The experience from Stockholm city road tax Christer Johansson Lars Burman Tage Jonson Bertil...
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Transcript of The experience from Stockholm city road tax Christer Johansson Lars Burman Tage Jonson Bertil...
The experience from Stockholm city road tax
Christer JohanssonLars Burman
Tage Jonson
Bertil ForsbergUmeå university
www.stockholmsforsoket.se
Exceedances of the PM10 limit valueCity of Stockholm
0 5 10 Kilometer 2004-03-01
Miljöavgifternas effekt på halten PM10 år 2005
Kartan visar vägar där PM10-halten beräknasöverskrida miljö-kvalitetsnormen för det 36:e värstadygnet år 2005om miljöavgifter införs.
>50 µg/m3 , haltenöverskrider miljö-kvalitetsnormen
0 1 2 Kilometer 2004-03-01
Miljöavgifternas effekt på halten PM10 år 2005
Kartan visar vägar där PM10-halten beräknasöverskrida miljö-kvalitetsnormen för det 36:e värstadygnet år 2005om miljöavgifter införs.
>50 µg/m3 , haltenöverskrider miljö-kvalitetsnormen
PM10: Stockholm has highest levels in Europe?!
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LONDON
LONDON
LONDON
HELSINKI
GLASGOW
CHARLEROI
LONDON
MÏNCHEN
MÏNCHEN
ZÜRICH
BREMEN
MÏNCHEN
MÏNCHEN
MÏNCHEN
PRAHA
LONDON
DARMSTADT
BERLIN
ZÜRICH
PRAHA
BERLIN
MADRID
MADRID
ROSLAGSVÄGEN
BERLIN
MADRID
E4 SOLLENTUNA
MADRID
BRATISLAVA
LISBOA
VALHALLAVÄGEN
PRAHA
PRAHA
PRAHA
PRAHA
MADRID
NORRLANDSG
PESCARA
ESSINGELEDEN
MADRID
SVEAVÄGEN
HORNSGATAN
UG/M3
PM10 90-percentil
AirBase:>700 sites19 countriesCAFE-PM, 2003
Stockholm trial goals
• Number of vehicle passages to the inner city should decrease by 10%-15% (morning and evening rush hours)
• Traffic flows should improve
• People residing or staying in the inner city should experience improved environment
• Emissions of NOx, CO2 and PM should be reduced
Tax for driving in the inner city area
2 km10
Toll stations
TAXES
Evaluation steps
Traffic change & emissions
Air quality
Environment quality standards 2006
Exposure & health effects
Long term exposure if the trial is permanented
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Meteorology
Air quality
Calculations
Measurements
Substantial decline in traffic
-22 % = -100 000 passages
Inner city:15 % less total vehicle kms
Goal was achieved!
Increased traffic onhighway connecting north – south & tunnel connecting east – west
Mean diurnal cycle in traffic flowwith and without tax
Results – Emissions
Decrease in city centre 2006:
tonnes/
year%
Nitrogen oxides, NOx 45 -8,5
Carbon monoxide, CO 670 -14
Particles, PM10 total 21 -13
” wear particles 19 -13
” exhaust particles 1,8 -12
Hydrocarbons, VOC 110 -14
” benzene 3,4 -14
Carbon dioxide, CO2 38 000 -13
ZoneTidsperiod Pb Llb Tlb Buss Totalt
06-09 -19,1 -17,4 -4,5 34,8 -17,409-15 -18,9 -12,3 -8,8 17,3 -16,915-18 -18,8 -19,3 -6,9 21,3 -17,818-06 -10,9 -13,5 -10,7 7,1 -10,700-24 -16,5 -15,0 -7,8 18,4 -15,5
Skillnad i %
Goal was achieved!
Better air quality – particles, PM10
ca 0,5 % increase
Street level, city centre 4-8 % decrease
Roof level, city centre ca 2 % decrease
Better air quality – exhaust particles
Street level, city centre 5-10 % decrease
Roof level, city centre 5-6 % decrease
ca 1 % increase
Better air quality – nitrogen oxides, NOx
Street level, city centre 5-10 % decrease
ca 1 % increase
Roof level, city centre ca 6 % decrease
Limit values for PM10 and NO2?
0 5 10 Kilometer 2004-03-01
Miljöavgifternas effekt på halten PM10 år 2005
Kartan visar vägar där PM10-halten beräknasöverskrida miljö-kvalitetsnormen för det 36:e värstadygnet år 2005om miljöavgifter införs.
>50 µg/m3 , haltenöverskrider miljö-kvalitetsnormen
0 1 2 Kilometer 2004-03-01
Miljöavgifternas effekt på halten PM10 år 2005
Kartan visar vägar där PM10-halten beräknasöverskrida miljö-kvalitetsnormen för det 36:e värstadygnet år 2005om miljöavgifter införs.
>50 µg/m3 , haltenöverskrider miljö-kvalitetsnormen
PM10
Comparison w EU-directive
STILL EXCEEDED
NO2
Comparison w EU-directive
STILL EXCEEDED
Exposure calculations
• Living address, 2003»Daytime pop have minor impact on
mortality effects
• 100 meter resolution (35x35 km area)
• As if permanent system
• Long term exposure - mortality
Small changes in population meanconcentrations
Expected health effects
• Exposure- response relations
• Consistent ER factors for mortality:– Holland, New Zeeland, France:
12%, 13%, 14 % increase per 10 ug/m3 NO2
– Norway (Oslo)8 % increased mortality per 10 ug/m3 NOx
ACS
Long term mortality effects if Stockholm trials are permanented
• Reduced exposure based on population weighted decrease of NOx concentrations– Decrease of 0,23 ug/m3
– Expected to give 25 – 30 fewer premature deaths per year
Cost benefit surplus
• Cost: SEK 2.6 billion
• Annual surplus: SEK 760 million• Shorter travel times (SEK 600 mill)• Increased road safety (SEK 125 mill)• Health & Environment (SEK 90 mill)• Revenues (SEK 550 mill)
• 4 years payback time
Measurements– NO2– NOx– PM10
• Meteorol.
• Traffic• Other
– Studs – Road wetness
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Not possible to measure impact of congestion charge on air quality
Lower PM10 due to meteorology
PM10 levels2003, 2004, 2005, 2006
NOx levels 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006
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Timme ("1" betyder kl. 00 - 01)
Hal
t (µ
g/m
3)
20062005
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Timme ("1" betyder kl. 00 - 01)
Hal
t (µ
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20062005
NOx NOx
Measured local street contributionsSVEAVÄGENHORNSGATAN
Extra dieselbuses
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Timme ("1" betyder kl. 00 - 01)
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20052006
Trafik, Hornsgatan
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20052006
Trafik, SveavägenTRAFIK TRAFIK
Big impact of congestion taxCompare with other measures
• Reducing studded tires from 70% to 60%– would give similar reduction in PM10 as congestion
tax– But: Congestion tax also reduces ultrafine exhaust
particles
• Increased petrol tax not as effective– Congestion tax reduces levels where most people are
being exposed
• New western/eastern link – Similar reductions in exposure
Other measures• Parking: higher fees/taxes/restrictions
• Possibly similar effects as congestion charge
• Environmental zone• Mainly exhaust emissions• PM10 still a problem
• Dust binding (spring)• Local and short effect on high levels• High PM10 lowered
• Studded tire restrictions• No effect on exhaust particles• PM10 could be met…
Conclusions
• Large traffic reduction
• Lower emissions
• Small effect on concentrations
• Expect big effect on health
• Cost-effective measure