works observing the three step test: to certain special cases which do not conflict with a normal exploitation of the performance and do not unreasonably prejudice the legitimate interests of the performer13.

10 Article 1011 Article 112 Article 1813 Article 13

iii. BeneFits oF inteRnational

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Country Comparisons Treaties, Conventions and Agreement14

iV. statUs oF aRiPo MeMBeR states UndeRstUdY on inteRnationalinstRUMents FoR CoPYRiGHt & Related RiGHts

lesotho liberia eswatini Mozambique sudan the Gambia Zambia Zimbabwe

Last updated on 21/03/2018 21/03/2018 21/03/2018 21/03/2018 21/03/2018 21/03/2018 21/03/2018 21/03/2018

Treaty’s international status

Beijing Treaty Not a party/ member to the Treaty

Not a party/ member to the Treaty

Not a party/ member to the Treaty

Not a party/ member to the Treaty

Signed: June 26, 2012

Not a party/ member to the Treaty

Signed June 26, 2012

Signed December 11, 2012

Not ratified Not ratified Not ratified

Berne Convention(176 Parties)

Accession: June 27 1989

Accession: December 8, 1988

Accession: September 14, 1998

Accession: August 22, 2013

Accession: September 28, 2000

Accession: December 7, 1992

Accession September 13, 1991

Declaration notification of Succession September 18, 1981

In Force: September 28, 1989

In Force: March 8, 1989

In Force: December 14, 1998

In Force: November 22, 2013

In Force: December 28, 2000

In Force: March 7, 1993

In Force January 2, 1992

In Force April 18, 1980

Brussels Convention(38 Parties)

Not a party/ member to the Treaty

Not a party/ member to the Treaty

Not a party/ member to the Treaty

Not a party/ member to the Treaty

Not a party/ member to the Treaty

Not a party/ member to the Treaty

Not a party/ member to the Treaty

Not a party/ member to the Treaty

Phonograms Convention (79 Parties)

Not a party/ member to the Treaty

Accession: September 16, 2005

Not a party/ member to the Treaty

Not a party/ member to the Treaty

Not a party/ member to the Treaty

Not a party/ member to the Treaty

Not a party/ member to the Treaty

Not a party/ member to the Treaty

In force December 16, 2005

Rome Convention(93 Parties)

Accession: October 26, 1989

Accession: September 16, 2005

Not a party/ member to the Treaty

Not a party/ member to the Treaty

Not a party/ member to the Treaty

Not a party/ member to the Treaty

Not a party/ member to the Treaty

Not a party/ member to the Treaty

In Force: June 26, 1990

In Force: December 16, 2005

Marrakesh Treaty (45 Parties)

Acceded April 30, 2018

In Force July 30,, 2018

Acceded 6 October 2016,

Not a party/ member to the Treaty

Signed August 22, 2013

Signed June 28, 2013

Not a party/ member to the Treaty

Not a party/ member to the Treaty

Signed October 2, 2013

In force 6 January 2017

Not yet ratified Not yet ratified

Not yet ratified

WIPO Copyright Treaty (97 Parties)

Not a party/ member to the Treaty

Not a party/ member to the Treaty

Not a party/ member to the Treaty

Not a party/ member to the Treaty

Not a party/ member to the Treaty

Not a party/ member to the Treaty

Not a party/ member to the Treaty

Not a party/ member to the Treaty

WPPT (97 Parties)

Not a party/ member to the Treaty

Not a party/ member to the Treaty

Not a party/ member to the Treaty

Not a party/ member to the Treaty

Not a party/ member to the Treaty

Not a party/ member to the Treaty

Not a party/ member to the Treaty

Not a party/ member to the Treaty

TRIPS (164 Parties)

In Force May 31, 1995

In force 14 July 2016

In force: January 1, 1995

In Force August 26, 1995

Not a party/ member to the Agreement

In Force: October 23, 1996

In Force: January 1, 1995

In Force: March 5, 1995

Country Comparisons Treaties, Conventions and Agreement14

14 Source: WIPO website

iV. statUs oF aRiPo MeMBeR states UndeRstUdY on inteRnationalinstRUMents FoR CoPYRiGHt & Related RiGHts

2524

2(Signed or ratified/ in force)

1(Signed only, not in force or ratified)

0(Not a party or member to the treaty)

Beijing 1 7 6

Berne 12 2

Brussels 2 12

Phonograms Treaty 3 11

Rome Convention 2 12

Marrakesh Treaty 1 7 6

WCT 2 1 11

WPPT 2 1 11

TRIPS 13 1

Table 1: Status of ARIPO Member States under study to International Instruments on Copyright & Related Rights

Figure 1: Graphical Representation of Treaty Uptake by Reviewed Countries

TREATIES UPTAKE SUMMARY OF THE 17 ARIPO MEMBER STATES UNDERSTUDY AS AT MARCH 2018The countries reviewed have a very low uptake of international treaties, with some treaties such as WPPT, WCT, Beijing, Rome and Brussels Convention having zero up-take. The Berne Convention has majority of the countries excluding Uganda and Sierra Leone who are not parties to it, signifying its universality to the copyright sector globally.

In 2010, an estimated 26,295,000 Africans have visual impairments (including blindness and low vision) with an

estimated 300,000 of these being children. This makes it crucial for African Governments to consider how they can enable access to reading materials for these children and other Visually Impaired Persons. Ratification of the Marrakesh Treaty represents one such step towards enabling such access. With a growing ICT sector and online presence, African governments need to consider their membership to treaties such as the WCT.

Stat

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f ARI

PO M

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tes

Country Comparisons Treaties, Conventions and Agreement14

iV. statUs oF aRiPo MeMBeR states UndeRstUdY on inteRnationalinstRUMents FoR CoPYRiGHt & Related RiGHts

The same applies for other treaties that are of importance to various industries that are the mainstay of African economies including performances and phonograms in the online spheres such as the WPPT and the Phonograms Convention.

BotsWanaWCT Benefits: the state has an improving ICT sector. By ratifying to the WCT, Botswana stands a chance to expand coverage in light of works protection even beyond borders. With increased data compilations the country could now ensure protection of database creators within and out of State.

WPPT Benefits: with increased online presence through digitization more works are now availed online. Through this ratification performers and producers of phonograms will be secured with regards to economic benefits derived from their works in this digital era.

Beijing Treaty Benefits: audio-visual performances platforms now require intense protection due to their increased growth. Creative standard performances are being liked and subscribed to even globally. Therefore ratification to this treaty will offer right holders further protection and ensure recognition locally and abroad

kinGdoM oF esWatiniThe country has ratified or acceded to only 2 international treaties, the Berne Convention and TRIPS Agreement. While the most prevalent form of disability in Eswatini is seeing disabilities followed by people with other disabilities where out of the 171347 people with disabilities in Eswatini, 78 083 (46 per cent) have seeing disabilities followed by a group classified as other forms of disabilities at 47 691 (28 per cent), the country is not a party to the Marrakesh Treaty. The country is not also taking advantage of the benefits to be derived from the other international treaties.

tHe GaMBiaThe country has ratified or acceded to only 2 treaties, The

Berne Convention and TRIPS Agreement. There remains room for the country to take advantage of international treaties.

GHanaPhonograms Convention Benefits: The country has a growing film industry and its producers need protection in foreign countries.

Marrakesh Treaty Benefits: The country has an estimated 200 000 blind and 600 000 visually impaired persons (Ghana Eye Foundation .org), representing a combined 3.11 percent of the total population. Ghana has a fairly large enough population of people who need access to reading materials provided for under the Marrakesh Treaty.

The country can also import materials for VIPs under certain conditions as provided in the treaty, as well as export to other contracting countries.

kenYaMarrakesh Treaty Benefits: The country has an estimated 328 000 blind and 750 000 visually impaired persons (The Fred Hollows Foundation), representing a combined 2.40 percent of the total population. This percentage represents a large enough proportion of people in need of educational materials enhanced for their conditions.

ensuring access to this section of the country’s population. The country can also import materials for VIPs under certain conditions as provided in the treaty, as well as export to other contracting countries.

WCT Benefits: The country has a growing ICT sector with various innovative solutions in software coming out of the country. There is also a lot of FDI flowing into the ICT sector. While the country’s Copyright Laws provide for the protection of computer programs, by becoming a contracting party to the WCT, the country will broaden the protection of the works and securing of rights of its creators beyond its own borders. Data is currently big business and compilations of data or other material (databases) are increasingly important, meaning that

Country Comparisons Treaties, Conventions and Agreement14

iV. statUs oF aRiPo MeMBeR states UndeRstUdY on inteRnationalinstRUMents FoR CoPYRiGHt & Related RiGHts

2726

Kenya must consider how to protect the creators of databases in Kenya beyond the borders.

WPPT Benefits: The country has a growing online population, which will result in more local works being available online. By acceding to and ratifying this treaty, the country will join other countries collaborating to ensure that performers and producers of phonograms are secured and make economic benefits out of their works in an increasingly digital world.

Beijing Treaty Benefits: The country has growing audio- visual performances platform which needs to be nourished and protected. The performers are improving day in day out to come up with creative performances which are liked in and out of the country. This calls for the country to ratify or accede to the treaty so as to offer the right holders more protection and

recognition nationally and internationally.

lesotHoThe country has ratified or acceded to only 4 international treaties, the Berne Convention, Rome Convention, Marrakesh Treaty and TRIPS Agreement. The country is not also taking advantage of the benefits to be derived from the other international treaties.

liBeRiaThe country has ratified or acceded to 5 international treaties, the Berne Convention, Rome Convention, Marrakesh Treaty, Phonograms Convention and TRIPS Agreement. With the prevalence of blindness in Liberia estimated at a total of 35 000 blind people and 10 500 people who suffer from visual impairment (WHO 2002 figures), the country has acceded to the Marrakesh Treaty. The country is yet to take advantage of the benefits to be derived from the other international treaties.

naMiBiaNamibia signed the WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty (WPPT). This treaty deals with the rights of two kinds of beneficiaries, especially in the digital environment that is, (i)

performers (actors, singers, musicians, etc.); and (ii) producers of phonograms (persons or legal entities that take the initiative and have the responsibility for the fixation of sounds).

MalaWi Malawi is a party to the Berne Convention, Marrakesh Treaty and TRIPS. Implementing the Marrakesh treaty was a way of ensuring access of information to people who are deaf and blind in the country. There was a need to have vital information in braille writing as a way of ensuring that people who are deaf and blind have access even to have newspapers and books in braille writing for people who are visually impaired. Acceding to the treaty gave access to vital information, to a lot of issues happening that the blind and deaf usually miss, such as adverts in newspapers, HIV/Aids information. The treaty allows for copyright exceptions to facilitate the creation of accessible versions of books and other copyrighted works for visually impaired persons. The treaty also sets a norm for countries ratifying the treaty to have a domestic copyright exception covering these activities, and allowing for the import and export of such material.

MoZaMBiqUeThe country has ratified or acceded to only 2 international treaties, the Berne Convention and TRIPS agreement. It is positive to note that the country has signed the Marrakesh Treaty, though it has not yet ratified it. The Treaty will go a long way in ensuring access to reading materials to the estimated 44 567 people who had a visual impairment according to the 2007 Census. The country is not also taking advantage of the benefits to be derived from the other international treaties.

RWandaThe country has an estimated 11 384 blind people (Fred Hollows Foundation) and an unquantified number of visually impaired persons. This represents not less than 0.09 percent of the total population and this represents a large proportion of people in need of educational and informational materials enhanced for their conditions.

Country Comparisons Treaties, Conventions and Agreement14

iV. statUs oF aRiPo MeMBeR states UndeRstUdY on inteRnationalinstRUMents FoR CoPYRiGHt & Related RiGHts

Country Comparisons Treaties, Conventions and Agreement14

iV. statUs oF aRiPo MeMBeR states UndeRstUdY on inteRnationalinstRUMents FoR CoPYRiGHt & Related RiGHts

The Rwanda copyright law has provisions on visually impaired persons. By ratifying the Treaty, the country will move a step towards ensuring access to this critical section of the country’s population. The country can also import materials for VIPs under certain conditions as provided in the treaty, as well as export to other contracting countries.

The country is a member to TRIPS, Brussels Convention and Berne Convention. This means that it cannot take advantage of the significant international benefits that come with the international collaborations. In an increasingly global village, this presents challenges for its citizens as well as reducing potential contribution of copyright related industries to exports on the GDP as most countries are not obliged to protect works of countries which are not members of specific treaties and agreements.

sieRRa leoneThe country is a member of TRIPS. As for Marrakesh and Beijing treaties, Sierra Leone has signed yet to ratify the treaties. Sierra Leone is not a party to the Berne Convention.This means that it cannot take advantage of the significant international benefits that come with the international collaborations.

In an increasingly global village, this presents challenges for its citizens as well as reducing potential contribution of copyright related industries to exports on the GDP as most countries are not obliged to protect works of countries which are not members of specific treaties and agreements.

sUdanThe country has acceded to only 1 international treaty, the Berne Convention. It has also signed, but not yet ratified the Marrakesh Treaty and the Beijing Treaty. Ratification of these treaties will be an important step towards ensuring full access to the benefits afforded by these two treaties. The country is not a party to the TRIPS Agreement which is crucial in today’s world trade. The country is not also taking advantage of the benefits to be derived from the other international treaties.

tanZania The country is a member of TRIPS. Tanzania has not ratified the Marrakesh and Beijing treaties. Therefore this state cannot take advantage of the international benefits that come with the international collaborations. In an increasingly digital era, this presents challenges for its citizens as well as reducing potential contribution of copyright related industries to exports on the GDP as most countries are not obliged to protect works of countries which are not members of specific treaties and agreements.

UGandaThe country is not party to Berne Convention though it has some provisions in its legislation that reflect the Berne Convention and its Appendix. Uganda has not ratified the Beijing Treaty. Uganda is party to TRIPS and has ratified the Marrakesh Treaty. This means that it can take advantage of the significant international benefits that come with the international collaborations.

ZaMBiaThe country is a member to only two treaties, The Berne Convention and TRIPS Agreement. Zambia has signed the Beijing Treaty, though it has not yet ratified it. There remains room to benefit from the other international treaties.

ZiMBaBWeThe country has signed international treaties but has not yet acceded to or ratified the Marrakesh Treaty and Beijing Treaty. The treaties in force are Berne Convention and TRIPS Agreement. There is room to take advantage of the treaties thecountry is not a member to.

2928

Countries Berne Convention

Brussels Convention

Rome Convention

Phonogram Convention

WIPO Copyright

Treaty

WIPOPerfor-mances & Pho-

nogram Treaty

Beijing Treaty

Marrakesh Treaty TRIPS

Botswana 2 0 0 0 2 2 2 2 2

Ghana 2 0 0 2 2 2 1 2 2

Kenya 2 2 0 2 1 1 1 2 2

Rwanda 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 2

Sierra Leone 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2

Uganda 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 2

Tanzania 2 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 2

Malawi 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2

Namibia 2 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 2

São Tomé and Príncipe

2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2

Table 1: Status of ARIPO Member States to International Instruments on Copyright & Related Rights

Figure 1: Status of ARIPO Member States to International Instruments on Copyright & Related Rights

Key: 2=Ratified or Acceded; 1=Signed; 0=Not signed/ratified/acceded

Stat

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iV. statUs oF aRiPo MeMBeR states UndeRstUdY on inteRnationalinstRUMents FoR CoPYRiGHt & Related RiGHts

Country Beijing Treaty

BerneConvention Brussels Phonograms

ConventionRome

ConventionMarrakesh

Treaty WCT WPPT TRIPS

TotalTreaties

By Country

Lesotho 0 A 0 0 A A 0 0 A 3

Liberia 0 A 0 A A A 0 0 A 5

Eswatini 0 A 0 0 0 0 0 0 A 2

Mozambique 0 A 0 0 0 B 0 0 A 3

Sudan B A 0 0 0 B 0 0 0 3

The Gambia 0 A 0 0 0 0 0 0 A 2

Zambia B A 0 0 0 0 0 0 A 3

Zimbabwe B A 0 0 0 B 0 0 A 4

Table 2: Summary of treaties status by country

Figure 2: Treaties taken by country

(Key: A - Ratified or acceded; B - Signed only; 0 = Not signed/ Ratified/ Acceded)

iV. statUs oF aRiPo MeMBeR states UndeRstUdY on inteRnationalinstRUMents FoR CoPYRiGHt & Related RiGHts

Stat

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3130

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ht a

nd

Cultu

ral m

atte

rsIn

telle

ctua

l Pr

oper

ty o

rgan

(A

rt. 1

0; 1

2; 1

3)

Copy

right

O

ffice

Copy

right

Offi

ceCo

pyrig

ht

Offi

ceM

inis

try

of

Cultu

re, s

hall

be re

spon

sibl

e to

pro

tect

the

auth

entic

ity

and

inte

grity

of

wor

ks in

the

publ

ic d

omai

n.Pr

otec

t Co

pyrig

ht

mat

ters

Mat

ters

(art

.57)

Prot

ecte

d W

orks

Gene

ral:

The

act g

oes i

nto

deta

il on

the

wor

ks in

clud

ed

unde

r eac

h ca

tego

ry o

f wor

ks

prot

ecte

d un

der

inte

rpre

tatio

n.

(S. 7

6)

Gene

ral:

The

Act c

lear

ly

outli

nes t

he

wor

ks in

clud

ed

unde

r eac

h ca

tego

ry

of w

orks

pr

otec

ted

as w

ell a

s de

finiti

ons o

f sp

ecifi

c ite

ms.

(S. 2

)

Gene

ral:

The

Act

clea

rly o

utlin

es

the

wor

ks

incl

uded

und

er

each

cate

gory

as

wel

l as w

ell

as d

efin

ition

s of

spec

ific

item

s.(S

. 2)

Gene

ral:

The

Act c

lear

ly

outli

nes t

he

wor

ks u

nder

ea

ch ca

tego

ry

as w

ell a

s the

de

finiti

ons o

f sp

ecifi

c te

rms.

(S. 2

)

Gene

ral:

The

act

clea

rly o

utlin

es

the

wor

ks

incl

uded

und

er

each

cate

gory

of

wor

ks a

s wel

l as

the

spec

ific

defin

ition

s of

term

s as t

hey

appl

y to

the

act.

(S.1

)

Gene

ral:

Lite

rary

an

d ar

tistic

wor

ks

that

are

orig

inal

in

telle

ctua

l cr

eatio

ns in

th

e lit

erar

y an

d ar

tistic

dom

ain.

(Art

. 195

)

Gene

ral:

The

Act

clea

rly o

utlin

es

the

wor

ks

incl

uded

unde

r eac

hca

tego

ry o

f w

orks

prot

ecte

d as

wel

l as

defin

ition

s of

spec

ific

item

s.

(S. 2

)

Gene

ral:

The

Act

clea

rly o

utlin

es

the

wor

ks

incl

uded

unde

r eac

hca

tego

ry o

f w

orks

pro

tect

ed

as w

ell a

s de

finiti

ons o

f sp

ecifi

c ite

ms.

(S

. 2)

Gene

ral:

The

Act

clea

rly o

utlin

es

the

wor

ks

incl

uded

unde

r eac

hca

tego

ry o

f w

orks

prot

ecte

d as

w

ell

as d

efin

ition

s of

spec

ific

item

s. (S

. 2)

Gene

ral:

The

Act

clea

rly o

utlin

es

the

wor

ks

incl

uded

unde

r eac

hca

tego

ry o

f w

orks

prot

ecte

d as

w

ell

as d

efin

ition

s of

spec

ific

item

s. (A

rt. 2

))

V. CoUntRY CoPYRiGHt & Related RiGHtslaWs CoMPaRison

3332

Coun

trie

s/Pa

ram

eter

Ghan

aKe

nya

Bots

wan

aUg

anda

Sier

ra

Leon

neRw

anda

Tanz

ania

Mal

awi

Nam

ibia

São

Tom

é an

d Pr

ínci

pe

Firs

t Ow

ners

hip

Copy

right

ves

ts

in a

utho

r exc

ept

in ca

ses o

f: co

mm

issi

oned

w

ork,

wor

ks

prod

uced

in th

e co

urse

of o

ne’s

empl

oym

ent,

or

crea

ted

unde

r co

mm

issi

on b

y th

e Go

vern

men

t or

an

inte

rnat

iona

l bo

dy.

(S.5

- 8)

Copy

right

ve

sts i

n au

thor

exc

ept

in ca

ses o

f: co

mm

issi

oned

w

ork,

wor

ks

prod

uced

in

the

cour

se

of o

ne’s

empl

oym

ent,

or c

reat

ed

unde

r co

mm

issi

on

by th

e Go

vern

men

t or

an

inte

rnat

iona

l bo

dy.

(S. 3

1)

Subj

ect t

o ot

her

prov

isio

ns in

the

Act,

the

orig

inal

ow

ner o

f ec

onom

ic ri

ghts

is

the

auth

or

who

has

cre

ated

th

e w

ork.

(S

. 9)

Copy

right

ve

sts i

n au

thor

ex

cept

in ca

ses

of e

mpl

oyed

au

thor

s (in

ab

senc

e of

co

ntra

ct st

atin

g ot

herw

ise)

an

d w

orks

for

Gove

rnm

ent o

r in

tern

atio

nal

bodi

es.

(Impl

ied

in S

. 4-

12)

The

orig

inal

ow

ner o

f the

ec

onom

ic ri

ghts

is

the

auth

or w

ho

crea

ted

wor

k.(S

. 15)

The

orig

inal

ow

ner o

f the

m

oral

and

ec

onom

ic ri

ghts

is

the

auth

or w

ho

crea

ted

wor

k.(A

rt. 2

22)

The

orig

inal

ow

ner o

f the

ec

onom

ic

right

s is t

he

auth

or w

ho

crea

ted

wor

k.

(S. 1

5)

The

orig

inal

ow

ner o

f the

ec

onom

ic ri

ghts

is

the

auth

or w

ho

crea

ted

wor

k(s

.33)

The

orig

inal

ow

ner o

f the

ec

onom

ic

right

s is t

he

auth

or w

ho

crea

ted

wor

k(s

.15)

Copy

right

be

long

s to

the

inte

llect

ual

crea

tor o

f the

w

ork,

unl

ess

othe

rwis

e sp

ecifi

ed.

(Art

.11)

Dura

tion

of

Copy

right

Mor

al ri

ghts

Mor

al ri

ghts

cont

inue

to v

est

in a

utho

r eve

n aft

er tr

ansf

er o

f ec

onom

ic ri

ghts

(S

.9) a

nd th

ey

exis

t in

perp

etui

ty

(S.1

8)

Mor

al ri

ghts

cont

inue

to

vest

in a

utho

r an

d su

cces

sors

(b

ased

on

test

amen

tary

di

spos

ition

) ev

en a

fter

tran

sfer

of

econ

omic

rig

hts

(S. 3

2)

Life

of a

utho

r an

d fift

y ye

ars

after

his

dea

th(S

. 10)

Mor

al ri

ghts

re

mai

n w

ith a

utho

r re

gard

less

of

stat

us o

f ec

onom

ic

right

s. T

hey

exis

t in

perp

etui

ty e

ven

after

dea

th o

f or

igin

al o

wne

r(S

. 13:

8)

Mor

al ri

ght o

f an

aut

hor e

xist

in

per

petu

ity

rega

rdle

ss o

f st

atus

of t

he

econ

omic

righ

ts.

