Balance of Power;

Scientific Revolution,

Enlightenment

McCluskey Global Studies

Friday, January 20th 2012

• FINAL organizer check of the year! (10pts)• GS 10: Turn in annotated bibliographies redux w/

revised topic and pledge• NOTES: Absolutism, cont: Tudors and

Hohenzollerns• BRAINSTORM/NOTES: Balance vs. Hegemony;

Balance of power in Europe• IF TIME: Scientific Revn. Intro• HW: Last current events review!

Monday, January 23rd2012

• Turn in final current events article review• Current Events discussion/state of the world

check• HEADS UP: Daily Grade/Next year rec’s on Wed.• NOTES: Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment• 10 pt daily: “Match the quote to the philosophe”• Begin exam review• HW: LOOK OVER EXAM REVIEW, come in with

TWO QUESTIONS!!!!

Balance of Power

Earlier upsets to European Balance of Power:

• Catholicism rules the Western World

• Martin Luther (1517- 95 theses)

• Peace of Augsburg – 1555

• Bourbons and Hapsburgs rule the Continent

• Louis XIV (1643-1715) has grandson who will inherit Spain

• Peace of Utrecht (1713) after the War of Spanish Succession- Spain and France forever divided

1600’s: The PlayersHUGE DYNASTIES:• Hapsburgs (Spanish, Austrian)• Bourbons• TudorsPortugalNetherlands (“the Dutch”)Sweden Catholic ChurchAND…..Hohenzollerns

Where Would you guess the “Powder Keg” of Conflict would come

from?

Holy Roman Empire• By 1600:

o Peace of Augsburg = German Princes can choose between Lutheranism and Catholicism

o Emperor chosen by ELECTORS – 7 head German Princeso Electors always choose a Hapsburg (Catholic!)

Imbalance = Calvanism, Hapsburg

power• Hapsburgs try to force

Catholicism

Regain balance = 30 Years War (1618-1648)

Side One Side Two• Catholic German

Princes• Austrian Hapsburgs• Spanish Hapsburgs

• Protestant German Princes

• Sweden• Denmark• Dutch• FRANCE!!!!!

(CARDINAL Richilieu!!!)

Peace of Westphalia - 1648

• Hapsburgs: Keep Austria, Hungary, Bohemia, BUT LOSE POWER OVERALL

• “Housekeeping” – Dutch Netherlands, Switzerland, Sweden gains land

• 300 Independent German States recognized• Calvanism added to protected religions (not all!)

30 –years war (1618-1648)

Europe After Peace of Westphalia: 1648

BUT….potential upsetNew Kid on the Block: PRUSSIA

HohenzollernsOUTSTANDING MONARCHS:*• Frederick William (1640-1688)- “The Great

Elector”

Power:• OTHERS:

o HUGE army (4th largest in Europe)o Drafto Junkers = officers

Frederick William I, cont.

• ECON: o Got right to impose taxes from Junkers

(noble landlords)for armyo Avoided warso Tight-fisted!!!!!o Recruited settlers

• LOYALTYo Junkers don’t have to pay taxes, become

officers, bureaucratso They can do anything they want to serfs

Next Issue: Hapsburgs vs. Hohenzollerns

• Already losing power, now Charles VI has no heir- just Maria Theresa

• Persuades German princes to sign the Pragmatic Sanction to keep power

• MARIA TERESA: o Legitimacy: her son, Joseph IIo Loyalty: Hungarian nobles get rights protected

New Hohenzollern:

Frederick The Great (1712-1786)• Prussia has big army, economy now• Frederick II (the Great) seizes Silesia (Iron, textile

industry) • Refuses to accept Pragmatic Sanction

WAR OF AUSTRIAN SUCCESSION (1740-

1748)

PrussiaFranceSpain

HungaryGreat BritainDutch

RESULT: ANTE BELLUM STATUES QUO….except Prussia keeps Silesia!!!

Scientific Revolution (1500-1800)

What did you used to believe when you were little?

Why did you believe it?

Medieval Thinking on Science:

God knows best, and so He should - since He created everything. Where practical knowledge is required, there are ancient authorities whose conclusions are accepted without question - Ptolemy in the field of astronomy, Galen on matters anatomical.

• Scholasticism (High Middle Ages): use logic to deeper your understanding of what you already know to be true…. (McCluskey definition)

Church authority on bodies:

• Bodies are sacred- cannot be defiled through dissection

• Mental illness = realm of religion, demons• Some things are just for God to know, not us

Classical Authority on Medicine: Galen

• Humors: differences in human moods come as a consequence of imbalances in one of the four bodily fluids: blood, yellow bile, black bile, and phlegm.

Rx = bloodletting!

