The Effects of Solar Variability on Technology: Objectives of … · 2009-05-20 · 2001 IEEE...
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2001 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Big Sky MT, March 10-17, 2001 1
The Effects of Solar Variability onTechnology: Objectives of NASA’sSpace Environment Testbed (SET)
Kenneth A. LaBel, Janet L. Barth, Cheryl J. Marshall -NASA GSFC
Dana Brewer - NASA HQBilly Kauffmann - NASA MSFC
Geoff Giffin - Superhighway SystemsPaul W. Marshall - Consultant
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2001 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Big Sky MT, March 10-17, 2001 2
Outline
• What is Living with a Star (LWS)?• What is SET?• Technology Goals of SET• SET Concept• SET Flight Experiment Carrier Concept• Flight Experiment Scenarios: Examples
– Instrument Flight Validation
• Comments and Conclusion
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What is LWS?
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The Sun & Earth Are a Connected System
Variable Star Earth
Interacting• Magnetic fields• Plasmas• Energetic particles
Interacting• Magnetic fields• Atmosphere• Plasma• Energetic particles
Varying
• Radiation• Solar wind• Energetic particles
Interacting
• Solar wind• Energetic particles
QUESTIONS:
• How and why does the Sun vary?
• How do the Earth and planets respond?
• What are the impacts on humanity?
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2001 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Big Sky MT, March 10-17, 2001 5
Scientific Understanding
EngineeringApplications Enabled
by LWS Science
Living With a Star (LWS):Science with Relevance
ApplicationsNear Earth
ApplicationsBeyond Earth
SET TechnologyDevelopment
SET TechnologyDevelopment
Implement LWSScience Missions &Theory & Modeling
Goal: Develop thescientificunderstanding toaddress theaspects of theConnected Sun-Earth system thataffect life andsociety
Implement SpaceEnvironment
Testbeds (SET)
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Defines environment in the absence of the spacecraft
Theory & Modeling
Yearly Research
Opportunities
Science Missions
Gathers basic science data to achieve understanding
Partners Solar Sentinels
Ionospheric MappersRadiation Mappers
Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO)
Sun Earth Connection (SEC) Science Theme
LWS Program
SEC Advisory Subcommittee (SECAS)
Defines environment
interaction with spacecraft
Partners
Space Environment
Testbeds(SET)
SET 3SET 2
SET 1
LWS Science Architecture Team (SAT)
SET Steering Committee
LWS Program Architecture
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What is SET?
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Living With a Star Space Environment Testbeds
• Collect data in space to validate the performance ofinstruments for LWS science missions & new spacetechnology
• Collect data in space to validate new & existing groundtest protocols for the effects of solar variability onemerging technologies & components
• Develop & validate engineering environment prediction& specification models, tools, & databases
• Improve the engineering approach to accommodateand/or mitigate the effects of solar variability onspacecraft design & operations
Scope
Approach
Objective
• Spacecraft hardware & design /operations tools whoseperformance changes with solar variability
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Justification for the SET: Changes in theSystem Design Environment
• Demise of environment hardened market• Commercial demand for electronics• Short mission development times• Smaller, lighter spacecraft• More demanding mission requirements• Desire to operate in more severe environments• Consequences
– Use of commercial off the shelf (COTS) components– Use of emerging technologies– Higher environment specifications
• Result– Risk avoidance à Risk management– Accommodations in Design Phase à Accommodations in Flight– Capability is eroded with environment accommodation overhead– Precludes use of some new technologies
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Technology Goals of SET
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2001 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Big Sky MT, March 10-17, 2001 11
Technology Goals of SET
• Ground test and performance predictionimprovement
• Reduced design margins
• Environment-tolerant technology and mitigationstrategy validation
• Operation in harsh solar-variant environmentssuch as MEO
• Other goals exist such as improved environmentprotection for astronauts
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Reliable Technologyfor
Space Systems
TechnologyDevelopment
GroundTest, Protocols,
and Models
On-orbitExperiments andModel Validation
Technology Triumvirate forInsertion Into Spaceflight
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GroundTest
FlightTest
Mixed particlespecies
Combinedenvironment
effectsOmnidirectional
environment
Broad energyspectrum
Actual particle rates
Single particlesources
Individualenvironment
effectsUnidirectionalenvironment
Monoenergeticspectrum
Acceleratedparticle rates
(Multiple tests withvarying sources)
Actual conditions Simulated conditionsHow accurate is the
ground test in predicting Space Performance?