The

right

s are

en

forc

eabl

e du

ring

the

lifet

ime

of th

e au

thor

and

afte

r th

e au

thor

’s de

ath,

by

the

succ

esso

rs. (

S.

21)

Mor

al ri

ghts

hav

e no

lim

itatio

n in

tim

e.

(Art

. 216

)

Mor

al ri

ghts

lim

itatio

n(s

.11)

Mor

al ri

ghts

sh

all e

xist

in

perp

etui

ty a

nd

they

are

not

tr

ansf

erab

le(s

. 30)

Mor

al ri

ghts

sh

all e

xist

in

perp

etui

ty a

nd

they

are

not

tr

ansf

erab

le*

(s 1

4)

Mor

al ri

ghts

ha

ve n

o lim

itatio

n in

tim

e.

Coun

trie

s/Pa

ram

eter

Ghan

aKe

nya

Bots

wan

aUg

anda

Sier

ra

Leon

neRw

anda

Tanz

ania

Mal

awi

Nam

ibia

São

Tom

é an

d Pr

ínci

pe

Prot

ecte

d W

orks

(...c

ontin

ued)

Act d

efin

es

“art

istic

wor

ks”

(S.7

6)

The

act c

lear

ly

defin

es w

hat i

s in

clud

ed u

nder

ar

tistic

wor

ks(S

. 2)

Act p

rovi

des f

or

prot

ectio

n of

ne

ighb

ourin

g rig

hts f

or w

orks

w

hich

do

not

ordi

naril

y qu

alify

for

copy

right

(S. 2

3-28

)

Act p

rovi

des f

or

prot

ectio

n of

ne

ighb

ourin

g rig

hts f

or w

orks

w

hich

do

not

ordi

naril

y qu

alify

for

copy

right

(S. 2

1-34

)

Act d

oes n

ot

men

tion

neig

hbou

ring

right

s

Act p

rovi

des

for w

orks

not

pr

otec

ted

incl

udin

g an

y off

icia

l tex

ts

of a

judi

cial

or

adm

inis

trat

ive

natu

re, p

ublis

hed

daily

new

s; a

ny

idea

, pro

cedu

re,

syst

em, m

etho

ds

of o

pera

tion,

pr

inci

ples

, di

scov

ery,

or

mer

e da

ta e

ven

if ex

pres

sed,

de

scrib

ed,

expl

aine

d,

illus

trat

ed o

r em

bodi

ed in

a

wor

k. (A

rt. 1

98)

Act p

rovi

des f

or

prot

ectio

n of

ne

ighb

ourin

g rig

hts f

or w

orks

w

hich

do

not

ordi

naril

y qu

alify

for

copy

right

(s. 4

4)

Act d

oes n

ot

men

tion

neig

hbou

ring

right

s

Act p

rovi

des f

or

prot

ectio

n of

ne

ighb

ourin

g rig

hts f

or w

orks

w

hich

do

not

ordi

naril

y qu

alify

for

copy

right

(s. 4

4 - 4

6)

The

code

cl

early

def

ines

w

hat i

s in

clud

ed u

nder

ar

tistic

wor

ks

(Cha

pter

3)

Form

ality

re

quire

men

tsW

hile

pro

vidi

ng

for r

egis

trat

ion,

Ac

t cite

s tha

t pr

otec

tion

shal

l no

t be

depe

nden

t on

the

regi

stra

tion

of th

e w

ork.

(S.3

9)

Act p

rovi

des

mai

ntai

n an

eff

ectiv

e da

ta

bank

S.5

(f)

Act p

rovi

des

in S

.22B

(g)

(h) m

aint

ain

effec

tive

data

base

&

regi

ster

of w

orks

S.

6

Volu

ntar

y fo

r bot

h co

pyrig

ht a

nd

neig

hbou

ring

right

s.(S

. 43)

Prov

ides

for

regi

stra

tion

of

wor

ks(S

. 49)

Opt

iona

l Re

gist

ratio

n, b

ut

prot

ectio

n ex

ists

w

ithou

t nee

d fo

r le

gal f

orm

aliti

es(A

rt. 1

97)

The

Act

prov

ides

to

mai

ntai

n re

gist

ers

S.47

(b)

The

Act p

rovi

des

for m

aint

aini

ng

regi

ster

s S.5

(i)(b

)

Does

not

ex

pres

sly

prov

ide

for

Regi

stra

tion

but t

he

copy

right

offi

ce

does

regi

ster

Copy

right

is

reco

gniz

ed

rega

rdle

ss o

f re

gist

ratio

n,

filin

g or

any

ot

her f

orm

ality

(A

rt 1

2)

Righ

ts A

fford

edEc

onom

ic R

ight

s (S

.5)

Mor

al R

ight

s(S

.6)

Econ

omic

Ri

ghts

(S

. 26)

Mor

al R

ight

s (S

. 32)

Econ

omic

Rig

hts

(S. 7

)M

oral

Rig

hts

(S. 8

)

Econ

omic

Ri

ghts

.(S

. 9)

Mor

al R

ight

s(S

. 10)

Econ

omic

Rig

hts.

(S. 1

0)M

oral

Rig

hts

(S. 1

1)

Econ

omic

Rig

hts

(Art

. 200

-202

)M

oral

Rig

hts

(Art

. 199

)

Econ

omic

rig

hts

(s.9

)M

oral

righ

ts

(s.1

1)

Econ

omic

righ

ts

(s. 2

9)M

oral

righ

ts

(s.3

0)

Econ

omic

rig

hts

(S. 9

)M

oral

righ

ts

(S 1

1)

Econ

omic

Ri

ghts

(Art

9.3

)M

oral

Rig

hts

(art

. 9.1

)

V. CoUntRY CoPYRiGHt & Related RiGHtslaWs CoMPaRison

V. CoUntRY CoPYRiGHt & Related RiGHtslaWs CoMPaRison

3534

Coun

trie

s/Pa

ram

eter

Ghan

aKe

nya

Bots

wan

aUg

anda

Sier

ra

Leon

neRw

anda

Tanz

ania

Mal

awi

Nam

ibia

São

Tom

é an

d Pr

ínci

pe

Dura

tion

of

Copy

right

(...c

ontin

ued)

Anon

ymou

s w

orks

Seve

nty

year

s fro

m d

ate

on

whi

ch w

ork

was

ei

ther

mad

e,

publ

ishe

d or

m

ade

avai

labl

e to

the

publ

ic,

whi

chev

er is

la

ter.

If id

entit

y of

aut

hor i

s lat

er

know

n or

reve

aled

be

yond

dou

bt, t

he

dura

tion

reve

rts

to e

nd o

f yea

r of

deat

h of

aut

hor

and

seve

nty

year

s th

erea

fter.

(S. 1

4)

Anon

ymou

s W

orks

Fifty

yea

rs fr

om

date

on

whi

ch

wor

k w

as

eith

er m

ade,

pu

blis

hed

or

mad

e av

aila

ble

to th

e pu

blic

, w

hich

ever

is

late

r. If

iden

tity

of a

utho

r is

late

r kno

wn

or re

veal

ed

beyo

nd d

oubt

, th

e du

ratio

n re

vert

s to

end

of y

ear o

f dea

th

of a

utho

r and

fift

y ye

ars

ther

eafte

r. (S

. 23:

3)

Anon

ymou

s/

pseu

dony

mou

s w

orks

Mor

al a

nd

econ

omic

righ

ts

prot

ecte

d fo

r fift

y ye

ars f

rom

da

te o

n w

hich

w

ork

was

mad

e,

mad

e av

aila

ble

to th

e pu

blic

or

pub

lishe

d,

whi

chev

er d

ate

is th

e la

test

. If

auth

or’s

iden

tity

is re

veal

ed o

r no

-long

er in

do

ubt b

efor

e ex

pira

tion,

then

pr

ovis

ions

for

auth

ors a

pply

.(S

. 10)

Anon

ymou

s W

orks

Fifty

yea

rs fr

om

date

of f

irst

publ

icat

ion.

If

iden

tity

of a

utho

r is

reve

aled

bef

ore

expi

ratio

n of

fift

y ye

ars,

then

pr

ovis

ions

av

aila

ble

for

know

n au

thor

s ap

ply.

(S. 1

3)

Anon

ymou

s/

Pseu

dony

mou

s W

orks

Fifty

yea

rs fr

om

the

date

on

whi

ch th

e w

ork

was

mad

e, fi

rst

avai

labl

e to

th

e pu

blic

or

first

pub

lishe

d,

whi

chev

er d

ate

is

the

late

st.

Whe

re th

e au

thor

’s id

entit

y is

reve

aled

or

is n

o lo

nger

in

doub

t bef

ore

the

expi

ratio

n of

th

at p

erio

d, th

e te

rms f

or k

now

n au

thor

s sha

ll ap

ply.

(S. 2

1)

Anon

ymou

s/

Pseu

dony

mou

s W

orks

Fifty

yea

rs fr

om

date

of l

awfu

l pu

blic

atio

n, d

ate

on w

hich

wor

k w

as m

ade,

or

late

st d

ate

of

mak

ing

avai

labl

e to

the

publ

ic.

If au

thor

’s id

entit

y is

re

veal

ed o

r is

no lo

nger

in

doub

t bef

ore

expi

ratio

n of

the

said

per

iod,

the

prov

isio

ns fo

r st

anda

rd m

oral

an

d ec

onom

ic

right

s app

ly.

(Art

. 219

)

wor

k pu

blis

hed

anon

ymou

sly

or u

nder

a

pseu

dony

m,

the

econ

omic

an

d m

oral

rig

hts s

hall

be

prot

ecte

d fo

r fift

y ye

ars f

rom

th

e da

te o

n w

hich

the

wor

k w

as e

ither

m

ade,

firs

t m

ade

avai

labl

e to

the

publ

ic o

r fir

st p

ublis

hed

(s.1

4)

Anon

ymou

s or

pseu

dony

mou

s w

orks

, for

a

perio

d of

fifty

ye

ars f

rom

the

date

on

whi

ch

such

wor

k w

as

first

pub

lishe

d or

oth

erw

ise

law

fully

mad

e av

aila

ble

to

the

publ

ic,

whi

chev

er d

ate

is th

e la

test

, or i

f th

e w

ork

has n

ot

thus

bee

n m

ade

avai

labl

e to

the

publ

ic w

ithin

fifty

ye

ars o

f it h

avin

g be

en c

reat

ed, f

or

a pe

riod

of fi

fty

year

s fro

m th

e da

te o

n w

hich

th

e w

ork

was

cr

eate

d(S

.34)

wor

k pu

blis

hed

anon

ymou

sly,

th

e ec

onom

ic

and

mor

al

right

s sha

ll be

pr

otec

ted

for

fifty

year

s fro

m

the

date

on

whi

ch th

e w

ork

was

eith

er

mad

e, fi

rst

mad

e av

aila

ble

to th

e pu

blic

or

first

pub

lishe

d(s

.14)

Anon

ymou

s w

orks

or

Wor

ks la

wfu

lly

disc

lose

d or

pu

blis

hed

with

out t

he

iden

tity

of th

e au

thor

shal

l b

e 70

yea

rs

follo

win

g di

sclo

sure

or

publ

icat

ion.

(Art

.33)

Audi

o-vi

sual

w

orks

Seve

nty

year

s fro

m d

ate

of

(with

cons

ent

from

the

auth

or)

publ

icat

ion

or

mak

ing

avai

labl

e to

the

publ

ic,

whi

chev

er d

ate

is

late

st.

(S. 1

5)

Audi

o-vi

sual

w

orks

Fifty

yea

rs fr

om

the

end

of th

e ye

ar in

whi

ch

the

wor

k w

as

eith

er m

ade,

fir

st m

ade

to

the

publ

ic o

r pu

blis

hed,

w

hich

ever

dat

e is

the

late

st.

(S. 2

3:2)

Audi

o-vi

sual

w

orks

Fifty

yea

rs

from

dat

e of

fix

atio

n, m

akin

g av

aila

ble

to

the

publ

ic o

r pu

blic

atio

n,

whi

chev

er d

ate

is la

test

(S. 1

0)

Audi

-vis

ual/

Soun

d re

cord

ings

/ Br

oadc

asts

/ Co

mpu

ter

prog

ram

s /

Phot

ogra

phic

w

ork.

Fifty

yea

rs fr

om

date

of m

akin

g or

mak

ing

avai

labl

e to

th

e pu

blic

with

co

nsen

t of t

he

auth

or.

(S. 1

3)

Audi

o-vi

sual

w

orks

Fifty

yea

rs fr

om

the

date

of t

he

mak

ing

of th

e w

ork,

or w

here

th

e w

ork

is m

ade

avai

labl

e to

the

publ

ic d

urin

g th

at p

erio

d w

ith

the

cons

ent o

f th

e au

thor

unt

il ex

pira

tion

of

fifty

year

s fro

m

the

date

of i

ts

com

mun

icat

ion

to th

e pu

blic

.(S

. 21)

Colle

ctiv

e w

ork/

Au

dio-

visu

al

wor

k an

d w

orks

pu

blis

hed

after

de

ath

of a

utho

r.Fo

r a p

erio

d of

fifty

yea

rs

from

dat

e of

fir

st m

akin

g av

aila

ble

to th

e pu

blic

, dat

e on

whi

ch w

ork

was

firs

t mad

e,

or fi

rst l

awfu

l pu

blic

atio

n.(A

rt. 2

20)

Audi

ovis

ual

wor

k, th

e ec

onom

ic

and

mor

al

right

s sha

ll be

pro

tect

ed

for f

ifty

year

s fro

m th

e da

te

on w

hich

the

wor

k w

as

eith

er m

ade,

fir

st m

ade

avai

labl

e to

th

e pu

blic

, or

first

pub

lishe

d,

whi

chev

er d

ate

is th

e la

test

(S.1

4)

Audi

ovis

ual

wor

k, th

e ec

onom

ic a

nd

mor

al ri

ghts

shal

l be

pro

tect

ed

for f

ifty

year

s fro

m th

e da

te

on w

hich

the

wor

k w

as e

ither

m

ade,

firs

t mad

e av

aila

ble

to

the

publ

ic, o

r fir

st p

ublis

hed,

w

hich

ever

dat

e is

the

late

st(s

.35)

Audi

ovis

uals

w

ork,

the

econ

omic

an

d m

oral

rig

hts s

hall

be p

rote

cted

fo

r fift

y ye

ars

from

the

date

on

whi

ch th

e w

ork

was

ei

ther

mad

e,

first

mad

e av

aila

ble

to

the

publ

ic, o

r fir

st p

ublis

hed,

w

hich

ever

dat

e is

the

late

st.

(s.1

4)

No e

xpre

ss

men

tion

Of A

udio

-vis

ual

wor

ks

Coun

trie

s/Pa

ram

eter

Ghan

aKe

nya

Bots

wan

aUg

anda

Sier

ra

Leon

neRw

anda

Tanz

ania

Mal

awi

Nam

ibia

São

Tom

é an

d Pr

ínci

pe

Dura

tion

of

Copy

right

(...c

ontin

ued)

Econ

omic

righ

ts

Lite

rary

wor

ksLi

fe o

f the

aut

hor

and

seve

nty

(70)

yea

rs a

fter

the

deat

h of

the

auth

or o

r Life

of

last

surv

ivin

g au

thor

and

se

vent

y ye

ars

after

dea

th o

f tha

t au

thor

in w

orks

of

join

t aut

hors

hip.

(S. 1

2)

Lite

rary

wor

ksLi

fe o

f aut

hor

and

fifty

year

s aft

er e

nd o

f ye

ar in

whi

ch

auth

or d

ies o

r au

thor

who

di

es la

st in

w

orks

of j

oint

au

thor

ship

(S. 2

3:2)

Lite

rary

and

ar

tistic

wor

ks

Life

of a

utho

r an

d fo

r fift

y ye

ars a

fter h

is

deat

h. O

r for

au

thor

who

die

s la

st in

wor

ks o

f jo

int a

utho

rshi

p.(S

. 10)

Lite

rary

, sc

ient

ific a

nd

Artis

tic w

orks

Life

of a

utho

r pl

us fi

fty y

ears

aft

er th

e de

ath

of th

e au

thor

.(S

. 13)

Lite

rary

, Li

fe o

f the

aut

hor

plus

fifty

yea

rs.

In w

orks

of j

oint

au

thor

ship

life

of

last

surv

ivin

g au

thor

and

fift

y ye

ars.

In

colle

ctiv

e w

orks

, ot

her t

han

wor

ks o

f app

lied

arts

, fift

y ye

ars

from

the

date

on

whi

ch th

e w

ork

was

firs

t m

ade

avai

labl

e to

the

publ

ic o

r fir

st p

ublis

hed

whi

chev

er d

ate

is

the

late

st.

(S. 2

1-26

)

All E

cono

mic

Ri

ghts

Dura

tion

of

prot

ectio

n of

ec

onom

ic ri

ghts

sh

all b

e du

ring

the

life

of th

e au

thor

and

for

fifty

year

s (50

) aft

er h

is/h

er

deat

h. D

urat

ion

runs

up

to

the

end

of th

e ca

lend

ar y

ear i

n w

hich

it w

ould

ot

herw

ise

expi

re.

In w

orks

of j

oint

au

thor

ship

, du

ring

life

of la

st

surv

ivin

g au

thor

an

d 50

yea

rs a

fter

his o

r her

dea

th(A

rt. 2

17-2

21)

Econ

omic

and

m

oral

righ

ts

shal

l be

prot

ecte

d du

ring

the

life

of th

e au

thor

right

and

for f

ifty

year

s afte

r his

de

ath.

S. 1

4

Econ

omic

and

m

oral

righ

ts

shal

l be

prot

ecte

d du

ring

the

life

of th

e au

thor

right

and

for f

ifty

year

s aft

er h

is d

eath

. (s

.35)

Econ

omic

and

m

oral

righ

ts

shal

l be

prot

ecte

d du

ring

the

life

of th

e au

thor

right

and

for f

ifty

year

s afte

r his

de

ath.

S. 1

4

Econ

omic

and

m

oral

righ

ts

shal

l be

prot

ecte

d du

ring

the

life

of th

e au

thor

and

for

70 y

ears

afte

r hi

s dea

th. (

s.31

)

Bodi

es co

rpor

ate

Seve

nty

(70)

ye

ars f

rom

dat

e of

pub

licat

ion

or m

akin

g,

whi

chev

er d

ate

is

late

r.(S

.13)

Bodi

es

corp

orat

eFi

fty (5

0) y

ears

fro

m th

e en

d of

the

year

in

whi

ch it

was

pu

blis

hed

(S. 2

3)

Colle

ctiv

e w

orks

For c

erta

in

colle

ctiv

e w

orks

, ec

onom

ic

and

mor

al

right

s exi

st

for f

ifty

year

s fro

m d

ate

of

fixat

ion,

mak

ing

avai

labl

e to

th

e pu

blic

or

publ

icat

ion,

w

hich

ever

dat

e is

late

st.

(S. 1

0)

Bodi

es

Corp

orat

eFi

fty y

ears

from

da

te o

f firs

t pu

blic

atio

n of

th

e w

ork.

(S. 1

3)

Bodi

es

Corp

orat

eFi

fty y

ears

from

th

e da

te o

n w

hich

the

wor

k w

as fi

rst m

ade

publ

ic.

(S. 2

2)

No e

xpre

ss

men

tion

of

dura

tion

of

copy

right

for

wor

ks c

reat

ed b

y bo

dies

corp

orat

e.

Bodi

es

corp

orat

e Fi

fty

(50)

yea

rs fr

om

the

end

of th

e ye

ar in

whi

ch it

w

as p

ublis

hed*

No e

xpre

ss

men

tion

of

dura

tion

of

copy

right

for

wor

ks c

reat

ed b

y bo

dies

corp

orat

e

Bodi

es

corp

orat

e Fi

fty (5

0) y

ears

fro

m th

e en

d of

the

year

in

whi

ch it

was

pu

blic

shed

*

s. 1

5

No e

xpre

ss m

entio

n of

dur

atio

n of

co

pyrig

ht fo

r w

orks

cre

ated

by

bod

ies

corp

orat

e

V. CoUntRY CoPYRiGHt & Related RiGHtslaWs CoMPaRison

V. CoUntRY CoPYRiGHt & Related RiGHtslaWs CoMPaRison

3736

Coun

trie

s/Pa

ram

eter

Ghan

aKe

nya

Bots

wan

aUg

anda

Sier

ra

Leon

neRw

anda

Tanz

ania

Mal

awi

Nam

ibia

São

Tom

é an

d Pr

ínci

peCo

pyrig

htAl

l cop

yrig

ht w

orks

The

repr

oduc

tion

of th

e w

ork

in a

ny

man

ner o

r fro

m;

the

trans

latio

n,

adap

tatio

n,

arra

ngem

ent

or a

ny o

ther

tra

nsfo

rmat

ion

of th

e w

ork;

the

publ

ic p

erfo

rman

ce,

broa

dcas

ting

and

com

mun

icat

ion

of th

e w

ork

to

the

publ

ic; t

he

dist

ribut

ion

to th

e pu

blic

of o

rigin

als o

r co

pies

of t

he w

ork

by w

ay o

f firs

t sal

es

or o

ther

firs

t tra

nsfe

r of

ow

ners

hip;

and

th

e co

mm

erci

al

rent

al to

the

publ

ic

of o

rigin

als o

r cop

ies

of th

e w

ork.

(S

. 5)

Lite

rary

, M

usic

al o

r ar

tistic

wor

k or

aud

io-v

isua

l w

ork

Repr

oduc

tion

in a

ny m

ater

ial

form

of t

he

orig

inal

wor

k or

its

tran

slatio

n or

ada

ptat

ion;

th

e di

strib

utio

n to

the

publ

ic o

f th

e w

ork

by w

ay

of sa

le, r

enta

l, le

ase,

hire

, loan

, im

porta

tion,

or

sim

ilar

arra

ngem

ent;

and

the

com

mun

icat

ion

to th

e pu

blic

and

th

e br

oadc

astin

g of

the

who

le o

r a

subs

tant

ial p

art

ther

eof, e

ither

in

its o

rigin

al fo

rm

or in

any

form

re

cogn

isabl

y de

rived

from

the

orig

inal

.(S

. 26:

1)

Sele

cted

co

pyrig

ht w

orks

Auth

or/O

wne

r of

copy

right

shal

l ha

ve ex

clus

ive

right

to re

prod

uce,

tra

nsla

te, a

dapt

, ar

rang

e or

oth

er

trans

form

atio

n,

first

pub

lic

dist

ribut

ion,

re

ntal

, pub

lic

perfo

rman

ce,

impo

rtatio

n,

broa

dcas

ting

or o

ther

co

mm

unic

atio

n to

the

publ

ic o

f th

e w

ork.

