The European Scientific The European Scientific Revolution in Global Revolution in Global

PerspectivePerspectiveReadings: Readings:

http://faculty.fullerton.edu/nfitch/historyhttp://faculty.fullerton.edu/nfitch/history110b/scitech.html110b/scitech.html

Spodek, p. 479Spodek, p. 479

ChinaChina

European ScienceEuropean Science

Was related to the Was related to the GreeksGreeks

Much of it was Much of it was preserved in preserved in Alexandria by people Alexandria by people from the Middle Eastfrom the Middle East

Euclid –worked on Euclid –worked on geometrygeometry

European Science (continued)European Science (continued)

Ptolemy worked in Ptolemy worked in AstronomyAstronomy

He was heavily He was heavily influenced by Babylonian influenced by Babylonian AstronomyAstronomy

Galen worked in Galen worked in Medicine.Medicine.

All incorporation of All incorporation of Mesopotamian sources Mesopotamian sources into Greek sourcesinto Greek sources

Middle AgesMiddle Ages

Science of Ancient World was preserved by Science of Ancient World was preserved by Islamic ScholarsIslamic Scholars

Islamic Societies are known as the great Islamic Societies are known as the great SynthesizersSynthesizers

Decimal System was from IndiaDecimal System was from India

Paper came from China which meant math could Paper came from China which meant math could now be done on papernow be done on paper

Mathematics and ScienceMathematics and Science

Al-Khwarizmi was a Al-Khwarizmi was a central Asian central Asian mathematician and mathematician and philosopher.philosopher.

Trigonometry came Trigonometry came from Indiafrom India

Fibonacci studied Fibonacci studied Persian textsPersian texts

New InformationNew Information Copernicus’ model of Copernicus’ model of

lunar motion same as Ibn lunar motion same as Ibn al-Shatir (Damascus, al-Shatir (Damascus, 1375)1375)

Copernicus’ descriptions Copernicus’ descriptions of motions of other of motions of other planets same as two planets same as two people—Mu’ayyad al-Din people—Mu’ayyad al-Din al-’Urdi (Damascus, al-’Urdi (Damascus, 1266) and Nasir al-Din al-1266) and Nasir al-Din al-Tusi (Mongol, Central Tusi (Mongol, Central Asia 1274Asia 1274

What happened?What happened?

Europe began to see and think differently than Europe began to see and think differently than the rest of the worldthe rest of the world

Development of Perspective Drawing, which was Development of Perspective Drawing, which was critical for machine making.critical for machine making.

Brunelleschi was an Italian artist who studied Brunelleschi was an Italian artist who studied Arab science.Arab science.

Alberti, another Italian artist, in 1453 developed Alberti, another Italian artist, in 1453 developed math and geometry of linear perspective.math and geometry of linear perspective.

Leonardo Da VinciLeonardo Da Vinci

Think of him as an Think of him as an artist however he artist however he studied everything in studied everything in order to paint it.order to paint it.

He saw himself as He saw himself as more of an engineer more of an engineer than a painter.than a painter.

He used perspective He used perspective to draw machines.to draw machines.

Rise of Science in EuropeRise of Science in Europe

Brought sciences and artisans together in Brought sciences and artisans together in Royal-sponsored Scientific AcademiesRoyal-sponsored Scientific Academies

The rise of the “Public Sphere”The rise of the “Public Sphere”Ultimately led to application of science to Ultimately led to application of science to

technical problems.technical problems.New machines came to be and new New machines came to be and new

sources of power.sources of power.These new things lead to more advanced These new things lead to more advanced

weapons and other tools.weapons and other tools.

Scientific InventionsScientific Inventions

Advanced WeaponsAdvanced Weapons

What was the responseWhat was the response After Newton, science in Europe was not as linked to After Newton, science in Europe was not as linked to

religion as it once was.religion as it once was.

Islamic Societies had a hard time with the new science. Islamic Societies had a hard time with the new science. It was not consistent with the Qu’ran like Greek science. It was not consistent with the Qu’ran like Greek science. But, the idea of the sun at the center of the universe was But, the idea of the sun at the center of the universe was not a crisis as it was for Western Europenot a crisis as it was for Western Europe

Arab science lags behind western science into the 19Arab science lags behind western science into the 19thth century largely because of influence of conservative century largely because of influence of conservative ulamaulama, who believed God punishing Arabs for seeking , who believed God punishing Arabs for seeking the secrets of divine truth.the secrets of divine truth.

What was the What was the response in China?response in China?

Jesuits like Ricci tried to Jesuits like Ricci tried to impress the Chinese with impress the Chinese with mechanical toys, mechanical toys, European science, and European science, and clocksclocks

Chinese were not Chinese were not interested in western interested in western science or technology. science or technology. They did not see the point They did not see the point to it –though they let to it –though they let Jesuits run their Jesuits run their observatories because of observatories because of the accuracy of their the accuracy of their astronomical predictionsastronomical predictions

KaozhengKaozheng

New Chinese intellectual movement of the New Chinese intellectual movement of the Qing DynastyQing Dynasty ““Seek truth from facts”Seek truth from facts”Precision, accuracy, and rigorous analysis to Precision, accuracy, and rigorous analysis to

understand any problemunderstand any problemRevival of ancient Chinese mathematical textsRevival of ancient Chinese mathematical texts

Partly to show that Western science derived from Partly to show that Western science derived from traditional Chinese mathematicstraditional Chinese mathematics

Japan’s ResponseJapan’s Response

““Eastern Ethics and Western Science”Eastern Ethics and Western Science”

Allowed Dutch one trading port—imported many Allowed Dutch one trading port—imported many European books, especially science, medicine, European books, especially science, medicine, and mathematicsand mathematics

They recognized the significance of western They recognized the significance of western science and technology, but understood it in the science and technology, but understood it in the context of a Confucian culturecontext of a Confucian culture