Galen, cont:• Classical authority on anatomy:

o Dissected pigs, believed humans the sameo Believed blood flowed to and from heart in “ebb and flow” motion

Scientific Revolution: What’s so“Revolutionary”???

Revolution = William Harvey

• Harvey discovers blood is pumped through body by heart

Revolution anatomy = Vesalius

Astronomy: Medieval authority: Bible, church, Ptolemy

• God made the Heaven and the Earth • God made everything “good”• Man messed up the earth, but not the heavens,

therefore heavens are perfect: planets are perfect, ellipses are perfect circles

• Ptolemy =

Ancient Authority: Ptolemy = geocentric universe

Ancient Authority: Aristotle

Celestial Realm is unchanging

Smart guyGot a lot rightGot a lot wrong

Ptolemaic universe

Revolution•Question, observe, test, hypothesize, prove with MATH

Tycho Brahe• Start looking at stars, questioning Ptolemy,

Aristotle

• Heavens move!

Copernicus (1473-1543)

• Heliocentric Universe- planets move in perfect circles

Johannes Kepler (1571-1630)

• Planets move around sun in elliptical (not perfect circles!!!) orbits

• Used math to prove

Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)

• Telescope• Proves through observation what Kepler proved

through math• Heavenly bodies not perfect!!!!• Put on trial, recanted, didn’t mean it

Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727) Universe

is governed by NATURAL LAWS that can be proven by math

Sir Isaac Newton (1643-1727)

NATURAL LAWS GOVERN THE UNIVERSE

3 Laws of Motion: 1. First law: The velocity of a body remains constant unless the body is acted upon by an external force 2. Second law: The acceleration a of a body is parallel and directly proportional to the net force F and inversely proportional to the mass m, i.e., F = ma. 3. Third law: The mutual forces of action and reaction between two bodies are equal, opposite and collinear.

So…what does this have to do with the

Enlightenment???

The Enlightenment(1650-1800??)

• Use the Scientific Method to apply to everything!

oReligionoHuman NatureoEconomicsoGovernment

Newton’s “Natural Laws”….

• …can be applied to lots of things:oHuman natureoGovernmentoEconomicsoreligion

Who?• Upper class, BourgeoisieoPhilosophes met in salons to discuss

and talk and talk and talk….or write letters to each other…

oFrance, Germany, England, Austria….

oOften, lots of talk, little actionoOften, some hypocrisy….

Enlightenment Activity:

In pairs, spend 10 minutes fully reading the handout of quotes from famous Enlightenment thinkers, and be able to

A) Match the quote to the thinkerB) Explain WHY you chose the way you didC) Explain what’s so “Enlightened” about the

content

• Share with class, discuss

To Know:• Hobbes vs. Locke: who had greater

influence? Different Beliefs• Main beliefs/contributions of oMontesquieuoRousseauoDiderotoAdam Smith oVoltaire

EXAM ADVICE1. Map out a PLAN right now for studying

1. Spend 15 minutes going over each class’s material, then estimate how much time you’ll need to study for each

2. Get out a CALENDAR and “budget” that time. Include1. DATE of each exam2. 30-min to 2-hour increments of study time for

each subject, as needed3. Scheduled BREAKS (NOT computer!) 4. Scheduled interruptions

3. Gather up all materials needed, have in one place

STUDYING:• Try a dry “run-through” before Wednesday.

Where are you panicking? Mark those areas. Pick biggest two = your questions

• Start at the beginning, with:o exam review sheet on one side, o notes on other. o Notepad for 2 essay questions

• See if you can “tell a story” that covers everything on the sheet, closed note, including DATES if it says “when”? o When you see a connection or a transition, say it out loudo When you see something you can incorporate to your essays, write it

down

• When you hit a problem…o STOPo Work it outo Go back to BEFORE it, then work it into the “big picture”

“Piano” and “Football” analogy!

Finally….• Teach your stuffed animals!!!!!!!• If you can’t explain it to someone, you don’t know

it• Write it down (visual)• Say it aloud (auditory)• Walk around (kinesthetic)

The Night Before/Morning Of

• You should be able to “walk through” the entire exam review sheet barely looking at it• You should have an outline of

your essays that you can SAY ALOUD without looking at it

During Exam• May want to write down your essay outlines first

thing (fresh in mind, may serve as good review/”cheat sheet” for other questions!)

• Look over exam, budget your time• Read all directions thoroughly! Circle/star things• Get started-

o Multiple choice: Read ALL choices, think about FULL implications of answers

o Chronologies- put dates/basic time period to side if necessaryo Short Answers (3) – give ANY details possibleo ID-be as SPECIFIC as possible. WHAT it is and WHY it’s importanto Essays- show off! Include your outlines! Names! Dates! Connections!

Analysis!

GOOD LUCK- It’s been an honor and a pleasure