Rig

hts

to re

ntal

and

le

ndin

g do

not

ap

ply t

o co

mpu

ter

prog

ram

s whe

re

the

prog

ram

itse

lf is

not t

he e

ssen

tial

obje

ct o

f the

re

ntal

or l

endi

ng.

(S. 7

) Sp

ecifi

c co

nditi

ons f

or

rela

ted

right

s m

entio

ned

(S. 2

3-28

)

All C

opyr

ight

W

orks

.Th

e ow

ner o

f a

prot

ecte

d w

ork

shal

l hav

e in

rela

tion

to

that

wor

k th

e ex

clus

ive

right

to

do o

r aut

horis

e ot

her p

erso

ns

to d

o va

rious

ac

tions

as

outli

ned

in th

e Ac

t. (S

. 9)

Spec

ific

cond

ition

s for

re

late

d rig

hts

men

tione

d.(S

. 21-

40)

All c

opyr

ight

w

orks

The

repr

oduc

tion;

tra

nsla

tion,

ad

apta

tion,

ar

rang

emen

t or

any

oth

er

trans

form

atio

n of

the

wor

k; th

e co

mm

unic

atio

n to

the

publ

ic b

y pe

rform

ance

or

broa

dcas

t, or

any

ot

her m

eans

; the

di

strib

utio

n to

the

publ

ic, b

y way

of

sale

, ren

tal,

publ

ic le

ndin

g of

the

orig

inal

or

copy

that

has

not

be

en su

bjec

t to

sale

or t

rans

fer

as a

utho

rised

by

the

owne

r of

copy

right

; ren

tal

or p

ublic

lend

ing

of th

e or

igin

al

or co

py o

f an

audi

o-vi

sual

wor

k,

soun

d-re

cord

ing,

co

mpu

ter

prog

ram

me,

da

taba

se o

r m

usic

al w

ork;

im

porta

tion;

pub

lic

disp

lay;

pub

lic

perfo

rman

ce;

broa

dcas

ting

and

any o

ther

co

mm

unic

atio

n to

th

e pu

blic

. (S

. 9; 3

8-46

)

Mor

al ri

ghts

and

ec

onom

ic ri

ghts

.Ec

onom

ic ri

ghts

in

clud

e ha

ving

ex

clus

ive

right

to

repr

oduc

tion,

tra

nsla

tion,

ad

apta

tion,

ar

rang

emen

t, re

ntal

, co

mm

unic

atio

n to

th

e pu

blic

, pub

lic

perfo

rman

ce

dist

ribut

ion.

M

oral

righ

ts to

cl

aim

aut

hors

hip,

to

obj

ect t

o us

e th

at p

reju

dice

s his

or

her

repu

tatio

n an

d no

t hav

e hi

s or

her n

ame

indi

cate

d or

the

right

to u

se a

ps

eudo

nym

. (A

rt. 1

99-2

02)

All c

opyr

ight

w

orks

The

repr

oduc

tion

of

the

wor

k in

any

m

anne

r or f

rom

;th

e tra

nsla

tion,

adap

tatio

n,ar

rang

emen

t or

any

oth

er

trans

form

atio

nof

the

wor

k; th

epu

blic

pe

rform

ance

,br

oadc

astin

g an

dCo

mm

unic

atio

nof

the

wor

k to

the

publ

ic; t

hedi

strib

utio

n to

the

publ

ic

of o

rigin

als o

r co

pies

of t

he

wor

k by

way

of

firs

t sal

es

or o

ther

firs

t tra

nsfe

r of

owne

rshi

p; a

nd

the

com

mer

cial

re

ntal

to th

e pu

blic

of

orig

inal

s or

copi

es o

f the

w

ork.*

All c

opyr

ight

wor

ksTh

e re

prod

uctio

n of

the

wor

k in

any

m

anne

r or f

rom

;th

e tra

nsla

tion,

adap

tatio

n,ar

rang

emen

t or

any

oth

er

trans

form

atio

nof

the

wor

k; th

epu

blic

pe

rform

ance

,br

oadc

astin

g an

dCo

mm

unic

atio

nof

the

wor

k to

the

publ

ic; t

hedi

strib

utio

n to

the

publ

ic o

f orig

inal

s or

copi

es o

f the

w

ork

by w

ay o

f fir

st sa

les o

r oth

er

first

tran

sfer

of

owne

rshi

p; a

nd

the

com

mer

cial

re

ntal

to th

e pu

blic

of o

rigin

als

or co

pies

of t

he

wor

k.*

All c

opyr

ight

w

orks

The

repr

oduc

tion

of

the

wor

k in

any

m

anne

r or f

rom

;th

e tra

nsla

tion,

adap

tatio

n,ar

rang

emen

t or

any

oth

er

trans

form

atio

nof

the

wor

k; th

epu

blic

pe

rform

ance

,br

oadc

astin

g an

dCo

mm

unic

atio

nof

the

wor

k to

the

publ

ic; t

hedi

strib

utio

n to

the

publ

ic

of o

rigin

als o

r co

pies

of t

he

wor

k by

way

of f

irst

sale

s or

othe

r firs

t tra

nsfe

r of

owne

rshi

p; a

nd

the

com

mer

cial

re

ntal

to th

e pu

blic

of

orig

inal

s or

copi

es o

f the

w

ork.*

Mor

al ri

ghts

an

d ec

onom

ic

right

s.

Econ

omic

righ

ts

incl

ude

havi

ngex

clus

ive

right

to re

prod

uctio

n,tra

nsla

tion,

adap

tatio

n,ar

rang

emen

t,

rent

al,

com

mun

icat

ion

to the

publ

ic, p

ublic

perfo

rman

cedi

strib

utio

n.M

oral

righ

ts to

cl

aim

auth

orsh

ip, t

o ob

ject

to u

se

that

pre

judi

ces

his o

r her

re

puta

tion

and

not h

ave

his o

rhe

r nam

e in

dica

ted

or th

e rig

ht to

us

e a

pseu

dony

m.

Coun

trie

s/Pa

ram

eter

Ghan

aKe

nya

Bots

wan

aUg

anda

Sier

ra

Leon

neRw

anda

Tanz

ania

Mal

awi

Nam

ibia

São

Tom

é an

d Pr

ínci

peDu

ratio

n of

Co

pyrig

ht(..

.con

tinue

d)

Wor

k of

App

lied

Art

Both

mor

al a

nd

econ

omic

righ

ts

exis

t for

twen

ty

five

year

s fro

m

the

mak

ing

of

the

wor

k.

(S. 1

0)

Wor

k of

App

lied

Art

Prot

ecte

d fo

r 25

year

s fro

m th

e m

akin

g of

the

wor

k.(S

. 21d

)

Wor

k of

App

lied

Art

Wor

k sh

all b

e pr

otec

ted

for a

pe

riod

of 2

5 ye

ars

from

end

of t

he

year

in w

hich

the

wor

k w

as fi

rst

mad

e.(A

rt. 2

21)

wor

k of

ap

plie

d ar

t, th

e ec

onom

ic

and

mor

al

right

s sha

ll be

pr

otec

ted

for

twen

ty fi

ve

year

s fro

m th

e m

akin

g of

the

wor

k(s

. 14)

wor

k of

ap

plie

d ar

t, th

e ec

onom

ic a

nd

mor

al ri

ghts

shal

l be

pro

tect

ed fo

r tw

enty

five

yea

rs

from

the

mak

ing

of th

e w

ork

(s. 3

5)

wor

k of

ap

plie

d ar

t, th

e ec

onom

ic

and

mor

al

right

s sha

ll be

pr

otec

ted

for

twen

ty fi

ve

year

s fro

m th

e m

akin

g of

the

wor

k.(s

. 14)

Rela

ted

Righ

ts

shal

l exp

ire

after

a p

erio

d of

50

year

s(A

rt.1

83)

Folk

lore

Righ

ts v

est i

n pr

esid

ent o

n be

half

of c

itize

ns

and

exis

t in

perp

etui

ty.

(S. 1

7)

Folk

lore

No m

entio

n of

dur

atio

n of

pr

otec

tion

of

folk

lore

.

Folk

lore

No

men

tion

on d

urat

ion

of

prot

ectio

n of

fo

lklo

re.

Folk

lore

No m

entio

n of

dur

atio

n of

pr

otec

tion

of

folk

lore

.

Folk

lore

Righ

ts v

est i

n pr

esid

ent o

n be

half

of a

nd

in tr

ust f

or th

e pe

ople

of S

ierr

a Le

one

and

exis

t in

per

petu

ity(S

. 26)

Folk

lore

No m

entio

n of

dur

atio

n of

pr

otec

tion

of

folk

lore

Folk

lore

No m

entio

n of

dur

atio

n of

pr

otec

tion

of

folk

lore

Folk

lore

No m

entio

n of

dur

atio

n of

pr

otec

tion

of

folk

lore

Folk

lore

No m

entio

n of

dur

atio

n of

pr

otec

tion

of

folk

lore

Folk

lore

No m

entio

n of

du

ratio

n of

pro

tect

ion

of fo

lklo

re

Soun

d re

cord

ings

Seve

nty

year

s aft

er th

e ye

ar

publ

icat

ion

or if

no

t pub

lishe

d,

seve

nty

year

s aft

er th

e ye

ar o

f fix

atio

n.(S

. 16)

Soun

d re

cord

ings

Fifty

yea

rs a

fter

the

end

of th

e ye

ar in

whi

ch

reco

rdin

g w

as

first

mad

e(S

. 23:

2)

Soun

d re

cord

ings

Until

the

end

of th

e fift

ieth

ca

lend

ar y

ear

follo

win

g th

e ye

ar o

f pu

blic

atio

n or

if

not p

ublis

hed,

fro

m fi

xatio

n un

til e

nd o

f fift

ieth

yea

r fo

llow

ing

the

fixat

ion.

(S

. 25:

2)

Soun

d re

cord

ings

Fifty

yea

rs fr

om

date

of m

akin

g or

mak

ing

avai

labl

e to

th

e pu

blic

with

co

nsen

t of t

he

auth

or.

(S. 1

3)

Prog

ram

me

carr

ying

sign

als

Fifty

yea

rs fr

om

mak

ing

the

date

of

mak

ing

the

sign

al.

(S. 2

4)

Perf

orm

ance

s an

d Ph

onog

ram

sFi

fty y

ears

from

en

d of

yea

r in

whi

ch th

e pe

rform

ance

or

pho

nogr

am

was

fixe

d, m

ade

avai

labl

e to

th

e pu

blic

or

publ

ishe

d.(A

rt. 2

50-2

51)

Perf

orm

ance

s an

d Ph

onog

ram

sFi

fty y

ears

from

en

d of

yea

r in

whi

chth

e pe

rform

ance

or

pho

nogr

am

was

fixe

d,

mad

e av

aila

ble

to the

publ

ic

Perf

orm

ance

s an

d Ph

onog

ram

sFi

fty y

ears

from

en

d of

yea

r in

whi

chth

e pe

rform

ance

or

pho

nogr

am

was

fixe

d, m

ade

avai

labl

e to

the

publ

ic*

Perf

orm

ance

s an

d Ph

onog

ram

sFi

fty y

ears

from

en

d of

yea

r in

whi

chth

e pe

rform

ance

or

pho

nogr

am

was

fixe

d,

mad

e av

aila

ble

to the

publ

ic*

Rela

ted

Righ

ts

shal

l exp

ire

after

a p

erio

d of

50

year

s(A

rt.1

83)

Broa

dcas

tsTh

e rig

hts o

f br

oadc

astin

g or

gani

satio

ns a

re

prot

ecte

d un

til

expi

ratio

n of

fort

y ye

ars f

rom

dat

e of

m

akin

g br

oadc

ast

or si

gnal

.(S

. 36)

Broa

dcas

tsFi

fty y

ears

afte

r th

e en

d of

the

year

in w

hich

th

e br

oadc

ast

took

pla

ce.

(S. 2

3:2)

Broa

dcas

tsFr

om m

omen

t of

bro

adca

stin

g un

til th

e en

d of

fift

ieth

cale

ndar

ye

ar fo

llow

ing

the

year

in w

hich

th

e br

oadc

ast

take

s pla

ce.

(S. 2

7:2)

Broa

dcas

tsFi

fty y

ears

from

da

te o

f mak

ing

or m

akin

g av

aila

ble

to

the

publ

ic w

ith

cons

ent o

f the

au

thor

.(S

. 13)

Phot

ogra

phic

W

ork.

Fi

fty y

ears

from

th

e da

te o

f m

akin

g th

e w

ork.

(S

. 25)

Broa

dcas

tsTw

enty

five

(25)

ye

ars f

rom

the

first

mon

th o

f the

ye

ar th

at fo

llow

s th

e ye

ar in

whi

ch

broa

dcas

t too

k pl

ace.

(A

rt. 2

52)

Broa

dcas

ts

Twen

ty fi

ve (2

5)

*yea

rs fr

om th

e fir

st m

onth

of

the

year

that

fo

llow

s the

ye

ar in

whi

ch

broa

dcas

t too

k pl

ace.

No m

entio

n of

bro

adca

st

dura

tion

Rela

ted

Righ

ts

shal

l exp

ire

after

a p

erio

d of

50

year

s(A

rt.1

83)

V. CoUntRY CoPYRiGHt & Related RiGHtslaWs CoMPaRison

V. CoUntRY CoPYRiGHt & Related RiGHtslaWs CoMPaRison

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Coun

trie

s/Pa

ram

eter

Ghan

aKe

nya

Bots

wan

aUg

anda

Sier

ra

Leon

neRw

anda

Tanz

ania

Mal

awi

Nam

ibia

São

Tom

é an

d Pr

ínci

pePu

blic

dom

ain

Wor

ks w

ith

expi

red

term

s of

prot

ectio

n; w

orks

by

aut

hors

who

ha

ve re

noun

ced

thei

r rig

ht; f

orei

gn

wor

ks th

at d

o no

t en

joy

prot

ectio

n in

the

repu

blic

(S. 3

8)

Wor

ks w

hose

te

rm o

f pr

otec

tion

has

expi

red;

Wor

ks

in re

spec

t of

whi

ch

auth

ors h

ave

reno

unce

d th

eir r

ight

s;

Fore

ign

wor

ks

whi

ch d

o no

t enj

oy

prot

ectio

n in

Ke

nya

(S. 4

5)

No e

xpre

ss

men

tion

of

publ

ic d

omai

n w

orks

.

No e

xpre

ss

men

tion

of

trea

tmen

t of

wor

ks in

the

publ

ic d

omai

n

Wor

ks w

ith

expi

red

term

s of

pro

tect

ion,

by

aut

hors

who

ha

ve re

noun

ced

thei

r rig

hts;

and

fo

reig

n w

orks

th

at d

o no

t enj

oy

prot

ectio

n in

Si

erra

Leo

ne

belo

ng to

the

publ

ic d

omai

n.

(S. 4

8)

All w

orks

in th

e pu

blic

dom

ain

are

trea

ted

as R

wan

da’s

herit

age

and

cultu

re.

(Art

. 202

)

No e

xpre

ss

men

tion

of

publ

ic d

omai

n w

orks

.

Wor

ks a

nd

rela

ted

subj

ect

mat

ter i

n th

e pu

blic

dom

ain

Cove

red

(S.8

4)

No e

xpre

ss

men

tion

of

publ

ic d

omai

n w

orks

.

Expr

ess

men

tion

of u

se o

f wor

ks

in th

e pu

blic

do

mai

n(a

rt 3

8)

Use

of w

orks

in p

ublic

dom

ain

Subj

ect t

o pa

ymen

t of s

uch

fees

as m

ay b

e de

term

ined

by

min

iste

r in

rela

tion

ther

eto,

a

wor

k w

hich

has

fa

llen

into

the

publ

ic d

omai

n m

ay b

e us

ed

with

out r

estr

ictio

n(S

. 38(

3))

Subj

ect t

o pa

ymen

t of

such

fees

as

may

be

dete

rmin

ed

by m

inis

ter

in re

latio

n th

eret

o, a

w

ork

whi

ch

has f

alle

n in

to

the

publ

ic

dom

ain

may

be

used

with

out

rest

rictio

n(S

. 45(

3))

No m

entio

n of

us

e of

wor

ks

in th

e pu

blic

do

mai

n

No e

xpre

ss

men

tion

of u

se

of w

orks

in th

e pu

blic

dom

ain

Subj

ect t

o pa

ymen

t of a

fe

e to

be

pre-

scrib

ed b

y the

Re

gist

rar a

wor

k th

at h

as fa

llen

into

the

publ

ic

dom

ain

may

be

used

with

out

rest

rictio

n.

The

fees

will

be

use

d fo

r the

pr

omot

ion

of

inst

itutio

ns w

hich

op

erat

e fo

r the

ad

vanc

emen

t of

aut

hors

, pe

rform

ers,

pr

oduc

ers o

f so

und

reco

rdin

g,

trans

lato

rs a

nd

arts

in g

ener

al(S

.48)

Any

use

for

com

mer

cial

pu

rpos

es is

m

ade

in re

turn

fo

r pay

men

t of

roya

lties

in

the

cond

ition

s de

term

ined

by

the

empo

wer

ed

auth

ority

. (A

rt. 2

02)

No e

xpre

ss

men

tion

of u

se

of w

orks

in th

e pu

blic

dom

ain

Whe

n a

wor

k is

in th

e pu

blic

do

mai

n th

e pr

ovis

ions

of t

he

Copy

right

Act

sh

all n

ot p

reve

nt

or li

mit

its u

se.

(s.8

4)

No e

xpre

ss

men

tion

of u

se

of w

orks

in th

e pu

blic

dom

ain

Expr

ess

men

tion

of u

se o

f wor

ks

in th

e pu

blic

do

mai

n(a

rt 3

8)

Coun

trie

s/Pa

ram

eter

Ghan

aKe

nya

Bots

wan

aUg

anda

Sier

ra

Leon

neRw

anda

Tanz

ania

Mal

awi

Nam

ibia

São

Tom

é an

d Pr

ínci

pePe

rmitt

ed U

ses

of C

opyr

ight

sVa

rious

exce

ptio

ns

perm

itted

to th

e co

pyrig

htSp

ecifi

c exc

eptio

ns

for C

ompu

ter

Prog

ram

s hi

ghlig

hted

.(S

. 19)

Vario

us

exce

ptio

ns

perm

itted

to th

e co

pyrig

ht

Spec

ific

exce

ptio

ns

for C

ompu

ter

prog

ram

s hi

ghlig

hted

.(S

. 26(

1))

Vario

us ex

cept

ions

pe

rmitt

ed to

the

copy

right

with

sp

ecifi

c exc

eptio

ns

appl

ying

to

Com

pute

r pr

ogra

ms.

(S. 1

2-21

)

Fair

use

of

copy

right

ed

wor

ks is

pe

rmitt

ed. T

he

Act c

ites w

hat

is co

nsid

ered

as

fair

use.

(S. 1

5)

Vario

us ex

cept

ions

pe

rmitt

ed to

the

use

of co

pyrig

ht

incl

udin

g pr

ivat

e re

prod

uctio

n fo

r pe

rson

al p

urpo

ses,

te

mpo

rary

re

prod

uctio

n,

repr

oduc

tion

in th

e fo

rm o

f quo

tatio

n,

repr

oduc

tion

for t

each

ing,

re

prog

raph

ic

repr

oduc

tion

by lib

rarie

s and

ar

chiv

es.

(S. 2

7-36

; 42)

Vario

us lim

itatio

ns

to e

cono

mic

rig

hts p

rovi

ded

for

incl

udin

g pr

ivat

e re

prod

uctio

n fo

r pr

ivat

e pu

rpos

es,

tem

pora

ry

repr

oduc

tion,

fre

e re

prod

uctio

n fo

r tea

chin

g, fo

r ar

chiv

es a

nd

libra

ries,

etc.

(Art

. 203

-215

; 24

7-24

9)Va

rious

limita

tions

to

eco

nom

ic

right

s pro

vide

d fo

r in

clud

ing

priv

ate

repr

oduc

tion

for

priv

ate

purp

oses

, te

mpo

rary

re

prod

uctio

n,

free

repr

oduc

tion

for t

each

ing,

for

arch

ives

and

lib

rarie

s, et

c.(A

rt. 2

03-2

15;

247-

249)

Vario

us

exce

ptio

ns

perm

itted

to th

e co

pyrig

htSp

ecifi

c ex

cept

ions

for C

ompu

ter

Prog

ram

shi

ghlig

hted

. (S.

9)

Vario

us ex

cept

ions

pe

rmitt

ed to

the

copy

right

Spec

ific e

xcep

tions

for C

ompu

ter

Prog

ram

shi

ghlig

hted

. (S.

86)

Vario

us

exce

ptio

ns

perm

itted

to th

e co

pyrig

htSp

ecifi

c ex

cept

ions

for C

ompu

ter

Prog

ram

shi

ghlig

hted

. (S

. 12)

Vario

us

exce

ptio

ns

perm

itted

to th

e co

pyrig

ht w

ithsp

ecifi

c ex

cept

ions

as w

ell

(art

. 222

)

Nota

ble

lacu

nas a

nd in

clus

ions

on

perm

itted

use

s

No e

xpre

ss

exce

ptio

ns fo

r w

orks

targ

etin

g th

e Bl

ind

and

othe

r Vis

ually

Im

paire

d Pe

rson

s.

No e

xpre

ss

exce

ptio

ns fo

r w

orks

targ

etin

g th

e Bl

ind

and

othe

r Vis

ually

Im

paire

d Pe

rson

s

No e

xpre

ss

exce

ptio

ns fo

r w

orks

targ

etin

g th

e bl

ind

and

othe

r VIP

s.

Fair

use

incl

udes

tr

ansc

ribin

g w

ork

into

br

aille

or s

ign

lang

uage

for

educ

atio

nal

purp

oses

of

pers

ons w

ith

disa

bilit

ies

(S. 1

5(1)

(k))

No m

entio

n of

ex

cept

ions

to

use

for w

orks

w

ith p

urpo

se

of ta

rget

ing

the

blin

d an

d ot

her

VIPs

Prov

ides

for f

ree

use

of w

ork

for

visu

ally

impa

ired

pers

ons.

