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The Enlightenment
Transition from the Scientific Scientific RevolutionRevolution to new ideas in
Philosophy, Art, Economics,& Government
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Effects of the Scientific RevolutionDuring the Scientific Revolution,
people began to believe that the scientific method allowed them to find answers to their questions
As a result, new ideas began in areas outside of science: Especially criticizing absolute
monarchy and thinking of new ideas about government
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What is the Enlightenment?The intellectuals of the Enlightenment
(called Philosophes)Philosophes) believed:
–The universe could be understood through reasonreason
–Everything in nature could be explained by natural lawsnatural laws—universal truths found through observation (Religion is not necessary to understand the world)
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What is the Enlightenment?
–The belief in progressprogress—the world can be improved upon & perfected
–People have natural rightsnatural rights—personal freedoms that allow people to enjoy libertyliberty (no restrictions on speech, religion, or the economy)
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Political Thinkers of the Enlightenment
Hobbes, Locke, Jefferson,
Montesquieu, Rousseau, Voltaire
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Thomas HobbesPeople cannot be trusted. Kings
should rule!
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Thomas HobbesHobbes believed humans are
naturally violent & disorderly; citizens need kings to protect them from themselves (like a father protects his children)
Hobbes believed that people form a social contract with the king & agree to give up their freedoms in exchange for the king’s protection
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John Locke
People are good! They have rights & should overthrow
the gov’t when kings abuse their power
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John LockeLocke believed that all people
have natural rights (rights to life, liberty, & ownership of property)
He added to Hobbes’ Social Contract Theory saying that people can break the “contract” when a king become corrupt
The best government has limited powers & listens to the people
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Who’s ideas are right?
HobbesHobbesPeople are
selfish, self-serving, & brutal
Without government control, society would be chaotic
LockeLockePeople are
reasonable & able to make decisions
People should be able to rule themselves
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Voltaire
Don’t be a hater! People should be
allowed to say anything they want, even if
you don’t like it
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VoltaireVoltaire demanded that kings
offer their people freedoms of thought, speech, & religion
He fought against prejudice & pushed for the French king to be more tolerant
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Questions for discussion:Voltaire said:Voltaire said:
““I may disapprove of what I may disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to you say, but I will defend to
the death your right to say it.”the death your right to say it.” What does this statement What does this statement
indicate about Voltaire’s views indicate about Voltaire’s views on free speech? on free speech?
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Baron de Montesquieu
Giving one person all the power is a bad
idea.
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Baron de MontesquieuMontesquieu wanted separation
of powers & checks and balances to keep kings from gaining too much power in the government:
–Legislative branch makes laws
–Executive branch enforces laws
–Judicial branch interprets laws
Like Parliament or Congress
Like a king or president
Like a court system
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Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Let’s make a government that
benefits the majority of people
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Jean-Jacques RousseauBelieved people are naturally
good, but power corrupts themThe best form of government is
a direct democracydirect democracy that promotes the common goodcommon good of the majority
People give up some of their individual rights to be ruled by the general willgeneral will of the majority
What the majority wants, the majority gets
Like their choice if they disagree with the majority opinion
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Enlightened DespotsSome absolute monarchs
(despots) throughout Europe were influenced by Enlightenment ideas & became known as Enlightened DespotsEnlightened Despots
These monarchs ruled by trying to do what is best for citizens:–They favored religious
tolerance, economic reforms, give more people legal rights
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Frederick the Great of PrussiaRuler of Prussia, granted many
religious freedomsReduced censorshipImproved education
& justice systemAbolished tortureThought he was
“the 1st servant of the state”
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Catherine the Great of RussiaTried to modernize
& reform Russia according to the writings of the philosophes
Tried to free serfs, stop torture & death penalty (she failed but tried!)
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How did Enlightenment writers How did Enlightenment writers and thinkers set the stage for and thinkers set the stage for revolutionary movements?revolutionary movements?
Philosophes encouraged people to judge for themselves what they thought was right or wrong
People began to rely on reason to solve their social problems
These ideas led to violent revolutions in America & France to overthrow “corrupt kings”
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Thomas JeffersonJefferson wrote the Declaration of
Independence (1776) & based it heavily on John Locke’s ideas
The Declaration explained the reasons for the American Revolution & the that the US gov’t would be based on human liberty & democracy
The American Revolution & Declaration of Independence inspired people around the world t overthrow
their gov’t & form democracy
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Think about each of the following Enlightenment philosophes & identify one way each of them would try to improve some aspect of NGHS
–Thomas HobbesThomas Hobbes
–John LockeJohn Locke
–VoltaireVoltaire
–MontesquieuMontesquieu
–RousseauRousseau