The First Century of Settlement in the Colonial North Cartier and Champlain —oft-sought Northwest...
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Transcript of The First Century of Settlement in the Colonial North Cartier and Champlain —oft-sought Northwest...
The First Century of Settlement in the Colonial North
Cartier and Champlain—oft-sought Northwest Passage, Port Royal in Acadia (Nova Scotia), Quebec, New France
Cartier meets the natives on the St.
Lawrence, a major gateway to
the interior of North America.
Samuel de Champlain and followers looking for furs and passage to Pacific.
“Hey, this’d be a good place for Quebec.”
“Sit down and shut up! You’re rocking the boat.”
The Jesuits—Counterreformation
targets Huguenots and Indian converts;
Coureurs du bois (most successful)
Saint Ignatius Loyola, founder of Jesuits.
Louis XIII and Cardinal Richelieu (Louis’s head of government) began work to make New France a “proper” colony, not just an
outpost, but the French never took to wholesale colonization.
Coureurs du bois, “runners in the woods,” working the fur trade amongst the Native Americans.
Jesuit missionary, willing to sell his life to convert the Indians.
The Founding of New England
Presbyterians and Congregationalists—both Puritan: difference?
Predestination
Puritan calls for reform—Church of England includes all, Puritans include only godly; Separatistsare Congregationalists who just want to be left alone
Some were always going to Hell from the day they
were born, but how do you know who’s who?
And is it me?
John Calvin
Early difficulties for the Pilgrims— you
name it, they did it wrong, including landing
in wrong place
Mayflower Compact
--governor, assistants,
elections
William Bradford,
whose wife jumped
ship.
Mayflower and “Plimouth” colony recreations.
The men sign Mayflower Compact—along with Virginia’s House of
Burgesses, the beginnings of the self-government tradition. An estimated 35
million are direct descendants.
New England Communities
Establishing the Massachusetts Bay Colony’s
government—able, professional leadership with
governor, assistants, freemen, General Court
(legislature and judicial court)
The “Great Migration” of Puritans—
much better planned than Pilgrims—how?
Long-lived New Englanders—Puritans “invented” the idea of grandparents
Patterns of Settlement—everyone
owns a patch, but no commercial
agriculture so no slaves—tough to get rich
Hierarchy in village settlement—inequality based on “town fathers,” but women much more literate than in Europe due to Bible study
Nurse homestead in Salem village. In homes like this 20 % of men lived to 80.
John Winthrop,
first governor of
Massachusetts Bay Colony
Church Membership—must experience a convincing “spiritual rebirth”: communion, baptism
Separation of Church and State—intertwined, but better than Europe: ministers not office holders, no church property
Punishments—stocks and pillory for civil and religious wrongs
Conflict over religious differences—Hooker, New Haven (more liberal/less liberal)
Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson—Williams: purchase land from Indians; Hutchinson: outward doesn’t indicate inward
Quakers of New England
—“Light Within”; no need for clergy
Legal Barriers for Women
—Rights? You have no
stinking rights
Anne Hutchinson and Roger
Williams, two dissenters
exiled from Massachusetts
Bay.
Man in a pillory—discomfort and humiliation.
Quakers being led to execution, a
rarer but sometimes-
used punishment.
Witchcraft
*Bewitched by Salem Village
"Oh Lord, help me! It is false. I am clear. For my life now lies in your hands.…”—Rebecca
Nurse
What It Was Like
Similarities between Puritans and Indians—more
alike in lifestyle/leadership than cared to admit War—English played tribes against each other; tribes
seldom allied—e.g.—King Philip’s War could have been a near thing
Effects of Old World diseases on Indians—European microbes a virtual genocide
End of ReadingMetacomet or King
Philip. His head was put on display for twenty-five years
after his death at the end of the war.
The Mid-Atlantic ColoniesEthnic and religious diversity (+/-) in New Amsterdam—poor leadership and support, almost begging for takeover; Duke of York
James, Duke of York, was given a proprietary charter over what was New Netherlands by his brother Charles II. The Dutch surrendered their colony without firing a shot.
A slave auction in the streets of New
Amsterdam, which was on the
southern tip of Manhattan.
The Indian trade—fur trade part of Indian
power play / anti-French alliance
Iroquois women—matrilineal kinship / shared
authority in united League of the Iroquois—why?
Quaker beliefs—odd?: women get public roles,
severe dress, no signs of respect, oaths, or war
(Penn)(sylvania) established—good for
Quakers, good for quintrents; (Deustch)
Quakers and Indians—Lenni Lenapes or “true men” got true dealings
Penn’s compromises—discontent:
Charter of Privileges alters ideals;
Penn’s end: defrauded and disillusioned
Penn pens agreements with the Lenni Lenapes, purchases land, bans sale of
alcohol: “And we’ll sweeten the deal with all the Quaker Oats you can eat.”
William Penn as young and older man. Perhaps a debt owed his
father by Charles II earned him control of Pennsylvania Colony,
or Charles just wanted to ship out the Quakers.
Adjustments to Empire
Control over the colonies tightened—Lords of Trade and Plantations to oversee uncontrolled colonial freedoms, consolidate colonial governments
Dominion of New England—Sir Edmund Andros (unpopular) strips colonists of rights and privileges, Glorious Revolution, William and Mary
The Dominion overthrown—representative assemblies allowed again but then Leisler’s rebellion, execution
*Leisler's rule was short-lived. A new governor was dispatched by William III in 1691. Leisler was convicted of treason by English jury and sentenced to be executed.
In May 1691, Leisler and an associate were taken to the public square, which today is City Hall Park in New York City. There, before a hymn-singing crowd, they uttered their final remarks and were hanged. The bodies were taken down – the associate semiconscious – and their heads were hacked off by the executioner's axe. Supporters removed pieces of hair and clothing from the corpses as mementos, while the opponents had Leisler's heart cut out and held aloft. The heads were sewn back on the bodies and they were buried.
Mary and husband William (Dutch Duke of Orange) replace her father
James II (Catholic and anti-parliamentarian).
Closer regulation of trade—Board of Trade replaces Lords of Trade—strict measures lessen smuggling, increase trade via England
The limits of royal power—3,000 mile distance perpetuated independent spirit; period of “salutary neglect”