No

need

fo

r aut

horis

atio

n of

the

auth

or

to re

prod

uce

and

dist

ribut

e w

ork

for v

isua

lly

impa

ired

pers

ons

(Art

. 215

)

No m

entio

n of

ex

cept

ions

to

use

for w

orks

w

ith p

urpo

se o

fta

rget

ing

the

blin

d an

d ot

her v

isua

lly

impa

ired

peop

le

Repr

oduc

tion

of

a w

ork

for p

eopl

e w

ith d

isab

ilitie

s(s

.49)

No m

entio

n of

ex

cept

ions

to

use

for w

orks

w

ith p

urpo

se o

fta

rget

ing

the

blin

d an

d ot

her v

isua

lly

impa

ired

peop

le

Repr

oduc

tion

of a

wor

k fo

r pe

ople

with

di

sabi

litie

s(a

rt 8

0)

V. CoUntRY CoPYRiGHt & Related RiGHtslaWs CoMPaRison

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4140

Coun

trie

s/Pa

ram

eter

Ghan

aKe

nya

Bots

wan

aUg

anda

Sier

ra

Leon

neRw

anda

Tanz

ania

Mal

awi

Nam

ibia

São

Tom

é an

d Pr

ínci

pePe

nalti

es(..

.con

tinue

d)Se

cond

or

subs

eque

nt

offen

ders

sh

all b

e fin

ed

a m

inim

um o

f P3

0,00

0 an

d M

axim

um o

f P5

,000

,000

or

impr

ison

ed

for a

term

not

ex

ceed

ing

10

year

s or b

oth.

(S. 2

9-33

)

no m

ore

than

im

pris

onm

ent

term

of t

hree

ye

ars o

r to

both

th

e fin

e an

d im

pris

onm

ent.

The

cour

t sha

llal

so fi

x the

am

ount

of

prof

its, t

akin

gin

to a

ccou

nt th

ede

fend

ant’s

pr

ofits

at

trib

utab

le

to th

e in

fring

emen

t.In

repe

at

offen

ders

with

in 5

yea

rsof

a p

revi

ous

conv

ictio

n,

uppe

rlim

its o

f the

pena

lties

may

be do

uble

d. In

off

ence

sre

late

d to

fo

lklo

re,

indi

vidu

als a

relia

ble

on

conv

ictio

nto

pay

men

t of a

fine

not

exce

edin

gLe

20,0

00,0

00 o

rim

pris

onm

ent

for a

term

not

ex

ceed

ing

twel

ve m

onth

sor

bot

h fin

e an

dim

pris

onm

ent;

and

Corp

orat

ebo

dies

to a

fine

of

Le6

0,00

0,00

0(S

. 71-

77)

Coun

trie

s/Pa

ram

eter

Ghan

aKe

nya

Bots

wan

aUg

anda

Sier

ra

Leon

neRw

anda

Tanz

ania

Mal

awi

Nam

ibia

São

Tom

é an

d Pr

ínci

peIn

frin

gem

ent

Any

doin

g of

th

e ac

t res

erve

d fo

r the

aut

hor,

perfo

rmer

, and

br

oadc

astin

g or

gani

satio

ns

with

out t

he

licen

se o

f the

ow

ner.

(S.4

1)

Any

doin

g of

the

act

rese

rved

for

the

auth

or,

perfo

rmer

, and

br

oadc

astin

g or

gani

satio

ns

with

out t

he

licen

se o

f the

ow

ner.

(S. 3

8)

Any

act

cont

rave

ning

th

e pr

ovis

ions

of

the

Act s

hall

be g

uilty

of a

n off

ence

.(S

. 31)

Deal

ing

with

an

y w

ork

or

perfo

rman

ce

with

out a

va

lid tr

ansf

er,

licen

ce,

assi

gnm

ent

or o

ther

au

thor

isat

ion

an a

ct co

ntra

ry

to p

erm

itted

fre

e us

e an

d in

man

ner

prej

udic

ial t

o th

e ho

nour

or

repu

tatio

n of

au

thor

.(S

. 46-

49)

Doin

g of

any

act

s th

at a

re co

ntra

ry

to th

e pr

ovis

ions

of

the

Act.

(S. 7

1- 7

9)

Any

infri

ngem

ent

of co

pyrig

ht o

r re

late

d rig

hts

prot

ecte

d un

der t

he la

w,

com

mitt

ed

wilf

ully

or b

y gr

oss n

eglig

ence

, by

any

third

pe

rson

for p

rofit

-m

akin

g pu

rpos

es

and

with

out

owne

r’s co

nsen

t sh

all c

onst

itute

an

act

of f

orge

ry.

(Art

. 261

)

Any

pers

onw

ho in

fring

es

a co

pyrig

ht o

r an

y ot

her

right

pro

tect

ed

by th

is A

ct, t

he

inju

red

par

ty m

ay

brin

g an

act

ion

in co

urt f

or in

junc

tive

relie

f req

uirin

g th

e w

rong

doer

to

ceas

e an

d de

sist

if th

ere

isa

dang

er o

f re

petit

ion

of

the

acts

of

infri

ngem

ent

was

inte

ntio

nal

or th

e re

sult

of

negl

igen

ce(S

.37)

Infri

ngem

ent o

f co

pyrig

ht sh

all

be a

ctio

nabl

e by

th

e ow

ner o

f the

co

pyrig

ht.

(s.1

14)

Infri

ngem

ent

and

Prot

ectio

n of

Cop

yrig

ht

and

Rela

ted

Righ

ts (T

itle

IV)

Anto

n Pi

llar

Ord

ers

No e

xpre

ss

men

tion

of A

nton

Pi

llar O

rder

s but

si

mila

r pro

visi

ons

exis

t(S

. 47(

2))

Prov

ides

for

Anto

n Pi

llar

Ord

ers

(S. 3

7)

No e

xpre

ss

men

tion

of

Anto

n Pi

llar

Ord

ers

No e

xpre

ss

men

tion

of

Anto

n Pi

llar

but s

imila

r pr

ovis

ions

ex

ists

in th

e Ac

t.(S

. 53-

54)

No m

entio

n of

Ant

on P

illar

O

rder

sO

r sim

ilar

prov

isio

ns

No m

entio

n of

Ant

on P

illar

or

ders

but

sim

ilar

prov

isio

ns e

xist

No m

entio

nof

Ant

on

Pilla

r ord

ers

but s

imila

r pr

ovis

ions

exi

st

No m

entio

nof

Ant

on

Pilla

r ord

ers

but s

imila

r pr

ovis

ions

exi

st

No m

entio

nof

Ant

on

Pilla

r ord

ers

but s

imila

r pr

ovis

ions

exi

st

No m

entio

nof

Ant

on

Pilla

r ord

ers

but s

imila

r pr

ovis

ions

exi

st

Pena

lties

Paym

ent o

f fin

e no

t exc

eedi

ng o

r un

der s

tipul

ated

un

its o

r a te

rm o

f im

pris

onm

ent o

r bo

th. U

nder

the

act,

max

imum

im

pris

onm

ent

term

is n

ot m

ore

than

thre

e ye

ars.

(S

. 43)

Paym

ent

of fi

ne n

ot

exce

edin

g sp

ecifi

c am

ount

set

in sh

illin

gs o

r se

t num

ber

of y

ears

of

impr

ison

men

t or

bot

h.

Unde

r the

act

, m

axim

um

impr

ison

men

t te

rm is

ten

year

s.(S

. 38)

Firs

t tim

e off

ende

rs

liabl

e to

a fi

ne

of P

20,0

00 o

r pr

ison

term

of

max

imum

10

year

s or b

oth.

For i

nfrin

ging

rig

hts o

f pr

oduc

ers,

so

und

reco

rdin

gs,

etc,

fine

not

ex

ceed

ing

25 c

urre

ncy

poin

ts o

r im

pris

onm

ent

not e

xcee

ding

on

e ye

ar o

r bo

th.

(S. 4

7- 5

0)

A pe

rson

who

in

fring

es a

righ

t un

der t

he A

ct

wilf

ully

, or b

y gr

oss n

eglig

ence

an

d fo

r pro

fit-

mak

ing

purp

oses

co

mm

its a

n off

ence

and

is

liab

le o

n co

nvic

tion

to a

fine

not

ex

ceed

ing

le60

,000

,000

or

Act p

rovi

des

a de

taile

d lis

t of

crim

inal

pe

nalti

es fo

r ea

ch sp

ecifi

c off

ence

rela

ted

to co

pyrig

ht a

nd

rela

ted

right

s.(A

rt. 2

64)

Act p

rovi

des a

de

taile

d lis

t of

crim

inal

pe

nalti

esfo

r eac

h sp

ecifi

coff

ence

re

late

dto

copy

right

an

dre

late

d rig

hts.

(Act

41)

Act p

rovi

des a

de

taile

d lis

t of

crim

inal

pe

nalti

esfo

r eac

h sp

ecifi

coff

ence

rela

ted

to co

pyrig

ht

(S.1

11-1

14)

Act p

rovi

des a

de

taile

d lis

t of

crim

inal

pe

nalti

esfo

r eac

h sp

ecifi

coff

ence

re

late

dto

copy

right

an

dNe

ighb

ourin

g rig

hts

(S. 4

2)

term

of

impr

ison

men

tm

axim

um

thre

e ye

ra=\

of th

ree

year

s an

d a

fine

of

150

to 2

50

days

Of t

hree

ye

ars P

enal

ty

of a

Fin

e 15

0 to

250

day

s(S

197

)

V. CoUntRY CoPYRiGHt & Related RiGHtslaWs CoMPaRison

V. CoUntRY CoPYRiGHt & Related RiGHtslaWs CoMPaRison

4342

Coun

trie

s/Pa

ram

eter

Ghan

aKe

nya

Bots

wan

aUg

anda

Sier

ra

Leon

neRw

anda

Tanz

ania

Mal

awi

Nam

ibia

São

Tom

é an

d Pr

ínci

peRe

stitu

tion

and

forf

eitu

re(..

.con

tinue

d)

The

impl

emen

t or

dev

ice

used

in

infri

ngem

ent

and

the

copi

es

ther

eof b

e fo

rfeite

d an

d di

spos

ed o

f as

the

cour

t may

di

rect

, hav

ing

rega

rd o

f to

the

circ

umst

ance

s re

latin

g to

the

infri

ngem

ent.

((S. 4

6(b)

)

Any

artic

le

whi

ch is

an

infri

ngin

g co

py o

r an

artic

le u

sed

or

inte

nded

for

use

in m

akin

g in

fring

emen

t co

pies

in th

e po

sses

sion

of

the

char

ged

pers

on to

be

dest

roye

d,

deliv

ered

up

to th

e ow

ner o

f the

co

pyrig

ht in

qu

estio

n or

ot

herw

ise

deal

t with

as

the

cour

t may

th

ink

fit.

(S. 3

8:8)

In a

dditi

on to

ci

vil r

emed

ies,

th

e co

urt s

hall

have

aut

horit

y to

ord

er th

e de

stru

ctio

n or

the

othe

r re

ason

able

di

spos

ition

of

infri

ngin

g co

pies

and

th

eir p

acka

ging

ou

tsid

e th

e ch

anne

ls o

f co

mm

erce

. W

here

ther

e is

su

spic

ion

that

im

plem

ents

m

ay b

e us

ed

for f

urth

er

offen

ces,

the

cour

t sha

ll or

der t

heir

dest

ruct

ion

or d

ispo

sitio

n ou

tsid

e th

e ch

anne

ls o

f co

mm

erce

. (S

. 30)

All

repr

oduc

tions

, du

plic

atio

n,

tran

slat

ion,

ex

trac

ts,

imita

tions

an

d al

l oth

er

mat

eria

ls

invo

lved

in th

e in

fring

emen

t to

be

forfe

ited

and

disp

osed

of

as t

he co

urt

may

see

fit.

(S. 5

0)

That

the

repr

oduc

tions

, du

plic

atio

ns,

extr

acts

, im

itatio

ns a

nd

othe

r mat

eria

ls

invo

lved

in th

e in

fring

emen

t, an

d im

plem

ents

or

dev

ices

us

ed in

the

infri

ngem

ent

be fo

rfeite

d an

d di

spos

ed o

f as

the

cour

t may

di

rect

hav

ing

rega

rd to

the

circ

umst

ance

s re

latin

g to

in

fring

emen

t.(S

. 77)

Upon

requ

est

of o

wne

r, co

mpe

tent

tr

ibun

al m

ay

orde

r the

de

tent

ion,

im

poun

dmen

t an

d de

stru

ctio

n of

copi

es o

f in

fring

ing

wor

ks.

(Art

. 259

)

The

inju

red

part

y m

ayre

quire

the

dest

ruct

ion

of co

pies

that

ha

ve

been

un

law

fully

m

anuf

actu

red

or

unla

wfu

lly

dist

ribut

ed o

r w

hich

are

inte

nded

fo

r un

law

ful

dist

ribut

ion

(S.3

7)

All

repr

oduc

tions

,du

plic

atio

n,tr

ansl

atio

n,ex

trac

ts,

imita

tions

and

all o

ther

mat

eria

ls

invo

lved

in th

e in

fring

emen

tto

be

forfe

ited

and

disp

osed

of a

s th

e co

urt m

ay

see

fit.

see

fit (s

.94)

The

inju

red

part

y m

ay

requ

ire th

e de

stru

ctio

nof

copi

es th

at

have

bee

n un

law

fully

m

anuf

actu

red

or

unla

wfu

lly

dist

ribut

ed

or w

hich

are

in

tend

ed fo

r un

law

ful

dist

ribut

ion

(S.3

7)

The

inju

red

part

y m

ayre

quire

the

dest

ruct

ion

of co

pies

that

ha

ve b

een

unla

wfu

lly

man

ufac

ture

d or

unl

awfu

lly

dist

ribut

ed

or w

hich

are

in

tend

ed fo

r un

law

ful

dist

ribut

ion

(Art

49)

Spec

ial

Enfo

rcem

ent

Copy

right

M

onito

ring

Team

co

mpo

sed

of

Polic

e O

ffice

rs,

Repr

esen

tativ

es

of co

pyrig

ht

owne

rs, a

nd

offic

ers o

f the

Co

pyrig

ht O

ffice

(S. 5

0)

Insp

ecto

rs

appo

inte

d by

th

e Bo

ard

for

enfo

rcin

g ac

t.(S

. 39)

No m

entio

n of

a

spec

ial t

eam

fo

r cop

yrig

ht

enfo

rcem

ent

outs

ide

the

norm

al la

w

enfo

rcem

ent

proc

edur

es

Copy

right

in

spec

tors

in

the

URSB

. O

r any

au

thor

ised

st

aff o

f a

colle

ctin

g so

ciet

y.(S

. 52)

No m

entio

n of

a

spec

ial t

eam

for

enfo

rcem

ent o

f rig

hts a

fford

ed

by A

ct.

Ther

e is

men

tion

thro

ugho

ut

the

Act o

f a

com

pete

nt

trib

unal

No m

entio

n of

asp

ecia

l te

am fo

r en

forc

emen

t of rig

hts a

fford

ed

by A

ct.

No m

entio

n of

asp

ecia

l tea

m fo

r en

forc

emen

t of

right

s affo

rded

by

Act

.

No m

entio

n of

asp

ecia

l te

am fo

r en

forc

emen

t of rig

hts a

fford

ed

by A

ct.

No m

entio

n of

a sp

ecia

l te

am fo

r en

forc

emen

t of

righ

ts

affor

ded

by

Act.

Coun

trie

s/Pa

ram

eter

Ghan

aKe

nya

Bots

wan

aUg

anda

Sier

ra

Leon

neRw

anda

Tanz

ania

Mal

awi

Nam

ibia

São

Tom

é an

d Pr

ínci

peCi

vil R

emed

ies

Rega

rdle

ss

of o

utco

me

of c

rimin

al

proc

eedi

ngs,

rig

hts o

wne

r m

ay in

itiat

e ci

vil

proc

eedi

ngs w

ith

the

Hig

h Co

urt

(S. 4

7)

Ther

e is

no

exp

ress

m

entio

n of

ci

vil r

emed

ies

in th

e Ac

t ex

cept

in

one

sect

ion

whe

re th

e ac

t men

tions

th

at in

fring

ing

artic

les m

ay

be d

estr

oyed

or

surr

ende

red

to o

wne

r of

copy

right

. (S

. 38.

8)

The

Act

prov

ides

for

the

gran

ting

of

civi

l rem

edie

s in

clud

ing

dest

ruct

ion

or o

ther

re

ason

able

di

spos

al o

f in

fring

ing

copi

es. T

here

is

a fin

e of

a fi

xed

amou

nt o

r jai

l te

rm fo

r fai

lure

to

adh

ere

to

cour

t ord

ers

rega

rdin

g ci

vil

rem

edie

s.(S

. 30)

The

Act

prov

ides

for

civi

l rem

edie

s in

clud

ing

dest

ruct

ion

or re

ason

able

di

spos

al o

f in

fring

ing

copi

es a

nd

equi

pmen

t.(S

. 50)

The

Act

prov

ides

for

civi

l rem

edie

s.

Ow

ner o

f in

fring

ed ri

ghts

is

ent

itled

to

pay

men

t fo

r dam

ages

su

ffere

d an

d ex

pens

es

caus

ed b

y in

fring

emen

t in

clud

ing

lega

l co

sts.

(S. 7

2, 7

7)

Com

pete

nt

auth

ority

may

: Pr

ovid

e fo

r Ce

ase

and

Desi

st

orde

rs; a

nd

gran

t dam

ages

an

d an

y ot

her

com

pens

atio

n to

an

alle

ged

infri

ngem

ent

prov

ided

for b

y Rw

anda

n ci

vil

and

com

mer

cial

le

gisl

atio

n.(A

rt. 2

65)

The

inju

red

part

y m

ay

brin

gan

act

ion

in co

urt f

or

inju

nctiv

e re

lief

requ

iring

the

wro

ngdo

er to

ce

ase

and

dan

d de

sist

if

ther

e is

a

dang

er o

f re

petit

ion

of a

cts o

f in

fring

emen

tw

as

inte

ntio

nal o

r th

e re

sult

of

negl

igen

ce(S

.37)

The

Act d

oesn

’t pr

ovid

e fo

r re

med

ies

civi

l rem

edy

Dest

ruct

ion

or re

ason

able

disp

osal

of

infri

ngin

g co

pies

and

equi

pmen

t

The

inju

red

part

y m

ay

requ

ire th

e de

stru

ctio

n of

co

pies

that

may

requ

ire

the

dest

ruct

ion

ofco

pies

that

ha

ve

been

un

law

fully

m

anuf

actu

red

s.38

-(1)

Civi

l lia

bilit

y ar

isin

g fro

m th

e in

fring

emen

tof

the

right

s in

this

Cod

eis

in

depe

nden

t of

any

crim

inal

Pr

ocee

ding

sfro

m

infri

ngem

ent

Rest

itutio

n an

d fo

rfei

ture

Cour

t may

ord

er

paym

ent o

f sum

ar

isin

g ou

t of t

he

offen

ce to

the

pers

on e

ntitl

ed

unde

r the

act

to

thos

e su

ms

(S. 4

6(a)

)

Ther

e is

no

men

tion

of

finan

cial

re

stitu

tion

to

the

pers

on

entit

led

unde

r th

e ac

t

Cour

t May

or

der p

aym

ent

of a

ny d

amag

es

suffe

red,

in

clud

ing

any

prof

its

enjo

yed

by

the

infri

ngin

g pa

rty,

that

are

at

trib

utab

le

to th

e in

fring

emen

t.(S

. 30)

In a

dditi

on to

pu

nish

men

t im

pose

d by

th

e co

urt,

the

offen

der m

ay

be o

rder

ed

to p

ay to

th

e pe

rson

en

title

d al

l sum

s of

mon

ey a

risin

g ou

t of t

he

offen

ce a

nd

rece

ived

by

the

offen

der.

(S. 5

0)

In a

dditi

on to

pu

nish

men

t by

the

cour

t, th

e co

urt m

ay o

rder

th

at th

e su

ms o

f m

oney

aris

ing

out o

f the

off

ence

be

paid

to

the

pers

on

entit

led

to th

e su

ms u

nder

the

act;

(S. 7

7)

Upon

requ

est

of o

wne

r, co

mpe

tent

tr

ibun

al m

ay

orde

r dis

posa

l of

the

Impl

emen

ts,

inst

rum

ents

or

mat

eria

ls

outs

ide

the

chan

nel o

f co

mm

erce

th

at a

re u

sed

to co

mm

it or

co

ntin

ue to

co

mm

it ac

ts o

f in

fring

emen

t, to

th

e rig

ht o

wne

r (A

rt. 2

59)

In li

eu o

f da

mag

es

the

inju

red

part

y m

ay

reco

ver t

he

prof

itsby

the

infri

nger

from

the

acts

of

infri

ngem

ent

toge

ther

w

ith a

de

taile

d ac

coun

ting

Infri

ngem

ent o

f co

pyrig

ht

Copy

right

shal

l be

act

iona

ble

by th

eow

ner o

f the

Co

pyrig

ht

Prof

it aw

arde

d to

pla

ntiff

(s.1

14)

Infri

ngem

ent

of co

pyrig

ht

Copy

right

sh

all b

e ac

tiona

ble

by

the

owne

r of t

he

Copy

right

Pr

ofit

awar

ded

to p

lant

iffs.

36

Inco

me

mad

e fro

m p

rofit

of

Infri

nger

can

be C

laim

ed

from

the

Proc

eeds

(art

49

)

V. CoUntRY CoPYRiGHt & Related RiGHtslaWs CoMPaRison

V. CoUntRY CoPYRiGHt & Related RiGHtslaWs CoMPaRison

4544

Coun

trie

s/Pa

ram

eter

Leso

tho

Libe

riaKi

ngdo

m o

f Es

wat

ini

Moz

ambi

que

Suda

nGa

mbi

aZa

mbi

aZi

mba

bwe

Title

Copy

right

Ord

er,

1989

(Ord

er N

o. 1

3 of

1989

)Co

pyrig

htRe

gula

tions

, 201

5

Inte

llect

ual

Prop

erty

Act

201

6Co

pyrig

ht a

nd

Nei

ghbo

ring

Righ

ts

Act

201

8

Law

No.

4/ 2

001

Copy

right

Copy

right

and

Nei

ghbo

urin

gRi

ghts

(Pro

tect

ion)

and

Lite

ral a

ndA

rtisti

c w

orks

Act

of 2

013.

Copy

right

Act

, 20

04Th

e C

opyr

ight

and

Perfo

rman

ces

Rig

hts

(Act

No.

44

of19

94)

Rea

d to

geth

erw

ith C

opyr

ight

and

Perfo

rman

ceR

ight

s(A

men

dmen

t)A

ct, 2

010.