SET Goal: Improved GroundRadiation Test Protocols
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2001 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Big Sky MT, March 10-17, 2001 14
EnvironmentalPrediction
SET Goal: Reduce Design Margins andUncertainty Factors
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SET Concept
• SET Partners: Partners contribute to the successof the LWS/SET Program– Agree on objectives and requirements– Participate in all Program aspects
• NASA and its SET Partners support– A series of flight technology experiments– Data analysis of existing flight performance data– Development of a common carrier for flight experiments
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Methods for Experiment TechnologyValidations in Space Science
• Methods are:– Experiments directly interface to host spacecraft as secondary payloads– Experiments interface to testbeds
• What is a testbed? Common support hardware & software to validate several experiments• Experiments include materials, components, cards, sensors, and subsystems
– Testbeds either retain permanent attachment in space (host spacecraft) or are jettisoned(piggyback)
Not NASA-funded experiment; partneringSET-funded experiment
Testbed
Experiments
Testbed
Host SpacecraftPrimary Spacecraft with Piggyback
Adapter
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2001 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Big Sky MT, March 10-17, 2001 17
Appropriate Candidates for the Living With aStar (LWS) Space Environment Testbeds (SETs)
SET Space Flight Candidates:• Technology that requires space flight for performance
characterization or validation• Technology candidates applicable to more than one
mission or a LWS mission• Technology whose performance changes due to the effects
of solar variability– Performance changes cannot be minimized by changing the
spacecraft design
SET Data Analysis Candidates:• Data that describe performance variations in space in the
presence of a spacecraft that changes due to solarvariability
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Three Options for Partnering• SET Partners: Partners contribute to the success of the
LWS/SET Program– Agree on objectives and requirements– Participate in all Program aspects
• SET Carrier Partners: Partners contribute to the success ofthe Carrier– Retain separate requirements & objectives– Obtain allocation of spacecraft resources to achieve
objectives
• Payload Partners: Partners contribute “payloads” inexchange for on-orbit operation, launch, & data return– “Payload” includes ground test data if appropriate, on-orbit
data after reduction, & funding for integration and on-orbitoperations
• Variations in definitions of “payloads” are negotiable; “funding”can include in-kind exchanges
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SET Flight Experiment CarrierConcept
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2001 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Big Sky MT, March 10-17, 2001 20
SET Carrier - Where it fits
Non-SETPayloads
Satellite(Host)
SETExperiment
Carrier
Card-levelExperiment
Box-levelExperiment
LaunchVehicle
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2001 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Big Sky MT, March 10-17, 2001 21
Representative SET Carrier Platforms
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2001 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Big Sky MT, March 10-17, 2001 22
CarrierFacilities
SET Carrier Facilities
HousekeepingTelemetryCollection
ExperimentInterface
andMechanical
Platform
CollateralEnvironment
Measurements
DataProcessing and
Storage
Power SignalConditioning
Host S/CInterface
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Flight Experiment Scenarios
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2001 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Big Sky MT, March 10-17, 2001 24
Generic SET Technology Flowdown
Flight Validationof Technology
Flight Validationof Protocol
Flight Validationof Model/Tool
Ground Test ProtocolDevelopment
TechnologyDevelopment
Technology ApplicationModel/EngineeringTool Development
Not SET Funded
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2001 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Big Sky MT, March 10-17, 2001 25
Example: SiGe Technology Flowdown forSET - Technology Development
TechnologyDevelopment
CEB
SiGe
DARPA and DoD have invested >$100M inthe development of SiGe Technology at IBM and elsewhere
• High-speed (approaching 100 Ghz)• Low noise• Low power consumption• Mixed signal capabilities• Standard Si compatible
NASA has keen interests• RF/Microwave/Communications• Mixed signal/System-on-a-chip• Ultra-high speed data transfer• Low-noise instrumentation• Potential extreme temperature applications
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2001 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Big Sky MT, March 10-17, 2001 26
Example: SiGe Technology Flowdown forSET - Ground Test
Ground Test ProtocolDevelopment
TechnologyDevelopment
SiGe Damage Data
The NASA Electronic Parts andPackaging (NEPP) Program along withDoD is in process of developingtechnology radiation sensitivity models
• Dose and damage tests have been performed with encouraging results• Preliminary single event data indicates a single event sensitivity*. FY01/02 plans focus on single event testing, modeling, and hardening• Test protocols available NLT FY03• NEPP also supporting reliability modeling of SiGe• Total investment >>$1M
* Single event environment is solar-modulatedProton irradiation test fixture
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2001 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Big Sky MT, March 10-17, 2001 27
Example: SiGe Technology Flowdown forSET - Tools
Ground Test ProtocolDevelopment
TechnologyDevelopment
Technology ApplicationModel/EngineeringTool Development
Upon completion of ground testprotocol development,predictive performance toolsare greatly desired
• Modules for single event upset (SEU) for industry standard software (CREME 96)
• SEU-hardened cell library
SiGe Charge Collection Modeling
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2001 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Big Sky MT, March 10-17, 2001 28
Example: Detector Technology Flowdown for SET- Technology Development
TechnologyDevelopment
Detector technologies have been criticalto increased science knowledge for NASA
• Examples include Hubble Space Telescope’s charge coupled device (CCD) based instruments. Newer Si-based CCDs have scaled geometries allowing better image resolution.