(Act

25 o

f 201

0)

Cop

yrig

ht a

ndN

eigh

bour

ing

Rig

hts A

ct(C

hapt

er 2

6:05

)

Adm

inist

ratio

nRe

gistr

ar

(S. 3

4;35

)Li

beria

n In

telle

ctua

l Pr

oper

ty O

ffice

(S

.4.1

)

Copy

right

Offi

ce

S.73

-74

Copy

right

Offi

ceCo

unci

l of

Min

ister

s is

com

pete

nt to

regu

late

the

impl

emen

tatio

nof

the

subj

ect

mat

ter p

rovi

ded

for i

n th

e la

w.(A

rt. 7

7)

The

Nat

iona

lCo

unci

l for

Copy

right

and

Nei

ghbo

urin

grig

hts a

nd th

eLi

tera

l and

Arti

stic

wor

ks“T

he C

ounc

il”(S

. 50)

The

Nat

iona

lCe

ntre

for A

rtsan

d C

ultu

re, “

The

Cent

re”

(S. 5

6)

Reg

istra

r of

Cop

yrig

ht

(S. 5

4)

Reg

istra

r of

Cop

yrig

ht,

Cop

yrig

ht O

ffice

(S. 8

7- 9

0)

Prot

ecte

d w

orks

Gen

eral

The A

ct c

lear

lyou

tline

s the

wor

ksin

clud

ed u

nder

each

cat

egor

yas

wel

l as w

ell

as d

efini

tions

of

spec

ific

item

s(S

. 2)

Gen

eral

The A

ct c

lear

lyou

tline

s the

wor

ks u

nder

eac

hca

tego

ry a

s wel

las

the

defin

ition

sof

spec

ific

term

s.(S

. 9.1

)

Gen

eral

The A

ct c

lear

lyou

tline

s the

wor

ks u

nder

eac

hca

tego

ry a

s wel

las

the

defin

ition

sof

spec

ific

term

s.(S

. 2)

Gen

eral

The

act p

rovi

des

a de

taile

d lis

t of

wor

ks p

rote

cted

,in

clud

ing

defin

ition

s of

spec

ific

term

s(A

rt. 3

; Ann

ex)

Gen

eral

The A

ct p

rovi

des

a lis

t of w

orks

prot

ecte

d,an

d th

ose

not

prot

ecte

d,in

clud

ing

defin

ition

s of

spec

ific

term

s(S

. 5- 6

)

Gen

eral

The A

ct c

lear

lyou

tline

s the

wor

ks u

nder

eac

hca

tego

ry a

s wel

las

the

defin

ition

sof

spec

ific

term

s.(S

. 2)

Gen

eral

The A

ct c

lear

lyou

tline

s the

wor

ks u

nder

each

cat

egor

yin

clud

ing

defin

ition

s of

spec

ific

term

s.(S

2-4,

7-9

)

Gen

eral

The A

ct c

lear

lyou

tline

s the

wor

ks u

nder

each

cat

egor

yin

clud

ing

defin

ition

s of

spec

ific

term

s.(S

. 2- 1

3)

Coun

trie

s/Pa

ram

eter

Ghan

aKe

nya

Bots

wan

aUg

anda

Sier

ra

Leon

neRw

anda

Tanz

ania

Mal

awi

Nam

ibia

São

Tom

é an

d Pr

ínci

peDi

sput

e Se

ttle

men

tPr

ovid

es

for d

ispu

te

sett

lem

ent

thro

ugh

Copy

right

Ad

min

istr

ator

or

Cou

rt o

f co

mpe

tent

ju

risdi

ctio

n (S

. 48)

Appo

intm

ent

of co

mpe

tent

au

thor

ity

by M

inis

ter

to h

andl

e di

sput

es.

(S. 4

9)

Appo

intm

ent

by M

inis

ter

of C

opyr

ight

Ar

bitr

atio

n Pa

nel f

or th

e se

ttle

men

t of

disp

utes

und

er

the

Act.

(S. 3

3A)

Sett

lem

ent

of D

ispu

tes

refe

rred

to

an a

rbitr

ator

or

arb

itrat

ors

unde

r the

Ar

bitr

atio

n an

d Co

ncili

atio

n Ac

t.(S

. 79)

Thre

e st

ep

disp

ute

sett

lem

ent

proc

edur

e w

hich

beg

ins

with

neg

otia

tion

betw

een

part

ies

follo

wed

by

med

iatio

n th

roug

h Re

gist

rar a

nd

then

judi

cial

se

ttle

men

t. M

atte

r may

be

reso

lved

at a

ny

one

of th

e th

ree

stag

es, b

ut

follo

ws t

hrou

gh

step

s.(S

. 78)

Any

appe

als

agai

nst t

he

com

pete

nt

trib

unal

shal

l be

subj

ect t

o an

app

eal i

n ac

cord

ance

w

ith R

wan

dan

legi

slat

ion

(Art

. 272

)

The

min

iste

r m

ay in

Cons

ulta

tion

with

the

rele

vant

M

inis

try,

De

part

men

t or

Inst

itutio

n ap

poin

t fro

m a

mon

g ci

tizen

s of

Tanz

ania

ape

rson

qu

alifi

ed

and

in m

atte

rs

rela

ted

to C

opyr

ight

an

d Ne

ighb

orin

g Ri

ghts

tobe

mem

bers

of

the

Boar

d of

so

ciet

ies

Any

disp

ute

aris

ing

in th

e ex

erci

se o

f the

part

ies o

f the

rig

hts u

nder

the

Copy

right

ac

t sha

ll be

re

solv

ed b

y w

ay

of a

rbitr

atio

n co

nduc

ted

acco

rdin

g to

the

arbi

trat

ion

Act

(s.5

8)

Sett

lem

ent o

fDi

sput

es

refe

rred

to

an a

rbitr

ator

or

arb

itrat

ors

unde

r the

Ar

bitr

atio

n an

dCo

ncili

atio

n Ac

t. (S

. 47)

Sett

lem

ent o

fDi

sput

es

refe

rred

to a

n ar

bitr

ator

or

In g

ood

faith

(art

18)

Colle

ctiv

e Ad

min

istr

atio

nCo

pyrig

ht

owne

rs m

ay

form

Col

lect

ive

Adm

inis

trat

ive

soci

etie

s and

the

min

iste

r may

by

Leg

isla

tive

inst

rum

ent m

ake

regu

latio

ns fo

r th

e fo

rmat

ion,

op

erat

ion

and

adm

inis

trat

ion

of

soci

etie

s.(S

. 49)

Boar

d ap

prov

es

orga

nisa

tions

se

ekin

g to

op

erat

e as

Co

llect

ing

Soci

etie

s upo

n ap

plic

atio

n an

d m

eetin

g co

nditi

ons.

(S. 4

6)

Ther

e sh

all b

e es

tabl

ishe

d,

for t

he va

rious

ca

tego

ries

of w

orks

pr

otec

ted

unde

r the

Act

, a

colle

ctiv

e ad

min

istr

atio

n bo

dy to

be

know

n as

Co

pyrig

ht

Soci

ety

of

Bots

wan

a.(S

. 36A

)

The

Regi

stra

r of

com

pani

es

regi

ster

s Co

llect

ing

Soci

etie

s w

hich

hav

e ap

plie

d fo

r re

gist

ratio

n,

mee

t re

quire

men

ts

and

do n

ot

dupl

icat

e th

e w

ork

of

an e

xist

ing

soci

ety.

(S

. 57-

78)

The

Act

esta

blis

hes

the

Colle

ctin

g So

ciet

y of

Sie

rra

Leon

e w

hich

w

ill e

xist

into

pe

rpet

uity

and

ac

ts o

n be

half

of a

ll ca

tego

ries

of w

orks

co

vere

d by

th

e co

pyrig

ht.

The

Act a

lso

esta

blis

hes a

bo

ard

for t

he

soci

ety.

(S. 5

4-70

)

Use

and

man

agem

ent

to b

e en

trus

ted

to o

ne o

r mor

e in

depe

nden

t co

mpa

nies

of

colle

ctiv

e m

anag

emen

t of

copy

right

s and

re

late

d rig

hts.

(Art

. 253

)

Colle

ctiv

eAd

min

istra

tion

of co

pyrig

htNi

eigh

bour

ing

Righ

ts S

tate

d in

(S

46)

Colle

ctiv

eAd

min

istr

atio

n of

copy

right

Righ

ts S

tate

d in

*

Colle

ctiv

eAd

min

istra

tion

of co

pyrig

htNi

eigh

bour

ing

Righ

ts S

tate

d in

s.

47

Colle

ctiv

e w

ork

of co

pyrig

htRe

late

dRi

ghts

St

ated

in

A. 1

9

V. CoUntRY CoPYRiGHt & Related RiGHtslaWs CoMPaRison

V. CoUntRY CoPYRiGHt & Related RiGHtslaWs CoMPaRison

4746

Coun

trie

s/Pa

ram

eter

Leso

tho

Libe

riaKi

ngdo

m o

f Es

wat

ini

Moz

ambi

que

Suda

nGa

mbi

aZa

mbi

aZi

mba

bwe

Prot

ecte

d w

orks

(...c

ontin

ued)

Lite

rary

, arti

stic

and

scie

ntifi

cw

orks

, reg

ardl

ess

of th

eir f

orm

of e

xpre

ssio

nan

d pu

rpos

e of

crea

tion

and

Der

ivat

ive

wor

ks.

(S. 3

; 4)

Act

cite

s wor

ksno

t pro

tect

ed.

(S. 5

)

A lit

erar

y an

d ar

tistic

wor

k th

at is

or

igin

al in

telle

ctua

l cr

eatio

n is

pr

otec

ted

S.9.

1(a)

(b)

Act

cite

s wor

ksno

t pro

tect

edin

clud

ing

any

idea

, pr

oced

ure

syste

ms,

polit

ical

spee

ches

, ne

ws o

f th

e da

y (S

.9.4

)

Lite

rary

,dr

amat

ic, m

usic

alan

d ar

tistic

wor

ks.

(S. 3

)

Writ

ten

wor

ks,

incl

udin

gco

mpu

ter

prog

ram

s,m

usic

al w

orks

,ph

otog

raph

icw

orks

, wor

ksof

arc

hite

ctur

e,A

udio

-visu

al w

ork,

Chor

eogr

aphi

cw

ork,

Der

ivat

ive

wor

k, C

ompu

ter

softw

are

orpr

ogra

mm

es.

(Art.

4)

Writ

ten

wor

ks,

wor

ks o

f fine

arts,

dra

mat

ic a

nddr

amat

ic-m

usic

alw

orks

, aud

io-

visu

al w

orks

,ph

otog

raph

icw

orks

, wor

ksof

arc

hite

ctur

e,co

mpu

ter

prog

ram

s,el

ectro

nic

data

bank

s, al

lki

nds o

f map

s,ot

her w

orks

know

n or

unkn

own.

Der

ivat

ive

wor

ksal

so p

rote

cted

(S. 5

)

Lite

rary

, Arti

stic,

Mus

ical

wor

k,So

und

reco

rdin

gs,

Aud

io-v

isual

wor

k,Ch

oreo

grap

hic

wor

k, D

eriv

ativ

ew

orks

,Pr

ogra

mm

eCa

rryin

g Si

gnal

s.(S

. 4)

Lite

rary

, Arti

stic

and

Mus

ical

wor

ks, C

ompu

ter

prog

ram

s.C

ompi

latio

ns,

Aud

io-v

isual

wor

ks, s

ound

-re

cord

ings

,br

oadc

asts,

cabl

e pr

ogra

ms,

typo

grap

hica

lar

rang

emen

ts of

publ

ished

edi

tions

of li

tera

ry w

orks

.(S

. 8)

Lite

rary

,m

usic

al, a

rtisti

c,au

dio

visu

alw

orks

,soun

dre

cord

ings

,br

oadc

asts,

prog

ram

me-

carry

ing

signa

ls,pu

blish

eded

ition

s.(S

. 10)

Det

ails

wor

ks th

atar

e no

t elig

ible

for c

opyr

ight

.

NB:

Use

of

expr

essio

nsof

folk

lore

ispr

ovid

ed fo

r and

the A

ct o

utlin

esw

orks

that

fall

unde

r fol

klor

e(S

. 19;

21-

23)

Incl

udes

exce

ptio

ns to

use

of fo

lklo

re(S

. 20;

23)

Prov

ides

prot

ectio

n o

f Tr

aditi

onal

Cu

ltura

l Ex

pres

sions

(S

.9.3

4)

Prov

ides

for

Prot

ectio

n of

Ex

pres

sions

of

folk

lore

(s 6

5)

NB:

Exp

ress

ions

of F

olkl

ore

are

prot

ecte

d(A

rt. 4

)

Prot

ectio

nof

folk

lore

expr

essio

ns(C

hapt

er V

I )

NB:

Exp

ress

ions

of fo

lklo

rere

cogn

ised

and

prot

ecte

d(S

. 8)

NB

: No

men

tion

of e

xpre

ssio

n of

folk

lore

in th

eA

ct.

NB

: Pro

vide

s for

wor

ks o

f fol

klor

ein

clud

ing

how

such

wor

ks a

reha

ndle

d.(S

. 80-

86)

NB:

No

men

tion

of c

ompu

ter

prog

ram

s in

the

Act

Com

pute

rpr

ogra

ms

(S. 9

.1(b

)x)

Prov

ides

for C

ompu

ter

prog

ram

mes

inth

e Act

(S.2

9)

NB:

Com

pute

rpr

ogra

ms

incl

uded

und

erw

ritte

n w

orks

(Art.

4)

NB:

Com

pute

rpr

ogra

mm

esan

d el

ectro

nic

data

ban

ks a

repr

otec

ted

(S. 5

)

Com

pute

rpr

ogra

mm

esin

clud

ed u

nder

liter

ary

wor

ks(S

. 2)

Com

pute

rpr

ogra

ms

prot

ecte

d bu

tha

ve to

be

reco

rded

inw

ritin

g or

inso

me

othe

r for

m.

(S. 8

)

Com

pute

rpr

ogra

ms

prot

ecte

d bu

tha

ve to

be

redu

ced

tow

ritin

g, re

cord

edor

ano

ther

form

(S. 1

0)

Coun

trie

s/Pa

ram

eter

Leso

tho

Libe

riaKi

ngdo

m o

f Es

wat

ini

Moz

ambi

que

Suda

nGa

mbi

aZa

mbi

aZi

mba

bwe

Prot

ecte

d w

orks

(..

.con

tinue

d)A

ct p

rovi

des

for p

rote

ctio

nof

nei

ghbo

urin

grig

hts.

(S. 2

4)

Act

pro

vide

sfo

r pro

tect

ion

ofar

tistic

wor

ks.

(S. 9

.1 (a

))

Act

pro

vide

s for

ne

ighb

ourin

g rig

hts P

art V

III

The A

ctpr

ovid

es fo

rpr

otec

tion

ofar

tistic

wor

ks.

(Art.

1)

Act

pro

vide

sfo

r wor

ksno

t pro

tect

edin

clud

ing

new

sof

the

day,

sim

ple

fact

s and

dat

a,id

eas,

proc

esse

s,op

erat

iona

lm

etho

ds o

rm

athe

mat

ical

conc

epts,

offi

cial

text

s.(A

rt. 5

)

Act

pro

vide

sfo

r wor

ksno

t pro

tect

edin

clud

ing

Publ

ic d

omai

nw

orks

, offi

cial

docu

men

ts, d

aily

new

s, id

eas,

met

hods

, sta

teem

blem

s (S.

6)

Act

pro

vide

sfo

r pro

tect

ion

of p

erfo

rmer

s,br

oadc

astin

gor

gani

satio

ns,

soun

d re

cord

ings

prod

ucer

s and

audi

o-vi

sual

prod

ucer

s.(S

. 38-

46)

The A

ct p

rovi

des

for p

rote

ctio

n of

perfo

rmer

s rig

hts.

(S. 4

4-53

)

The A

ct p

rovi

des

for p

rote

ctio

n of

rela

ted

right

s(S

. 68-

79)

Form

ality

re

quir

emen

tsPr

otec

tion

exist

sby

the

sole

fact

of

crea

tion

of w

orks

.(S

. 3)

No

men

tion

of re

gistr

atio

nre

quire

men

ts

Prov

ides

for

regi

strat

ion

ofw

orks

.(S

. 9.2

4,9.

25)

Prov

ides

for

mai

ntai

ning

da

taba

se o

n co

pyrig

ht m

atte

rs

and

auth

ors

and

thei

r wor

ks

and

mai

ntai

n a

regi

ster o

f wor

ks,

prod

uctio

ns a

nd

asso

ciat

ions

of

aut

hors

and

pe

rform

ers S

.76

(1)(h

)(i)

Prov

ides

for

regi

strat

ion

ofco

pyrig

ht th

ough

right

s exi

st up

oncr

eatio

n of

wor

ks.

(Art.

55;

56)

Prov

ides

for

volu

ntar

yre

gistr

atio

nof

wor

ksw

hich

serv

esas

con

clus

ive

evid

ence

inca

ses o

f leg

alpr

ocee

ding

sth

ough

pro

tect

ion

appl

ies w

ithou

tfu

lfilm

ent o

f any

form

ality

.(S

. 38

(1) )

Prov

ides

for

regi

strat

ion

ofw

orks

(S. 4

9)

Prov

ides

for

volu

ntar

yre

gistr

atio

nan

d tra

nsfe

rs o

fco

pyrig

ht.

(S. 3

9- 4

3)

The A

ctes

tabl

ishes

a C

opyr

ight

Offi

ce fo

r the

regi

strat

ion

ofco

pyrig

ht a

ndot

her m

atte

rs in

term

s of t

he A

ct(S

. 87-

90)

Rig

hts A

fford

edEc

onom

ic a

nd

Mor

al R

ight

s(S

. 6; 7

; 8)

Econ

omic

Rig

hts

and

Mor

al R

ight

s(S

. 9.2

0)

Econ

omic

Rig

hts

Part

III m

oral

rig

hts P

art V

II

Econ

omic

Rig

hts

and

Non

-Eco

nom

ic

Righ

ts. (A

rt. 6

- 8)

Econ

omic

Rig

hts

and

Mor

al R

ight

s(S

. 8; S

.7

resp

ectiv

ely)

Econ

omic

Rig

hts

(S. 9

)M

oral

Rig

hts

(S. 1

0)

Econ

omic

Rig

hts

(No

expr

ess

men

tion

of

econ

omic

righ

ts)M

oral

Rig

hts

(S. 2

4)

Econ

omic

Rig

hts

(Sta

ted

as

Cop

yrig

ht

S. 9

-23,

68-

79)

Mor

al R

ight

s(S

. 61-

67)

V. CoUntRY CoPYRiGHt & Related RiGHtslaWs CoMPaRison

V. CoUntRY CoPYRiGHt & Related RiGHtslaWs CoMPaRison

4948

Coun

trie

s/Pa

ram

eter

Leso

tho

Libe

riaKi

ngdo

m o

f Es

wat

ini

Moz

ambi

que

Suda

nGa

mbi

aZa

mbi

aZi

mba

bwe

Firs

t ow

ners

hip

Copy

right

ves

ts in

fir

st in

stanc

e in

the

auth

oror

aut

hors

who

cr

eate

d th

e w

ork,

th

e au

thor

s in

a jo

int w

ork

shal

l be

co-

owne

rs, a

nd

in th

e ab

senc

e of

a

cont

ract

stat

ing

othe

rwise

, wor

ks

crea

ted

for o

ther

pe

ople

or b

ody

corp

orat

e in

the

cour

se o

f dut

ies

shal

l be

deem

ed

assig

ned

to th

e em

ploy

er o

f the

au

thor

.(S

. 14)

Copy

right

in a

w

ork

prot

ecte

d un

der t

he A

ct v

ests

in

itial

ly in

the

auth

or o

r aut

hors

of

the

wor

k. C

ites a

lso

owne

rshi

p in

w

orks

mad

e fo

r hi

re, c

olle

ctiv

e w

orks

and

join

tly

auth

ored

wor

ks.

(S. 9

.21)

The A

utho

r of a

w

ork

shal

l be

the

first

owne

r of t

he

copy

right

ther

ein.

Ex

cept

ions

cite

d.

(S. 7

)

The

auth

or o

f the

w

ork

is th

epr

imar

y ow

ner o

f th

e ec

onom

ic a

nd

non-

econ

omic

rig

hts i

n th

e w

ork.

Sp

ecifi

c co

nditi

ons

to o

wne

rshi

p ap

ply

to W

orks

of

Join

t Aut

hors

hip,

Co

llect

ive W

orks

, W

orks

of F

olkl

ore,

W

orks

cre

ated

un

der c

ontra

ct o

f em

ploy

men

tan

d A

udio

-visu

al

wor

ks.

(Art.

28-

33)

Copy

right

ves

ts, in

th

e fir

st in

stanc

e, in

th

e ph

ysic

al p

erso

n or

per

sons

who

crea

ted

the

wor

k.

(S. 1

1)

The

orig

inal

ow

ner

of th

e ec

onom

ic

right

s is t

he a

utho

r w

ho c

reat

ed w

ork.

Exce

ptio

ns c

ited

in c

ases

of j

oint

- au

thor

ship

, wor

ks

crea

ted

unde

r em

ploy

men

t, au

dio-

visu

al w

orks

an

d co

llect

ive

wor

ks (S

. 15)

The

auth

or o

f a

wor

k sh

all b

e th

e fir

st ow

ner o

f the

co

pyrig

ht w

hich

su

bsist

s und

er th

e A

ct.

Exce

ptio

ns c

ited

in w

orks

cre

ated

un

der e

mpl

oym

ent

and

unde

r co

mm

issio

n. (S

. 10

)H

as p

rovi

sions

fo

r ass

ignm

ent o

f C

opyr

ight

whi

ch

is ex

pect

ed to

aris

e in

the

futu

re (S

. 11

(3))

Ow

ners

hip

of

copy

right

ves

ts

in th

e au

thor

of

the

wor

k or

the

co-a

utho

rs o

f the

w

ork

in w

orks

of

join

t aut

hors

hip.

A

lso d

etai

ls

othe

r ins

tanc

es o

f ow

ners

hip

in v

ario

us o

ther

ty

pes o

f wor

k (S

. 5,

14)

Dur

atio

n of

C

opyr

ight

Prot

ecte

d du

ring

the

life

of th

e au

thor

and

fifty

ye

ars a

fter h

is

deat

h.(S

. 13)

Prot

ecte

d du

ring

the

life

of a

utho

r an

d fif

ty y

ears

afte

r hi

s dea

th.

(S. 9

.20)

Prot

ectio

n of

non

- ec

onom

ic ri

ghts

is

not l

imite

d in

tim

e an

d is

not

trans

fera

ble

inte

r vi

vos,

but m

aybe

tran

sfer

red

by

succ

essio

n.(A

rt. 2

2; 3

3)

The

prot

ectio

n of

m

oral

righ

ts sh

all

be fo

reve

r.(S

. 10(

1))

Prot

ecte

d du

ring

the

life

of a

utho

r an

d fif

ty y

ears

afte

r hi

s dea

th.

(S. 2

1)

Prot

ectio

n of

M

oral

righ

ts sh

all

expi

re o

n th

e de

ath

of th

e au

thor

or

dire

ctor

.(S

. 24)

Mor

al ri

ghts

su

bsist

in a

wor

k as

lo

ng a

s cop

yrig

ht

subs

ists i

n it.

(S. 6

1- 6

6)

Coun

trie

s/Pa

ram

eter

Leso

tho

Libe

riaKi

ngdo

m o

f Es

wat

ini

Moz

ambi

que

Suda

nGa

mbi

aZa

mbi

aZi

mba

bwe

Dur

atio

n of

C

opyr

ight

(...c

ontin

ued)

Econ

omic

Rig

hts

Eco

nom

ic R

ight

sLi

fe o

f aut

hor a

nd

for fi

fty (5

0) y

ears

af

ter h

is d

eath

.(S

. 13)

Dur

atio

n of

ne

ighb

ourin

g rig

hts i

nclu

ding

pr

oduc

ers o

f ph

onog

ram

s, br

oadc

asts

and

pe

rfor

man

ces

shal

l las

t 20

year

s com

pute

d fr

om e

nd o

f ye

ar in

whi

ch

perf

orm

ance

, br

oadc

ast o

r ph

onog

ram

mas

m

ade.

(S. 2

4(5)

; 26(

2;29

(2))

All

Eco

nom

ic

Rig

hts

Econ

omic

and

m

oral

righ

ts in

lit

erar

y, m

usic

al

and

artis

tic

wor

ks, o

ther

than

ph

otog

raph

ic

wor

k, sh

all b

e pr

otec

ted

durin

g th

e lif

e of

the

auth

or a

nd fo

r fifty

ye

ars a

fter t

he y

ear

in w

hich

the

auth

or

dies

. (S.

9.20

(a))

Eco

nom

ic R

ight

sTe

rm o

fco

pyrig

ht sh

all b

e,

unle

ss o

ther

wise

sta

ted,

be

the

life

of the

auth

or a

nd a

pe

riod

of fi

fty(5

0) y

ears

afte

r his

de

ath.

(S. 9

)

Eco

nom

ic R

ight

sTh

e ec

onom

ic

right

s sha

ll ex

pire

70

Yea

rs a

fter t

he

deat

h of

the

auth

or,

even

in th

e ca

se o

f a

wor

k di

sclo

sed

or p

ublis

hed

posth

umou

sly.

(Art.

22)

Econ

omic

Rig

hts

Life

of a

utho

r and

50

yea

rs af

ter h

is de

ath.

(S. 1

0(1)

(b))

Dur

atio

n of

ne

ighb

ourin

g rig

hts

incl

udin

g pr

oduc

ers

of so

und

and

audi

o-

visu

al re

cord

ings

, br

oadc

astin

g or

gani

satio

ns an

d pe

rform

ance

s sh

all l

ast 5

0 ye

ars

com

pute

d fro

m

the d

ate o

f the

be

ginn

ing

of th

e G

orgo

rian

year

su

bseq

uent

to th

e pu

blish

dat

e of t

he

reco

rdin

g/da

te o

f th

e sou

nd fi

xtur

e of

the p

erfo

rman

ce

(S.2

4)

Eco

nom

ic R

ight

sTh

e ec

onom

ic

right

s sha

ll be

pr

otec

ted

durin

g th

e lif

e of

the

auth

or a

nd fo

r fifty

(5

0) y

ears

afte

r his

de

ath.

(S. 2

1)

Cop

yrig

ht in

lit

erar

y, a

rtisti

c or

m

usic

al w

ork

or

com

pila

tion

expi

re

at th

e en

d of

the

perio

d of

fifty

(50)

ye

ars f

rom

the

end

of th

e ca

lend

ar

year

in w

hich

the

auth

or d

ies.

(S. 1

2(1)

)

Cop

yrig

ht in

lit

erar

y, a

rtisti

c or

mus

ical

wor

ks

shal

l be

for 5

0 ye

ars f

rom

the

end

of th

e ye

ar in

w

hich

the

wor

k w

as fi

rst

publ

ished

. (S.

15

) Dur

atio

n of

pro

tect

ion

of

perfo

rman

ces a

nd

reco

rdin

g rig

hts

such

subs

istin

rela

tion

to a

pe

rform

ance

until

the

end

of

fifty

yea

rs fr

om th

e en

d of

the

cale

ndar

ye

ar in

whi

ch th

epe

rform

ance

took

pl

ace.

(S. 7

5)

Join

t Wor

ksIn

wor

ks o

f joi

nt

auth

orsh

ip, t

he

right

s sha

ll be

pr

otec

ted

durin

g th

e lif

e of

the

last

surv

ivin

g au

thor

an

d fo

r 50

year

s af

ter h

is de

ath.

(S.

13(2

))

Join

t wor

ksEc

onom

ic a

nd

mor

al ri

ghts

pr

otec

ted

durin

g th

e lif

e of

the

last

surv

ivin

g au

thor

an

d fo

r fifty

yea

rs

afte

r his

deat

h.(S

. 9.2

0(b)

)

Join

t Wor

ksCo

pyrig

ht sh

all

subs

ist d

urin

g th

e lif

e of

the

auth

or

who

die

s firs

t and

fo

r a te

rm o

f 50

year

s afte

r his

de

ath,

or d

urin

g th

e lif

e of

the

auth

or

who

die

s las

t, w

hich

ever

per

iod

is th

e lo

nger

.

Join

t Wor

ksTh

e ec

onom

ic

right

s of a

wor

k of

jo

int a

utho

rshi

p ar

epr

otec

ted

durin

g lif

etim

e of

the

last

surv

ivin

g au

thor

an

d fo

r a fu

rther

70

year

s fol

low

ing

his

deat

h.

Join

t Wor

ksJo

int w

ork

perio

d sh

all s

tart

to ru

n fro

m th

e de

ath

of

the

last

surv

ivin

g au

thor

. (S.

10(2

)

Join

t wor

ksRi

ghts

prot

ecte

d du

ring

the

life

of

the

last

surv

ivin

g au

thor

and

for

fifty

yea

rs a

fter h

is

or h

er d

eath

. (S.

21

(2a)

)

Join

t Wor

ksIn

join

t wor

ks,

refe

renc

e to

the

deat

h of

the

auth

or in

gen

eral

pr

ovisi

on is

read

as

refe

renc

e to

the

deat

h of

the

last

to

die

of th

e au

thor

s w

hose

iden

tity

is

know

n. (S

. 12(

4))

Join

t Wor

ksR

ight

s pro

tect

ed

durin

g th

e lif

e of

th

e la

st su

rviv

ing

auth

or a

nd fo

r fif

ty y

ears

afte

r his

or

her

dea

th. (

S.

15(4

))

V. CoUntRY CoPYRiGHt & Related RiGHtslaWs CoMPaRison

V. CoUntRY CoPYRiGHt & Related RiGHtslaWs CoMPaRison

5150

Coun

trie

s/Pa

ram

eter

Leso

tho

Libe

riaKi

ngdo

m o

f Es

wat

ini

Moz

ambi

que

Suda

nGa

mbi

aZa

mbi

aZi

mba

bwe

Dur

atio

n of

C

opyr

ight

(...c

ontin

ued)

Bod

ies

Cor

pora

teIn

the

abse

nce

oof

cont

ract

,pr

esum

ptio

nis

that

firs

tow

ners

hip

is w

ith b

ody

corp

orat

e or

empl

oyer

.N

o m

entio

n to

dura

tion

of su

chrig

hts.

(S. 1

4(4)

)

Gov

ernm

ent

Wor

ks.

Copy

right

is

conf

erre

d by

this

se

ctio

n on

any

w

ork

elig

ible

for

copy

right

whi

ch is

cr

eate

d pu

rsua

nt

to a

com

miss

ion

from

the

Gov

ernm

ent o

r su

ch in

tern

atio

nal

body

or n

on-

gove

rnm

enta

l bo

dy a

s pr

escr

ibed

by

LIPO

(S. 9

.5)

Gov

ernm

ent

Copy

right

to

wor

ks p

rodu

ced

unde

r dire

ctio

nof

Gov

ernm

ent

or G

over

nmen

tD

epar

tmen

tsh

all,

subj

ect t

oan

y ag

reem

ent

with

the

auth

or,

belo

ng to

the

Gov

ernm

ent a

ndpr

otec

ted

for

a pe

riod

of 5

0ye

ars f

rom

dat

eof

pub

licat

ion

(S. 7

6)

Bod

ies c

orpo

rate

Law

not

exp

licit

on c

opyr

ight

on

copy

right

dura

tion

for B

odie

sCo

rpor

ate

asfir

st as

sum

ptio

nis

that

Aut

hor

is pe

rson

who

crea

ted

the

wor

kin

the

abse

nce

ofa

cont

ract

stat

ing

anyt

hing

to th

eco

ntra

ry.

(Art.

32)

Bod

ies

Cor

pora

teEc

onom

ic ri

ght

of th

eco

llect

ive

wor

kssh

all r

est i

nto

the

natu

ral o

rco

rpor

ate

pers

onw

ho ta

kes t

hein

itiat

ive

and

the

finan

cial

resp

onsi

bilit

yfo

r the

cre

atio

nof

the

colle

ctiv

ew

ork.

Bod

ies

Cor

pora

te/

Gov

ernm

ent

Cop

yrig

ht in

wor

ks in

whi

chgo

vern

men

tor

ano

ther

conv

entio

nbo

dy h

as fi

rst

owne

rshi

p sh

all

expi

re a

t the

end

of th

e pe

riod

offif

ty (5

0) y

ears

from

the

end

of th

e ca

lend

arye

ar in

whi

chth

e w

ork

ism

ade.

Gov

ernm

ent

Wor

ksC

opyr

ight

in

wor

ks in

whi

chgo

vern

men

tor

ano

ther

conv

entio

nbo

dy h

as fi

rst

owne

rshi

p sh

all

expi

re a

t the

end

of th

e pe

riod

offif

ty (5

0) y

ears

from

the

end

of th

e ca

lend

arye

ar in

whi

chth

e w

ork

ism

ade.

(S. 1

2(2)

)

Gov

ernm

ent

Wor

ksC

opyr

ight

co

nfer

red

onSt

ate

or a

nin

tern

atio

nal

body

has

dura

tion

rese

rved

for s

peci

ficw

orks

acc

ordi

ngto

set p

rovi

sions

in S

. 15(

1) a

ndfif

ty y

ears

from

end

the

end

ofth

e ye

ar in

whi

chth

e w

ork

was

first

publ

ished

with

resp

ect

liter

ary,

mus

ical

or a

rtisti

c.(S

. 15(

2))

Ano

nym

ous/

ps

eudo

nym

ous

Wor

ksR

ight

s pro

tect

edun

til e

xpira

tion

of fi

fty y

ears

from

dat

e on

whi

ch w

ork

was

first

law

fully

publ

ishe

d. If

auth

or’s

iden

tity

is re

veal

ed o

rno

-long

er in

doub

t bef

ore

expi

ratio

n, th

enpr

ovis

ions

for

auth

ors a

nd jo

int

auth

ors a

pply

(S. 1

3(3)

)

Ano

nym

ous/

Ps

eudo

nym

ous

Wor

ksEc

onom

ic a

nd

mor

al ri

ghts

shal

l be

pro

tect

ed fo

r fif

ty y

ears

from

th

e en

d of

the

cale

ndar

yea

r in

whi

ch th

e w

ork

was

mad

e or

firs

t m

ade

avai

labl

e to

the

publ

ic

by a

utho

rised

Pu

blic

atio

n. If

au

thor

s ide

ntity

is

reve

aled

or

nolo

nger

in d

oubt

pr

ovis

ions

of

subs

ectio

n (a

), (b

) sh

all a

pply

.(S

. 9.2

0(e)

)

Ano

nym

ous

Wor

ksN

o m

entio

n of

wor

ks p

rodu

ced

anon

ymou

sly

orps

eudo

nym

ousl

y

Ano

nym

ous

wor

ks70

Yea

rs fr

omth

e da

te o

nw

hich

the

wor

k is

lega

llypu

blis

hed,

mad

eac

cess

ible

or

com

plet

ed, o

ren

d of

yea

r of

com

plet

ion.

If id

entit

yof

aut

hor i

sre

veal

ed b

eyon

ddo

ubt b

efor

eex

pira

tion

ofth

e pe

riods

refe

rred

to,

the

prov

isio

nsre

latin

g ge

nera

lec

onom

ic ri

ghts

for k

now

nau

thor

s sha

llap

ply.

(Art.

24)

Ano

nym

ous

Wor

ksTh

e te

rm sh

all

last

for fi

ftyye

ars a

fter

putti

ng th

eth

e w

ork

atth

e di

spos

alof

the

publ

icin

a le

gitim

ate

way

, whe

re th

eps

eudo

nym

nam

e th

e au

thor

used

leav

es n

oro

om to

dou

btin

spec

ifyin

ghi

s cha

ract

er th

edu

ratio

n sh

all b

eas

pro

vide

d fo

rin

S. 1

0(1)

(b) i

.e.

auth

or’s

life

and

fifty

yea

rs a

fter

deat

h.(S

.10(

1)(d

))

Ano

nym

ous/

Ps

eudo

nym

ous

Wor

ksFi

fty y

ears

from

the

date

on w

hich

the

wor

k w

as m

ade,

first

ava

ilabl

eto

the

publ

ic o

rfir

st p

ublis

hed,

whi

chev

er d

ate

is th

e la

test

.W

here

the

auth

or’s

iden

tity

is re

veal

ed o

ris

nol

onge

r in

doub

t bef

ore

the

expi

ratio

n of

that

per

iod,

the

term

s for

kno

wn

auth

ors s

hall

appl

y.(S

. 21(

2c))

Ano

nym

ous

Wor

ksTh

e co

pyrig

ht in

the

wor

k sh

all

expi

re a

t the

end

of th

e pe

riod

of fi

fty y

ears

from

the

end

of th

e ca

lend

arye

ar in

whi

chth

e w

ork

is fi

rst

publ

ishe

d un

less

the

iden

tity

ofth

e au

thor

of t

hew

ork

beco

mes

know

n be

fore

that

dat

e.(S

. 12(

3))

Ano

nym

ous

Wor

ksSh

all s

ubsis

t for

50 y

ears

from

the

end

of th

eye

ar in

whi

chth

e w

ork

ism

ade

avai

labl

eto

the

publ

icw

ith c

onse

nt o

fth

e co

pyrig

hter

or fr

om e

nd o

fye

ar in

whi

chit

is re

ason

able

to p

resu

me

that

the

auth

or d

ied

whi

chev

er p

erio

dis

shor

ter.

Ifid

entit

y of

aut

hor

is re

veal

edbe

fore

exp

iryth

e sta

ndar

dpr

ovisi

ons a

pply

(S. 1

5(3)

)

Coun

trie

s/Pa

ram

eter

Leso

tho

Libe

riaKi

ngdo

m o

f Es

wat

ini

Moz

ambi

que

Suda

nGa

mbi

aZa

mbi

aZi

mba

bwe

Dur

atio

n of

C

opyr

ight

(...c

ontin

ued)

Aud

io-v

isua

l w

orks

Prot

ecte

d un

til

expi

ratio

n of

fifty

ye

ars f

rom

dat

e of

mak

ing

the

wor

k or

mak

ing

avai

labl

e to

the

publ

ic.

(S. 1

3(4)

)

Aud

io-v

isua

l w

orks

and

Sou

nd

Rec

ordi

ngs

Econ

omic

and

m

oral

righ

ts sh

all

be p

rote

cted

for

fifty

yea

rs fr

om

the

end

of th

e ca

lend

ar y

ear i

n w

hich

the

wor

k w

as m

ade

or fi

rst

mad

e av

aila

ble

to th

e pu

blic

by

aut

horis

ed

publ

icat

ion

or

by a

ny o

ther

m

eans

whi

chev

er

date

is th

e la

test

. (S

.9.2

0(c)

)

Aud

io-v

isua

l w

orks

S.

8(1)

(a)

Fifty

yea

rs fr

om

end

of th

e ye

ar

in w

hich

wor

k is

m

ade

avai

labl

e to

the

publ

ic w

ith

the

cons

ent o

f th

e ow

ner o

r fifty

ye

ars f

rom

end

of

year

in w

hich

the

wor

k w

as m

ade.

Col

lect

ive

or

Aud

io-v

isua

l w

orks

Prot

ecte

d 70

Yea

rs

afte

r the

wor

k is

la

wfu

lly m

ade

publ

ic o

r afte

r its

co

mpl

etio

n.(A

rt. 2

5)

Aud

io-v

isua

l w

orks

Prot

ectio

n sh

all

last

for 5

0 ye

ars

afte

r the

aud

io-

visu

al w

orks

put

at th

e di

spos

al o

fth

e pu

blic

with

the

cons

ent o

fth

e au

thor

, whe

reup

on th

e ex

piry

of th

e 50

yea

rsan

d th

e w

ork

has n

ot p

ut a

tth

e di

spos

al o

fth

e pu

blic

the

prot

ectio

n sh

all

com

e to

an

end.

(S.1

0(1)

(c))

Aud

io-v

isual

wor

ks/ S

ound

Reco

rdin

gsPr

otec

ted

for

fifty

yea

rs fr

omth

e da

te o

f the

mak

ing

of th

ew

ork,

or w

here

the

wor

k is

mad

eav

aila

ble

to th

epu

blic

dur

ing

that

per

iod

with

the

cons

ent o

fth

e au

thor

unt

ilex

pira

tion

of fi

ftyye

ars.

(S. 2

3)

Aud

io-v

isua

l w

orks

/ Sou

nd

Rec

ordi

ngs

Cop

yrig

htex

pire

s at t

heen

d of

fifty

yea

rsfro

m th

e en

d of

the

cale

ndar

yea

rin

whi

ch it

ism

ade

or in

whi

chit

is pu

blish

ed.

(S. 1

3)

Aud

io-v

isua

l w

orks

/ Col

lect

ive

Wor

ks/

Com

pute

r Pr

ogra

ms

Fifty

yea

rs fr

om

end

of y

ear i

n w

hich

wor

k is

m

ade

avai

labl

e to

th

e pu

blic

or e

nd

of y

ear i

n w

hich

w

ork

is m

ade

(S. 1

5(1)

)

Wor

k of

App

lied

Art

Bot

h m

oral

and

ec

onom

ic ri

ghts

ex

ist f

or tw

enty

fiv

e ye

ars f

rom

th

e m

akin

g of

the

wor

k.

(S. 1

3(5)

)

Phot

ogra

phic

W

orks

Econ

omic

and

m

oral

righ

ts

prot

ecte

d un

til

expi

ratio

n of

fifty

ye

ars f

rom

end

of

the

cale

ndar

yea

r in

whi

ch th

e w

ork

was

mad

e or

firs

t m

ade

avai

labl

e to

the

publ

ic

by p

ublic

atio

n w

hich

ever

is

late

st.

(S. 9

.20(

g))

Phot

ogra

phic

W

orks

Prov

ided

und

er(S

.8(1

)(a))

Wor

ks o

f App

lied

Art

Prot

ecte

d fo

r 70

year

s fro

m it

sco

mpl

etio

n(A

rt. 2

6)

Phot

ogra

phic

w

ork

Prot

ectio

n sh

all

last

25 y

ears

afte

rth

e ac

hiev

emen

tof

the

wor

k(S

.10(

1)(e

))

Phot

ogra

phic

W

orks

Prot

ecte

d fo

r fifty

year

s fro

m th

em

akin

g of

the

wor

k.(S

. 25)

Phot

ogra

phic

W

orks

Incl

uded

und

er

artis

tic w

orks

.

Phot

ogra

phic

W

orks

Fifty

yea

rs fr

om

end

of y

ear i

n w

hich

wor

k is

m

ade

avai

labl

e to

th

e pu

blic

or e

nd

of y

ear i

n w

hich

w

ork

is m

ade

(S. 1

5(1)

)

Folk

lore

N

o m

entio

n on

dur

atio

n of

pr

otec

tion

of

copy

right

Folk

lore

Prot

ectio

n of

tra

ditio

nal c

ultu

ral

expr

essio

ns

(S.9

.34)

Folk

lore

men

tion

offo

lklo

re in

the A

ct(s

.65)

Folk

lore

The

prot

ectio

n of

folk

lore

is n

ot

limite

d in

tim

e.(A

rt. 5

0)

Folk

lore

Prot

ecte

d un

der

Chap

ter V

I of t

he

Act

Folk

lore

Righ

ts ve

st in

Se

cret

ary

of S

tate

on

beh

alf o

f and

in

trust

for t

he p

eopl

e of

Gam

bia

and

exist

in p

erpe

tuity

(S. 2

6)

Folk

lore

N

o m

entio

n of

fo

lklo

re

Folk

lore

No

men

tion

of d

urat

ion

of

prot

ectio

n of

fo

lklo

re

V. CoUntRY CoPYRiGHt & Related RiGHtslaWs CoMPaRison

V. CoUntRY CoPYRiGHt & Related RiGHtslaWs CoMPaRison

5352

Coun

trie

s/Pa

ram

eter

Leso

tho

Libe

riaKi

ngdo

m o

f Es

wat

ini

Moz

ambi

que

Suda

nGa

mbi

aZa

mbi

aZi

mba

bwe

Dur

atio

n of

C

opyr

ight

(...c

ontin

ued)

Cin

emat

ogra

phic

w

orks

Prot

ecte

d un

til

expi

ratio

n of

fifty

ye

ars f

rom

dat

e of

m

akin

g th

e w

ork

or m

akin

g av

ail-

able

to th

e pu

blic

.(S

. 13(

4))

Cin

emat

ogra

phic

w

orks

Prot

ecte

d un

til

expi

ratio

n of

fifty

ye

ars f

rom

dat

e of

pub

lishi

ng o

f th

e w

ork,

or i

f the

w

ork

has n

ot b

een

publ

ishe

d be

fore

fif

ty y

ears

from

its

mak

ing.

(S. 2

(20)

)

Perf

orm

ance

s /

Cin

emat

ogra

phic

w

orks

Fifty

yea

rs fr

om

date

of m

akin

g or

m

akin

g av

aila

ble

to th

e pu

blic

with

co

nsen

t of t

he

auth

or(S

.8(1

)(a)

)

Perf

orm

ance

sPr

otec

tion

to b

e gr

ante

d is

50

year

s th

e en

d of

yea

r of

the

reco

rdin

g fo

r per

form

ance

s re

cord

ed o

n a

phon

ogra

m o

r end

of

yea

r in

whi

ch

perf

orm

ance

ta

kes p

lace

for

perf

orm

ance

s not

re

cord

ed o

n a

phon

ogra

m(A

rt. 5

1)

Cin

emat

ogra

phic

Fi

lms

Econ

omic

righ

tsof

an

audi

o-vi

sual

wor

ks sh

all l

ast

for fi

fty y

ears

afte

r the

aud

io-v

i-su

al w

orks

put

at

the

disp

osal

of t

hepu

blic

unt

il th

eco

nsen

t of t

heau

thor

, whe

reup

on th

e ex

piry

of th

e fif

ty y

ears

and

the

wor

kw

as n

ot p

ut a

tth

e di

spos

al o

fth

e pu

blic

the

prot

ectio

n sh

all

com

e to

an

end

(S. 1

0(1)

(c)

Prog

ram

me

carr

ying

sign

als

Fifty

yea

rs fr

om

mak

ing

the

date

of

mak

ing

the

signa

l.(S

. 24)

Cab

le P

rogr

ams/

Pe

rfor

mna

ces

Cop

yrig

ht sh

all

expi

re a

t the

end

of

fifty

yea

rs fr

om th

e en

d of

the

cale

ndar

ye

ar in

whi

ch th

e ca

ble

was

mad

e.(S

. 14)

Dur

atio

n of

pe

rform

er’s

right

sh

all s

ubsis

t for

fif

ty y

ears

from

th

e en

d of

cal

enda

r ye

ar in

whi

ch th

e pe

rform

ance

take

s pl

ace.