• Wavelengths of interest include visible, x-ray, ultraviolet, and infrared
• Engineering applications include star trackers and star cameras
Technology limitation: performance in the space radiation environment
• DoD and NASA have invested in hardened sensor technologies for space utilization (p-channel CCDs and monolithic advanced pixel sensors (APS))
CCD Messier image
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2001 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Big Sky MT, March 10-17, 2001 29
Example: Detector Technology Flowdownfor SET - Ground Test
Ground Test ProtocolDevelopment
TechnologyDevelopment
While many detectors and detector-based instruments have been testedand calibrated prior to flight, there isno community-wide test standard
• NASA (NEPP) and DoD have begun collaborations which will lead to a “lessons learned” overview of ground testing.• In some areas, test data is limited or old. A relevant example is ground test data for determining cosmic ray rejection in images.
Ground tests of newer technologies may or maynot be able to leverage on older data
• Flight performance has rarely matched predicted models (AXAF, HST, SOHO, et al)• Shortcomings may be due to technology or shielding models or mapping of the flight environment to the ground test environment
Schematic representation of an advanced pixel sensor
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2001 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Big Sky MT, March 10-17, 2001 30
Example: Detector Technology Flowdownfor SET - Tools
Ground Test ProtocolDevelopment
TechnologyDevelopment
Technology ApplicationModel/EngineeringTool Development
Upon completion of ground testprotocol development,predictive performance toolsare greatly desired
Advanced column sensor array
SOHO/LASCO coronographspotted with solar particlesduring July 14, 2000 event
• Modules for imagedegradation due toradiation damage
• Methods for cosmicray rejection
• Methods for damagehardening
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2001 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Big Sky MT, March 10-17, 2001 31
Example: Spacecraft Charging TechnologyFlowdown for SET - Technology Development
TechnologyDevelopment
Spacecraft charging may be the dominantcause of anomalies in the natural spaceenvironment
• Deep dielectric charging• Surface charging
Symptoms include• Distortion in science measurements• Arcing• Increased contamination risk• Reduced spacecraft power• Anomalies in electronics similar to single particle induced effects
Technologies of interest• Materials interaction with plasma/ electrons• NASA, DoD and commercial aerospace all have programs in this arena
Spacecraft flying in high electronpopulations can no longer affordto be protected by Faraday cages
GOES 8 MUNIN 7 - 6 kg
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2001 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Big Sky MT, March 10-17, 2001 32
Example: Spacecraft Charging TechnologyFlowdown for SET - Ground Test
Ground Test ProtocolDevelopment
TechnologyDevelopment
Ground tests on materials aretypically performed with monoenergeticelectrons per ASTM standards
• Correlation of flight to ground has very limited statistics• Correlation of plasma environment with in-situ measurements is limited• For example: knowledge of solar array area affected by arcing in flight is limited
Complex spacecraft geometries anddynamic solar-modulated environmentcomplicate accuracy of ground testingand effectiveness of charging mitigation
Terrestrial lightning strikereminiscent of a solar array arc
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Example: Spacecraft Charging TechnologyFlowdown for SET - Tools
Ground Test ProtocolDevelopment
TechnologyDevelopment
Technology ApplicationModel/EngineeringTool Development
Current tools for design arelimited
• NASCAP 2K and spacecraft charging handbook are not fully validated or complete tools
New validated tools are highlydesired
• Dynamic tools• Novel charge mitigation techniques
AFRL’s CEASE Instrument
Material potentialversus electron temperature
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Instrument Flowdown
TechnologyDevelopmentfor Instrument
InstrumentDevelopment
Ground TestCalibration &Qualification
Flight Validation &Calibration
of Instrument
Specific technologies ininstruments may beapplicable to SET FlightValidation ofTechnologies
Non-SET Funded
SET Funded
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Comments and Conclusion
• SET is:
– A series of flight technology experiments
• Data is correlated with environment sensors
– Data analysis of technology in-flight performance
• Partnering is very flexible
– Opportunities exist on many levels
• First testbed is planned for late FY03/early FY04
• FY01 NASA Research Announcement (NRA) release in earlyspring ‘01 for experiments and environment sensors
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2001 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Big Sky MT, March 10-17, 2001 36
Acknowledgements
• Martha O’Bryan for her support in developingthis talk
• Christina Seidleck for her software support
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2001 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Big Sky MT, March 10-17, 2001 37
Points of Contact for Partnering
• Dana Brewer – NASA/HQ– 202-358-1678– [email protected]
• Janet Barth – NASA/GSFC– 301-286-8046– [email protected]
• Ken LaBel – NASA/GSFC– 301-286-9936– [email protected]
• Website:– http://sec.gsfc.nasa.gov/lws_set.htm