(S

. 47)

Prog

ram

C

arry

ing

sign

als

Fifty

yea

rs fr

om

the

end

of th

e ye

ar

in w

hich

the

signa

l is

first

emitt

ed to

a

sate

llite

.(S

. 15(

1))

Bro

adca

sts

Prot

ectio

n su

bsis

ts

for t

wen

ty y

ears

co

mpu

ted

from

en

d of

yea

r in

whi

ch th

e br

oadc

ast t

ook

plac

e.(S

. 29(

2))

Bro

adca

sts

Econ

omic

and

m

oral

righ

ts sh

all

be p

rote

ctee

d fo

r fifty

yea

rs

from

the

end

of th

e ca

lend

ar

year

in w

hich

the

broa

dcas

t too

k pl

ace.

(S.9

.20(

d))

Bro

adca

sts

Prot

ectio

n su

bsist

s fif

ty y

ears

from

th

e en

d of

the

year

in w

hich

the

broa

dcas

t firs

t ta

kes p

lace

S.8

(1)

(c)

Bro

adca

sts

The

term

of

prot

ectio

n of

a

broa

dcas

t pr

ogra

mm

e is

25

yea

rs fr

om

the

end

of th

e ye

ar in

whi

ch th

e br

oadc

ast t

ook

plac

e.

Bro

adca

sts

Con

tinue

s for

20

yea

rs a

s fro

m

the

first

of t

he

Gor

goria

n ye

ar

subs

eque

nt to

th

e ye

ar o

f the

tra

nsm

issi

on. (

S.

24(3

))

Bro

adca

sts

Prot

ecte

d un

til

expi

ratio

n of

fifty

ye

ars f

rom

the

date

of m

akin

g th

e w

ork,

mak

ing

avai

labl

e to

the

publ

ic.

(S. 2

2)

Bro

adca

sts

Cop

yrig

ht sh

all

expi

re a

t the

end

of

fifty

yea

rs

from

the

end

of th

e ca

lend

ar

year

in w

hich

the

broa

dcas

t was

m

ade.

(S. 1

4)

Bro

adca

sts

Fifty

yea

rs fr

om

the

end

of th

e ye

ar in

whi

ch th

e br

oadc

ast fi

rst

take

s pla

ce.

(S. 1

5(1)

)

Coun

trie

s/Pa

ram

eter

Leso

tho

Libe

riaKi

ngdo

m o

f Es

wat

ini

Moz

ambi

que

Suda

nGa

mbi

aZa

mbi

aZi

mba

bwe

Cop

yrig

htSe

lect

ed

copy

righ

t wor

ksSu

bjec

t to

Gov

ernm

ent

right

s, au

thor

has r

ight

s to

repr

oduc

e w

ork,

com

mun

icat

eto

the

publ

ican

d m

ake

anad

apta

tion,

trans

latio

nar

rang

emen

tor

oth

ertra

nsfo

rmat

ion

ofth

e w

ork.

(S. 7

)A

lso

has m

oral

right

s cla

imau

thor

ship

of h

isw

ork

and

obje

ctto

cer

tain

use

s of

wor

k in

clud

ing

mut

ilatio

n,di

stor

tion

or o

ther

mod

ifica

tion

ofw

ork.

(S. 8

)

Cop

yrig

htTh

e so

le ri

ght

to p

rodu

ce o

rre

prod

uce

the

wor

k or

any

subs

tant

ial p

art

ther

eof i

n an

ym

ater

ial f

orm

wha

tsoev

er,

perfo

rm, d

eliv

eror

pub

lish

the

wor

k.(S

. 3)

All

copy

righ

t w

orks

The

auth

or h

asth

e ex

clus

ive

right

to a

utho

rise

the

follo

win

g w

orks

:re

prod

uctio

n;tra

nsla

tion;

prep

arat

ion

of a

dapt

atio

n,ar

rang

emen

tsan

d ot

her

trans

form

atio

ns;

mak

ing

copi

esav

aila

ble

for s

ale

to th

e pu

blic

or

any

othe

r tra

nsfe

rof

ow

ners

hip,

for r

enta

l and

for

publ

ic le

ndin

g;pr

esen

tatio

n or

perf

orm

ance

of

his w

ork

in p

ublic

;im

port

or e

xpor

tof

his

wor

ks;

com

mun

icat

ion

of h

is w

ork

to th

epu

blic

. Exc

eptio

nsex

ist f

or c

ompu

ter

prog

ram

s.(A

rt. 6

; 7)

Non

-eco

nom

icrig

hts t

o cl

aim

auth

orsh

ip,

to re

mai

nan

onym

ous o

rus

e a

pseu

dony

man

d to

obj

ect t

oan

y di

stor

tion,

mut

ilatio

n or

oth

erm

odifi

catio

n of

his

wor

k.(A

rt. 6

; 8)

All

copy

righ

t w

orks

M

oral

and

Econ

omic

righ

tsto

und

erta

kesp

ecifi

c ac

tions

rela

ted

to th

eir

right

s, in

clud

ing

disc

losi

ngw

ork

to p

ublic

,cl

aim

ing

auth

orsh

ip,

to p

ublis

h or

mak

e av

aila

ble

his w

ork

and

to a

utho

rize

publ

icat

ion,

repr

oduc

tion,

broa

dcas

ting,

trans

latio

n,ex

hibi

tion,

adap

tatio

n, p

ublic

perf

orm

ance

of

the

wor

k(S

. 7 a

nd S

.8)

Spec

ific

right

sre

latin

g to

Prot

ectio

n of

Nei

ghbo

urin

gR

ight

s of

perf

orm

ers

are

outli

ned

inC

hapt

er II

I of t

heA

ct.

All

copy

righ

t w

orks

The

auth

or h

asth

e ex

clus

ive

econ

omic

righ

tto

do

or a

utho

rise

a nu

mbe

r of

actio

ns in

clud

ing,

repr

oduc

tion,

trans

latio

n,re

ntal

,im

porta

tion,

broa

dcas

ting,

publ

icpe

rform

ance

and

any

othe

rco

mm

unic

atio

nto

the

publ

ic(S

. 9)

Also

gra

nts m

oral

right

s to

clai

mau

thor

ship

of h

isw

ork

and

obje

ctto

cer

tain

use

s of

wor

k in

clud

ing

mut

ilatio

n,di

storti

onor

oth

erm

odifi

catio

n of

wor

k.(S

. 10)

All

copy

righ

t w

orks

The

owne

rof

cop

yrig

htsh

all h

ave

inac

cord

ance

with

the

act

the

excl

usiv

erig

ht to

do

or to

auth

orise

oth

ers

to d

o, in

Zam

bia

or o

n an

y sh

ip o

rai

rcra

ft re

giste

red

in Z

ambi

a th

eco

ntro

lled

acts

spec

ified

in th

eA

ct.

(S. 1

7)A

utho

r has

mor

alrig

hts a

s spe

cifie

dun

der s

ectio

n 24

,to

be

iden

tified

as

auth

or o

r dire

ctor

of th

e w

orks

;an

d to

obj

ect t

oan

y di

storti

on,

mut

ilatio

nor

oth

erm

odifi

catio

n or

dero

gato

ry a

ctio

nin

rela

tion

to th

ew

ork

that

wou

ldbe

pre

judi

cial

to h

is ho

nour

or

repu

tatio

n.(S

. 24)

All

copy

righ

t w

orks

Cop

yrig

ht is

are

al ri

ght w

hich

subs

ists i

n a

wor

kby

virt

ue o

f the

Act

and

whi

chen

title

s its

owne

rex

clus

ivel

y to

do in

Zim

babw

ean

d to

aut

horis

eot

hers

to d

o in

Zim

babw

e th

eth

ings

whi

ch th

eA

ct d

esig

nate

sin

rela

tion

to th

ew

ork.

(S. 9

; 17-

23)

Also

gra

nts

mor

al ri

ghts

tobe

or t

o re

fuse

tobe

iden

tified

as

auth

or o

r dire

ctor

of w

ork

and

othe

rm

oral

righ

ts(S

. 61-

67)

Det

ails

spec

ific

right

s rel

ated

tope

rform

ance

s(S

. 68-

72)

V. CoUntRY CoPYRiGHt & Related RiGHtslaWs CoMPaRison

V. CoUntRY CoPYRiGHt & Related RiGHtslaWs CoMPaRison

5554

Coun

trie

s/Pa

ram

eter

Leso

tho

Libe

riaKi

ngdo

m o

f Es

wat

ini

Moz

ambi

que

Suda

nGa

mbi

aZa

mbi

aZi

mba

bwe

Perm

itted

Use

s of

Cop

yrig

hts

Vario

us fr

ee u

seop

tions

allo

wed

.(S

. 9)

Spec

ific

limita

tions

cite

dto

aut

hor’s

righ

tsw

ith re

gard

stra

nsla

tion,

repr

oduc

tion

and

right

of r

ecor

ding

mus

ical

wor

ks.

(S. 1

0; 1

1; 1

2).

Det

aile

dsc

hedu

les t

osu

ppor

t the

abo

vear

e ad

ded

asan

nexe

s.Ex

cept

ions

rela

ting

toR

elat

ed R

ight

sou

tline

d in

Sect

ion

30.

Vario

uslim

itatio

ns to

econ

omic

righ

tspr

ovid

ed fo

rin

clud

ing

fair

use,

for a

rchi

ves

and

libra

ries a

nd

visu

al im

paire

d pe

rson

s etc

.(S

. 9.8

, 9.9

, 9.1

0,

9.11

, 9.1

2, 9

.13,

9.

14, 9

.15)

The A

ct p

rovi

des

for v

isua

lly

impa

ired

pers

ons

(S.9

.16)

Act

pro

vide

sfo

r var

ious

exce

ptio

ns to

infri

ngem

ent

incl

udin

g fa

irde

alin

g(S

.16

& 2

1)

Vario

us li

mita

tions

to e

cono

mic

righ

tspr

ovid

ed fo

r,(A

rt. 9

- 21)

.Sp

ecifi

c pe

rmitt

edus

es re

latin

g to

rela

ted

right

spr

ovid

ed fo

r und

erA

rticl

e 47

.

Excl

usio

ns a

ndre

stric

tions

on

copy

right

s and

neig

hbou

ring

right

s pro

vide

din

cha

pter

IV (S

.25

-37)

Vario

usex

cept

ions

perm

itted

to th

eus

e of

cop

yrig

ht.

Lim

itatio

ns to

the

exce

ptio

nsal

so p

rovi

ded

for w

orks

of

Arc

hite

ctur

e,Co

mpu

ter

prog

ram

s,da

taba

ses.

(S. 2

7- 3

7)

Vario

usex

cept

ions

perm

itted

to th

eus

e of

cop

yrig

htin

clud

ing

fair-

deal

ing.

(S. 2

1)Ex

cept

ions

on

perfo

rmer

s rig

hts

incl

uded

(S. 5

0)

Vario

usex

cept

ions

perm

itted

to th

eus

e of

cop

yrig

htin

clud

ing

fair-

deal

ing.

(S. 2

4-44

)Ex

cept

ions

on

perfo

rmer

s rig

hts

incl

uded

(S. 7

3)

Not

able

lacu

nas a

nd in

clus

ions

No

expr

ess

exce

ptio

ns fo

r w

orks

targ

etin

g th

e bl

ind

and

othe

r vis

ually

im

paire

d pe

rson

s.

The A

ct in

clud

es

levy

on

copy

right

m

ater

ial (

S.9.

35)

and

roya

lties

(S

.9.3

6).

Com

puls

ory

licen

ce fo

r tra

nsla

tion

and

repr

oduc

tion

of

certa

in w

orks

is

incl

uded

sc

hedu

le o

ne.

No

expr

ess

exce

ptio

ns fo

rw

orks

targ

etin

gth

e Bl

ind

and

othe

r Visu

ally

Impa

ired

Pers

ons.

No

expr

ess

exce

ptio

ns fo

r w

orks

targ

etin

g th

e B

lind

and

othe

r Vis

ually

Im

paire

d Pe

rson

s.

No

expr

ess

exce

ptio

ns fo

r w

orks

targ

etin

g th

e Bl

ind

and

othe

r Visu

ally

Im

paire

d Pe

rson

sH

as p

rovi

sion

s fo

r wor

ks

prod

uced

po

sthu

mou

sly

(S.9

(1)

No

men

tion

of

exce

ptio

ns to

us

e of

wor

ks

for t

he p

urpo

se

of ta

rget

ing

the

blin

d an

d ot

her

VIP

s

No

men

tion

of

exce

ptio

ns to

us

e of

wor

ks fo

r ta

rget

ing

the

blin

d an

d ot

her V

IPs.

Prov

ides

for

copy

right

for

typo

grap

hica

l ar

rang

emen

ts a

nd

the

expi

ratio

n of

su

ch is

25

year

s fr

om th

e en

d of

the

cale

ndar

ye

ar in

whi

ch th

e ed

ition

was

firs

t pu

blis

hed

(S. 8

(g) a

nd S

. 16

)

No

men

tion

of

exce

ptio

ns to

us

e of

wor

ks

for t

arge

ting

the

blin

d an

d ot

her

VIP

s

Coun

trie

s/Pa

ram

eter

Leso

tho

Libe

riaKi

ngdo

m o

f Es

wat

ini

Moz

ambi

que

Suda

nGa

mbi

aZa

mbi

aZi

mba

bwe

Publ

ic d

omai

nW

orks

tha

t ar

e in

the

publ

ic

dom

ain

are

thos

e w

hose

term

of

prot

ectio

n ha

s ex

pire

d, w

hose

au

thor

s hav

eno

succ

esso

rs

in ti

tle, a

nd

who

se o

wne

rs

have

reno

unce

d co

pyrig

ht

prot

ectio

n.(S

. 18(

2))

No

men

tion

of

wor

ks in

the

publ

ic d

omai

n

Expr

ess m

entio

n of

wor

ks in

the

publ

ic d

omai

n(s

62)

No

expr

ess

men

tion

of p

ublic

do

mai

n w

orks

.

Cond

ition

s for

w

orks

to fa

ll in

to th

e pu

blic

do

mai

n in

clud

e ex

piry

of t

erm

of

prot

ectio

n, w

here

au

thor

die

s and

le

aves

no

heir,

an

d fa

ilure

by

heirs

of a

utho

r an

d ot

her p

erso

ns

to e

xerc

ise th

e rig

hts v

estin

g in

th

em.

Chap

ter I

I

Wor

ks w

ith

expi

red

term

s of

pro

tect

ion,

by

aut

hors

who

ha

ve re

noun

ced

thei

r rig

hts;

and

fore

ign

wor

ksth

at d

o no

t enj

oy

prot

ectio

n in

The

G

ambi

a be

long

to

the

publ

ic

dom

ain.

(S. 4

8)

Ther

e is

no

clea

r defi

nitio

n of

wor

ks in

the

publ

ic d

omai

n th

ough

cer

tain

se

ctio

ns c

an b

e re

ad to

infe

r tha

t w

orks

who

se

auth

ors h

ave

died

fifty

or m

ore

year

s prio

r and

w

hose

cop

yrig

ht

has e

xpire

d ar

e in

the

publ

ic

dom

ain.

Ther

e is

no

clea

r defi

nitio

n of

wor

ks in

the

publ

ic d

omai

n th

ough

cer

tain

se

ctio

ns c

an b

e re

ad to

infe

r tha

t w

orks

who

se

auth

ors h

ave

died

fifty

or m

ore

year

s prio

r and

w

hose

cop

yrig

ht

has e

xpire

d ar

e in

the

publ

ic

dom

ain.

Use

of w

orks

in p

ublic

dom

ain

Onl

y th

e re

gist

rar

or a

per

son

duly

au

thor

ised

by

him

has

the

right

to

aut

horis

e us

e of

wor

ks in

the

publ

ic d

omai

n(S

. 18(

1))

No

men

tion

of

use

of w

orks

in

the

publ

ic

dom

ain

Expr

ess

men

tion

of u

seof

wor

ks in

the

publ

ic d

omai

n(s

. 62)

No

men

tion

of

use

of w

orks

in

the

publ

ic d

omai

n

The

wor

ks in

the

publ

ic d

omai

n m

ay b

e fre

ely

used

. Cha

pter

II

Subj

ect t

o pa

ymen

t of a

fee

spec

ified

by

the

Cen

tre a

wor

k th

at h

as fa

llen

into

the

publ

ic

dom

ain

may

be

used

with

out

rest

rictio

n.(S

. 48(

4))

The

use

of

wor

ks th

at h

ave

unkn

own

auth

ors

and

who

se

copy

right

has

ex

pire

d or

who

se

auth

ors d

ied

mor

e th

an fi

fty

year

s prio

r to

the

date

of s

uch

use

is n

ot c

onsi

dere

d an

infr

inge

men

t.(S

. 21(

3))

No

men

tion

of

use

of w

orks

in

the

publ

ic

dom

ain

V. CoUntRY CoPYRiGHt & Related RiGHtslaWs CoMPaRison

V. CoUntRY CoPYRiGHt & Related RiGHtslaWs CoMPaRison

5756

Coun

trie

s/Pa

ram

eter

Leso

tho

Libe

riaKi

ngdo

m o

f Es

wat

ini

Moz

ambi

que

Suda

nGa

mbi

aZa

mbi

aZi

mba

bwe

Infr

inge

men

tA

ny a

ct

cont

rave

ning

the

prov

isio

ns o

f the

A

ct c

onst

itute

s th

e co

mm

itmen

t of

an

offe

nce.

(S

. 37)

A c

opyr

ight

and

re

late

d rig

hts

is p

rimar

ily

to p

reve

nt a

n in

frin

gem

ent

from

occ

urrin

g an

d pr

eser

ve

rele

vant

ev

iden

ce in

re

gard

to a

llege

d in

frin

gem

ent

incl

udin

g cu

ltura

l or

trad

ition

al

expr

essi

ons

(S.1

5.1)

Cop

yrig

ht sh

all

be d

eem

ed to

be in

frin

ged

by a

ny p

erso

nw

ho, w

ithou

tth

e co

nsen

t of

the

owne

r of t

heco

pyrig

ht, d

oes

anyt

hing

the

sole

righ

t to

dow

hich

is b

y th

eA

ct c

onfe

rred

on

the

owne

r of t

heco

pyrig

ht.

(S. 4

0(1)

(2))

and

(S

.45)

Infr

inge

men

t is

com

mitt

ed b

ya

pers

on w

hofr

audu

lent

lyus

es a

s bei

nghi

s ow

n cr

eatio

nor

per

form

ance

a w

ork,

perf

orm

ance

,ph

onog

ram

or b

road

cast

prog

ram

me

that

is a

tota

lor

par

tial

repr

oduc

tion

ofan

othe

r’s w

ork

or p

erfo

rman

ce,

whe

ther

disc

lose

d or

not

,or

so si

mila

rto

it a

s to

have

no d

istin

ctiv

ech

arac

ter o

f its

own.

(Art.

62-

64)

Any

doi

ng,

know

ingl

yan

d w

ithou

tpe

rmis

sion

of

the

auth

or, o

fac

ts re

serv

edfo

r aut

hor a

ndex

tract

ing,

imita

ting,

selli

ng, h

iring

,di

strib

utio

n,im

porta

tion

orex

porta

tion

for

com

mer

cial

purp

oses

. (S.

62)

(S. 6

4)

Doi

ng o

f any

act

sth

at a

re c

ontra

ryto

the

prov

ision

sof

the A

ct.

Also

cite

s the

expl

oita

tion

of a

wor

k in

a m

anne

rpr

ejud

icia

l to

the

hono

ur o

rre

puta

tion

ofth

e au

thor

as a

nin

fring

emen

t to

the

right

s of t

heau

thor

.(S

. 50)

Doi

ng o

f act

sco

ntro

lled

by th

eac

t, im

porti

ngin

fring

ing

copi

es,

and

mak

ing

ortra

ding

in a

rticl

esfo

r mak

ing

infri

ngin

g co

pies

or tr

ansm

issio

nfo

r the

pur

pose

of m

akin

gin

fring

ing

copi

esco

nstit

utes

infri

ngem

ent.

(S. 1

8-20

)Sp

ecifi

c ac

tsre

late

d to

infri

ngem

ent

of p

erfo

rmer

’srig

hts a

ndre

cord

ing

right

sci

ted.

(S. 4

8- 4

9)

Cop

yrig

ht is

infri

nged

by

any

pers

on w

ho is

not t

he o

wne

rof

the

copy

right

and

who

, with

out

auth

ority

, doe

s or

caus

es a

ny o

ther

pers

on to

do

anac

t in

Zim

babw

ew

hich

the

owne

rha

s the

exc

lusiv

erig

ht to

do

or to

auth

orise

.(S

. 51)

Ant

on P

illar

O

rder

sN

o ex

pres

s m

entio

n of

Ant

on

Pilla

r Ord

ers

No

men

tion

of

Ant

on P

illar

or

ders

Expr

ess

men

tion

of A

nton

Pilla

r ord

ers

(s.4

4)

No

men

tion

of

Ant

on P

illar

O

rder

s

No

men

tion

of

Ant

on P

illar

O

rder

s but

pr

ovid

es fo

r sim

ilar c

ondi

tions

(S.6

5)

No

men

tion

of

Ant

on P

illar

O

rder

s

No

men

tion

of

Ant

on P

illar

bu

t sim

ilar

prov

isio

ns e

xist

(S

. 33)

Prov

ides

for

Ant

on P

iller

O

rder

s (S

. 57)

Coun

trie

s/Pa

ram

eter

Leso

tho

Libe

riaKi

ngdo

m o

f Es

wat

ini

Moz

ambi

que

Suda

nGa

mbi

aZa

mbi

aZi

mba

bwe

Pena

lties

With

out

prej

udic

e to

civi

l rem

edie

san

d sa

nctio

ns,

a pe

rson

who

com

mits

an

offe

nce

is li

able

on c

onvi

ctio

nto

pay

men

t of

a de

term

ined

fine

or to

impr

ison

men

tor

to b

oth.

Max

imum

jail

term

is 5

yea

rs.

(S. 3

7)

The A

ct d

etai

lsou

t crim

inal

pena

lties

incl

udin

g fin

eS.

19(a

)(b)

(c)(

d)(e

)(f)

(h(i)

)

Paym

ent o

f fine

up to

a m

axim

umof

E25

000

and

in c

ases

of su

bseq

uent

offe

nces

eith

ersu

ch fi

ne o

r to

impr

isonm

ent

for a

term

not

exce

edin

g 5

year

s.(S

. 64)

, (S.

45(5

))

The

crim

es o

fus

urpa

tion

and

infri

ngem

ent

refe

rred

to in

the A

ct a

rem

isdem

eano

urs

and

puni

shab

lein

law

by

impr

isonm

ent

and

corre

spon

ding

fine.

(Art

65)

Prov

ides

for

pena

lties

for

auth

ors w

hoha

ving

who

lly o

rpa

rtly

disp

osed

of th

eir r

elev

ant

right

s or h

avin

gau

thor

ised

the

use

of h

is w

ork,

uses

or e

xplo

itsth

e sa

id w

ork

dire

ctly

and

in a

man

ner

prej

udic

ial t

oth

ird p

arty

righ

ts.(A

rt 65

.4)

All

crim

es o

fin

fring

emen

tsh

all b

e pu

nish

edw

ith a

fine

as

dete

rmin

ed b

yth

e co

urt o

rim

priso

nmen

t or

both

.(S

. 64,

S. 6

5)

Paym

ent o

f fine

of n

ot m

ore

than

500,

000

Dal

asis

or n

o m

ore

than

impr

isonm

ent

term

of t

hree

year

s or t

o bo

thth

e fin

e an

dim

priso

nmen

t.Th

e co

urt

shal

l also

fix

the

amou

nt o

fpr

ofits,

taki

ngin

to a

ccou

ntth

e de

fend

ant’s

profi

ts.In

repe

atof

fend

ers,

pena

lties

may

be

doub

led.

Cour

t may

app

lyci

vil r

emed

ies

in c

rimin

alpr

ocee

ding

s if n

ode

cisio

n ha

s bee

nta

ken

in c

ivil

proc

eedi

ngs.

(S. 5

1; 5

3)

On

first

conv

ictio

n,of

fend

ers a

relia

ble

to p

aym

ent

of a

pen

alty

of

fifty

thou

sand

pena

lty u

nits

or te

n un

its fo

rea

ch in

fring

ing

copy

, whi

chev

eris

grea

ter,

or to

impr

isonm

ent

for a

term

not

exce

edin

g fiv

eye

ars o

r to

both

.O

n su

bseq

uent

conv

ictio

n,pa

ymen

t of o

nehu

ndre

d th

ousa

ndpe

nalty

uni

ts or

twen

ty p

enal

tyun

its fo

r eac

hin

fring

ing

copy

,w

hich

ever

isgr

eate

r, or

toim

priso

nmen

tfo

r a te

rm n

otex

ceed

ing

ten

year

s or b

oth.

(S. 2

8)Pe

nalti

es re

late

dto

per

form

ance

right

s are

det

aile

dou

t in

Sect

ions

52 a

nd 5

3.

A p

erso

n gu

ilty

of a

n of

fenc

esh

all b

e lia

ble

to a

fine

not

exce

edin

gle

vel t

en o

r to

impr

isonm

ent

for a

per

iod

not e

xcee

ding

two

year

s or

to b

oth

such

fine

and

such

impr

isonm

ent i

nre

spec

t of e

ach

artic

le to

whi

chth

e of

fenc

ere

late

s.(S

. 59)

V. CoUntRY CoPYRiGHt & Related RiGHtslaWs CoMPaRison

V. CoUntRY CoPYRiGHt & Related RiGHtslaWs CoMPaRison

5958

Coun

trie

s/Pa

ram

eter

Leso

tho

Libe

riaKi

ngdo

m o

f Es

wat

ini

Moz

ambi

que

Suda

nGa

mbi

aZa

mbi

aZi

mba

bwe

Civ

il R

emed

ies

The A

ct p

rovi

des

for t

he g

rant

ing

of c

ivil

rem

edie

sin

clud

ing

inte

rdic

t,pa

ymen

t of

dam

ages

incl

udin

g pr

ofits

attri

buta

ble

toin

frin

gem

ent.

(S. 3

6)

The A

ct d

etai

lsda

mag

es, r

ight

ho

lder

s exp

ense

s in

clud

ing

atto

rney

s fee

s, in

junc

tions

, eq

uita

ble

proc

edur

es.

(S.1

6.1,

16.

3,

16.4

). Th

e Act

pr

ovid

es fo

r pr

ovis

iona

l m

easu

res (

S.17

(a

)(b)

(c)(

d)(e

)(f

)(g)

)

The A

ctpr

ovid

es fo

rci

vil r

emed

ies b

yw

ay o

f int

erdi

ct,

dam

ages

,ac

coun

ts an

dot

herw

ise a

s may

be c

onfe

rred

by la

w fo

r the

infri

ngem

ent.

(S. 4

0-46

)

Infr

inge

men

t is

puni

shab

le u

nder

ci

vil l

aw.

(Art.

60)

The

copy

right

owne

r sha

ll be

entit

led

to re

ques

tin

a c

laim

all

the

right

s rel

atin

gto

fina

ncia

lco

mpe

nsat

ion

and

such

com

pens

atio

nsh

all i

nclu

de lo

ssof

ear

ning

s and

prej

udic

e to

the

repu

tatio

n of

the

copy

right

ow

ner.

(S.6

5)

The A

ct p

rovi

des

for c

ivil

rem

edie

sto

the

owne

rin

clud

ing

paym

ent f

orda

mag

es su

ffere

dan

d ex

pens

esca

used

any

infri

ngem

ent

incl

udin

g le

gal

costs

.(S

. 51;

52)

The A

ct p

rovi

des

for a

vaila

bilit

y of

all s

uch

relie

f by

way

of d

amag

es,

inju

ctio

ns,

acco

unts,

or

othe

rwise

topl

aint

iff a

s is

avai

labl

e in

all

othe

r pro

perty

right

s. Su

chin

junc

tion

excl

udes

destr

uctio

n of

build

ings

(S. 2

5- 2

6)

The A

ct p

rovi

des

for a

vaila

bilit

yto

pla

intif

f of a

llsu

ch re

med

ies b

yw

ay o

f int

erdi

ct,

atta

chm

ent,

the

rend

erin

gof

acc

ount

,th

e de

liver

y of

infri

ngin

g co

pies

or a

rticl

es u

sed

or in

tend

ed to

be

used

for m

akin

gin

fring

ing

copi

es(S

. 52-

56)

Res

titut

ion

and

forf

eitu

reTh

e ob

ject

whi

chw

as m

ade

invi

olat

ion

of th

eA

ct a

nd a

nyre

ceip

ts o

f the

pers

on v

iola

ting

it an

d re

sulti

ngfr

om su

chvi

olat

ions

shal

lbe

forf

eite

d by

the

stat

e an

ddi

spos

ed a

s it

sees

fit.

Cou

rt M

ayor

der p

aym

ent

of e

xem

plar

yda

mag

es.

(S. 3

6)

Cou

rt sh

all

whe

neve

r thi

s is

ade

quat

e to

cre

ate

an

effe

ctiv

e de

terr

ent

to fu

rther

in

frin

gem

ent

orde

r sei

zure

, fo

rfei

ture

or

disp

osal

of

the

infr

ingi

ng

good

s and

any

m

ater

ials

use

d in

com

mis

sion

of

the

offe

nce

(S.1

6.9)

All

infri

ngin

gco

pies

of a

nyw

ork

in w

hich

copy

right

subs

ists a

nd a

llpl

ates

use

d or

inte

nded

for u

sein

infri

ngem

ent

shal

l be

deem

edpr

oper

ty o

fth

e ow

ner o

fco

pyrig

ht.

(s. 4

0 - 4

6)

Cour

t may

ado

ptpr

ecau

tiona

rym

easu

res t

opu

t an

end

toin

fring

emen

t.Th

e co

pies

of

wor

k co

nfisc

ated

shal

l rem

ain

the

prop

erty

of t

hepa

rty a

pply

ing

for c

onfis

catio

n.Pr

ovid

esfo

r fina

ncia

lre

stitu

tion.

(Art.

69-

71)

Cour

t may

also

orde

r the

del

iver

yof

such

mat

eria

lsto

the

owne

r of

copy

right

.(S

. 65

Whe

re in

fring

ing

copi

es e

xist,

cour

t may

ord

erde

struc

tion

orot

her r

easo

nabl

edi

spos

al o

fth

ose

copi

es a

ndth

eir p

acka

ging

outsi

de c

hann

els

of d

istrib

utio

nan

d in

a m

anne

rth

at a

void

s har

mto

the

right

sow

ner.

(S. 5

2)

Whe

re a

per

son

is ch

arge

d w

ithan

offe

nce,

and

whe

ther

conv

icte

d or

not,

the

cour

tm

ay o

rder

that

any

artic

le in

his p

osse

ssio

nw

hich

app

ears

tobe

an

infri

ngin

gco

py, o

r int

ende

dfo

r mak

ing

infri

ngin

g co

pies

be d

estro

yed

or d

eliv

ered

to o

wne

r of

copy

right

or d

ealt

with

as c

ourt

may

see

fit.

(S. 2

5.4)

The

owne

r of

copy

right

shal

lbe

ent

itled

to a

llre

med

ies a

ndrig

hts i

n re

spec

tof

infri

ngin

gco

pies

and

any

artic

le d

esig

ned

for m

akin

gin

fring

ing

copi

es(S

. 58)

Coun

trie

s/Pa

ram

eter

Leso

tho

Libe

riaKi

ngdo

m o

f Es

wat

ini

Moz

ambi

que

Suda

nGa

mbi

aZa

mbi

aZi

mba

bwe

Res

titut

ion

and

forf

eitu

re(..

.con

tinue

d)

Whe

ther

alle

ged

offe

nder

isco

nvic

ted

or n

ot,

cour

t will

ord

eral

l inf

ringi

ngco

pies

or p

late

sto

be

destr

oyed

or d

eliv

ered

up

to th

e ow

ner

of c

opyr

ight

or

disp

osed

of a

s the

cour

t may

see

fit.

(S. 4

0-46

)

The

equi

pmen

tan

d in

strum

ents

used

inin

fring

emen

tsh

all r

ever

t to

the

Stat

e.(A

rt. 7

0.3)

Des

truct

ion

ofin

fring

ing

copi

esis

perm

issib

leon

ly if

cer

tain

cond

ition

s are

met

.(A

rt. 6

8)

Cour

t may

ord

erth

e co

nfisc

atio

nan

d de

struc

tion

of a

ll in

fring

ing

copi

es, a

nd o

fm

ater

ials

devi

sed

or u

sed

in th

eco

mm

issio

n of

such

offe

nse.

(S.6

5)

The

Cou

rtm

ay a

lso o

rder

destr

uctio

n of

impl

emen

tsw

here

ther

e is

a da

nger

that

they

may

be

used

to c

omm

itor

con

tinue

toco

mm

it an

act

of

infri

ngem

ent.

(S. 5

2; 5

4)

The

Cou

rtm

ay a

lso o

rder

destr

uctio

n of

impl

emen

tsw

here

ther

e is

a da

nger

that

they

may

be

used

to c

omm

itor

con

tinue

toco

mm

it an

act

of

infri

ngem

ent.

(S.2

8(4)

)D

estru

ctio

n no

tav

aila

ble

for

build

ings

.

Inte

rdic

t is n

otav

aila

ble

inre

spec

t of t

heco

nstru

ctio

n of

abu

ildin

g.(S

. 56)

Spec

ial

Enfo

rcem

ent

Ther

e is

no

men

tion

of

a sp

ecia

l en

forc

emen

t te

am

Ther

e is

no

men

tion

of

a sp

ecia

l en

forc

emen

t te

am

Ther

e is

no

men

tion

of

a sp

ecia

l en

forc

emen

t te

am

Ther

e is

no

men

tion

of

a sp

ecia

l en

forc

emen

t

Men

tion

of

copy

right

in

spec

tors

for t

he

Cent

re(S

. 58)

Ther

e is

no

men

tion

of

a sp

ecia

l en

forc

emen

t te

am.

Prov

ides

for

appo

intm

ent o

f in

spec

tors

(S

. 110

B)

Disp

ute

Settl

emen

tTh

ere

is n

o m

entio

n of

dis

pute

se

ttlem

ent

guid

elin

es

Ther

e is

no

men

tion

of d

ispu

te

settl

emen

t gu

idel

ines

.

The A

ct p

rovi

des

for p

roce

edin

gs

befo

re re

gist

erin

g of

ficer

and

pow

er

of tr

ibun

al to

re

ctify

regi

ster

(S

.90-

93)

Settl

emen

t of

disp

utes

that

does

not

affe

ctin

alie

nabl

e rig

hts

may

be

subm

itted

for a

rbitr

atio

n,m

edia

tion

and

conc

iliat

ion,

as p

rovi

ded

by o

rdin

ary

legi

slat

ion.

(Art.

75)

Ther

e sh

all

be e

stab

lishe

d a

cour

t of

arbi

tratio

n an

d se

ttlem

ent o

f di

sput

es.

(S.7

0)

Thre

e st

ep

disp

ute

settl

emen

t pr

oced

ure

whi

ch

begi

ns w

ith

nego

tiatio

n.(S

. 88)

Disp

ute

settl

emen

tpr

oced

ures

prov

ided

for o

ndi

sput

es b

etw

een

Col

lect

ing

Soci

etie

s and

peop

le re

quiri

nglic

ense

s.(S

. 23)

No

proc

edur

esfo

r disp

utes

betw

een

copy

right

ow

ners

and

the

auth

ority

man

agin

gco

pyrig

ht.

Act

pro

vide

s fo

r app

eals

to

a T

ribun

al

esta

blis

hed

unde

r th

e Act

.(S

. 117

- 119

)

V. CoUntRY CoPYRiGHt & Related RiGHtslaWs CoMPaRison

V. CoUntRY CoPYRiGHt & Related RiGHtslaWs CoMPaRison

6160

Coun

trie

s/Pa

ram

eter

Leso

tho

Libe

riaKi

ngdo

m o

f Es

wat

ini

Moz

ambi

que

Suda

nGa

mbi

aZa

mbi

aZi

mba

bwe

Col

lect

ive

Adm

inist

ratio

nA

ct p

rovi

des f

ores

tabl

ishm

ent

of a

non

-pro

fitSo

ciet

y of

Aut

hors

and

Arti

sts a

ndou

tline

s its

role

in c

olle

ctiv

em

anag

emen

t(S

. 31)

Act

men

tions

Nat

iona

lC

olle

ctiv

eSo

ciet

y in

(S.

2(46

)) th

ough

ther

e ar

e no

prov

isio

nson

col

lect

ive

adm

inis

tratio

nm

entio

ned.

Act

esta

blish

es

Copy

right

and

N

eigh

bour

ing

Righ

ts So

ciet

y of

Sw

azila

nd (S

.78)

Copy

right

and

rela

ted

right

sow

ners

may

crea

te n

on-p

rofit

-m

akin

g so

ciet

ies

for c

olle

ctiv

em

anag

emen

t,pr

omot

ion

and

defe

nce

ofm

embe

r int

eres

tsan

d pr

omot

ion

ofcu

ltura

l goo

ds.

(Art.

74)

Ther

e sh

all

be e

stabl

shed

an e

ntity

for

the

colle

ctiv

em

anag

emen

t of

copy

right

and

neig

hbou

ring

right

s.(S

.42)

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2/20

04

oBseRVations and keY FindinGsFrom the comparative study it goes without saying that the International Regime has recognized the importance of copyright and related rights hence coming up with the conventions, treaties and agreements to set an international system for the implementation of copyright and related rights. Through the World Intellectual Property Organization economic studies on the contribution of creative industries to the national economy have been undertaken in Kenya, Tanzania and Malawi among the ARIPO member states as at May 2016.

However, only Ghana did a study on the contribution of music to its national economy with the support of the Government of Ghana and the World Bank. The fourteenmemberstates have recognized the importance of copyright and related rights and have put in place copyright laws to regulate the system in their respective countries.

Some of the observations made include:1. Uganda and Sierra Leone are not party to the Berne

Convention. Ghana has ratified the internet treaties (WCT & WPPT) while Botswana has acceded, Kenya has signed WCT & WPPT while the rest of the countries are not party to the treaties.

2. Rwanda and Liberia have provisions in its national law for visually impaired persons on free reproduction of the work for visually impaired persons though they did not sign, ratify or accede to the treaty. Uganda has a provision in its copyright law on fair use that includes the transcribing work into braille or sign language for educational purposes for persons with disabilities.

3. Beijing Treaty has been signed by Ghana, Kenya, Namibia, Uganda and Sierra Leone and ratified by Botswana. Rwanda is not a party to the treaty.

4. All the 17 countries except for Sudan are party to TRIPs.5. Sierra Leone has an anomaly on duration of moral and

economic rights in its law. In S.21(2) it is stated that subject to subsection (2) moral and economic rights of an author shall exist for 50 years after his death. Subsection (2) states that, moral rights shall last in perpetuity. There may be a need to undertake an in-depth review of Sierra Leone‘s copyright law to assess possible contradictions

in provisions for duration of moral right and economic rights.

6. Ghana’s duration of protection is life of the author plus seventy (70) years after the author’s death the rest of the countries is life of the author plus fifty (50) years after the author’s death.

7. Registration procedures of copyrighted works are provided in all the countries.

8. Exceptions and limitations provisions are provided in the national laws but they need to be improved to accommodate new developments for example the exception of anti-circumventing Technological Protection Measure (TPM) for digital use in the case of Beijing Treaty for the protection of audio-visual performances and the Marrakesh Treaty.

9. Kenya, Kingdom of Eswatini and Zimbabwe has Anton pillar order while Ghana, Uganda and Rwanda have provisions that direct towards the Anton pillar order the rest of the countries need to include such a provision in their laws.

10. Civil and criminal remedies are provided in all the laws. Ghana, Kenya and Uganda penalty provisions use the words “not exceeding” a certain amount. This may be detrimental with time due to the economic situation in each country.

11. Liberia and Lesotho don’t have a dispute settlement mechanism.

12. All countries have provision on the collective administration of copyright.

13. Uganda has resale rights provision while the rest do not have. The resale right is important to be included in the laws so as to benefit the visual artist in a subsequent sale of their products.

14. Public lending rights needs to be incorporated to benefit authors and publishers.

15. Private copying levy (Blank tape levy) is provided in Ghana copyright legislations, Botswana has technical device levy and Malawi has levy on storage devices.

16. All the laws recognize the protection of folklore. Sierra Leone and Ghana provide that the rights vest in the President on behalf of the citizens and exist in perpetuity.

17. There is little data on the economic contribution of creative industries. Only Malawi, Kenya, Tanzania undertook the study incorporation with WIPO while Mozambique, (with the help of the United Nations

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Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD)) have undertaken a creative industries survey. The following provides a brief view on the findings of the Mozambique survey:• Results of the meetings with stakeholders and with

relevant government ministries. The need for institution building and capacity building

• The need to reinforce policy procedures and implement the policies through regulations and strategies.

• Results ofthesectorswithhighpotential for growth among the creative industries. A differentiation can be made among sectors that have a high development potential nationally or in terms of exports. Examples of these sectors are, but not limited to, the Visual arts, Design, Music etc.

• A Plan of Action proposed as a tool for the formulation of a comprehensive policy towards the enhancement of the creative economy in a long-term perspective. Budgetary constraints limited the Plan of Action but a strategy was laid out for: Reinforced institutional mechanisms and policy formulation for an enabling environment for creative. Industries; Developed publicity and visibility for programmein thecountry; Policy review on creativeindustries:identifiedkeyissues and policy recommendations; Strengthened capacities on trade and investment-related issues for policymakers and institutional stakeholders; and developed capacity of institutions and skilled artists in business management.

18. Uptake of international treaties is generally low in all countries under review though all have copyright and related rights laws.

19. The Zambian Act Amendment has provisions targeting infringements for computer programs and other emerging issues.

20. Little disparity was found in the provisions of the laws between member countries.

21. The countries reviewed have registration provisions though copyright exist upon creation.

ReCoMMendations The following recommendations are therefore made:1. Member States to ratify or accede and domesticate the

international instruments on copyright and related rights in their domestic laws for better and effective way of operation in the nation and the international arena.

2. Member States to be proactive by incorporating relevant provisions in the national legislations for the benefit of the right holders in observance of the international principles and norms on copyright and related rights.

3. Member States to review their laws to be in-line with the new developments on copyright and related rights.

4. Need to undertake an in-depth review of the reasons for the low uptake of international treaties by African countries.

ConClUsion This report presented findings of a desk research on member country copyright and related rights laws and International Instruments on copyright and related rights status. 18 countries of ARIPO Member States were reviewed excluding Somalia.

Member States are encouraged to ratify or accede to international treaties and conventions on copyright and related rights and domesticate in their national laws. Economic contribution of creative industries to be constantly undertaken and to explore the potential of value transference of copyrighted works for the benefit of the right holders by having good laws, administration, management, transparency, good governance and knowledgeable enforcement agencies on IP matters who are effective. Collaboration among all stakeholders will shape the IP landscape in Africa.

ReFeRenCes: Copyright and Neighboring/ Related Rights Laws of specific countries

Copyright and Related Rights International Instruments

Comparative Study on Copyright Laws of ARIPO Member States and their adherence to International Instruments on copyright and related rights Vol 1 and 2. (2016 and 2017)

CIA The World Fact book https://www.cia.gov/library/

publications/the-world-factbook/

Dr. Samia Satti Osman Mohamed Nour “The Economic Importance and Impacts of Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) in Sudan” (January 30, 2013), UNU-MERIT Working Papers

Hassoum Ceesay, Copyrights and music royalty collection in The Gambia, http://musicinafrica.net/copyrights-and-music- royalty-collection-gambia (Sep 09, 2015 Accessed 7 July 2016)

Lewallen and Courtright. Blindness in Africa: present situation and future needs. Br J Ophthalmol. 2001 Aug; 85(8):897-903 http://www.wipo.int/copyright/en/ performance/#size

Survey on the Status of Collective Management Organizations in ARIPO Member States, Vol. 1

World Health Organization

http://www.aho.afro.who.int/profiles_information/index. php/Liberia:Analytical_summary_-_Non-communicable_ diseases_and_conditions

WIPO Intellectual Property Handbook: Policy, Law and Use WIPO 2004

Second Edition

WIPO website

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6766

ARIPO Office11 Natal Road, BelgraviaP.O. Box 4228, Harare, Zimbabwe

Tel: (+263) (242) 794054/65/66/68Mobile: (+263) (0) 731 559 987, 731 020 609Fax: (+263) (242) 794072/3

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