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Transcript of ‘The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity (TEEB): Water and Wetlands’, Presentation by Dr...
Multidisciplinary Research Week 2013
World Water Day: Water Cooperation
‘The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity (TEEB): Water and Wetlands’,
by Dr Daniela Russi, Policy analyst, Institute for European Environmental Policy (IEEP).
The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity (TEEB): Water and Wetlands
Presentation of the Final Report
dr. Daniela Russi Policy analyst
Institute for European Environmental Policy (IEEP)
Friday 22 March 2013World Water Day
University of Southampton
Presentation overview
1. TEEB & the TEEB for Water and Wetlands
2. Water and wetlands: what benefits do we derive and what do we risk losing?
3. Measuring to integrate the values of water and wetlands into decision making
4. Wetlands and poverty alleviation
5. Recommendations: transforming our approach to water and wetlands
Presentation overview
1. TEEB & the TEEB for Water and Wetlands
2. Water and wetlands: what benefits do we derive and what do we risk losing?
3. Measuring to integrate the values of water and wetlands into decision making
4. Wetlands and poverty alleviation
5. Recommendations: transforming our approach to water and wetlands
TEEB’s genesis, aims and progress
“Potsdam Initiative – Biological Diversity 2010”
The economic significance of the global loss of biological diversity
Importance of recognising, demonstrating & responding to values of nature
Engagement: ~500 authors, reviewers & cases from across the globe
Interim Report
India, Brazil, Belgium, Japan & South Africa
Sept. 2010
TEEB Synthesis
Climate Issues Update
Ecol./Env. Economicsliterature
G8+5Potsdam
TEEB End User Reports Brussels 2009, London
2010
CBD COP 9Bonn 2008
Input to UNFCCC 2009
BD COP 10 Nagoya, Oct 2010
TEEB Books
TEEB W&WNature & GETEEB Oceans
TEEB studies The Netherlands,
Germany, Nordics, Norway, India, Brazil
Full Report: Russi D., ten Brink P., Farmer A., Badura T., Coates D., Förster J., Kumar R. and Davidson N. (2013). The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity for Water and Wetlands. IEEP London, Brussels.
Executive Summary: ten Brink P., Russi D., Farmer A., Badura T., Coates D., Förster J., Kumar R. and Davidson N. (2013) The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity for Water and Wetlands. Executive Summary.
Core Team
Case contributionsReviewers
Discussions at Rio+20, Ramsar COP 11, CBD COP11
TEEB Water and Wetlands – available at http://www.teebweb.org/wetlands/
1. TEEB & the TEEB for Water and Wetlands
2. Water and wetlands: what benefits do we derive and what do we risk losing?
3. Measuring to integrate the values of water and wetlands into decision making
4. Wetlands and poverty alleviation
5. Recommendations: transforming our approach to water and wetlands
What are wetlands? The broad definition of the Ramsar convention:
Areas where the water table is at or near the surface level, or the land is covered by shallow water
Areas of marine water the depth of which at low tide does not exceed 6m
A list of islands or bodies of marine water deeper than 6m (e.g. coral reefs) The definition includes human-made wetlands (e.g. aquaculture, farm ponds, inundated agricultural land) Ph
oto
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it: N
ick
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idso
n
Inland wetlands cover at least 9.5 M km2 (i.e. 6.5% of the Earth)
Inland and coastal wetlands cover a minimum of 12.8 M km2
Wetlands & ecosystem services
Without wetlands, the water cycle, carbon cycle and nutrient cycles would be significantly altered
Wetlands provide water for drinking, irrigation, energy production, forestry…
They also provide multiple ESS(e.g. regulation of water quality and quantity, reduction of flood and drought risk, nutrient cycling, cultural ESS, …)
Coral reefs (94)
Coastal wetlands (139)
Coastal systems (28)
Inland wetlands (168)
Tropical Forest (96)
Rivers and Lakes (15)
Temperate Forest (58)
Grasslands (32)
Woodlands (21)
Open oceans (14)
10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000 10,000,000
Values of both coastal and inland wetland ecosystem services are typically higher than for other ecosystem types
The evidence base: range of values of ecosystem services
Sour
ces:
de
Gro
ot e
t al 2
012
build
ing
on T
EEB
2010
Wetlands : historical loss of natural capital
Since 1900 the world has lost around 50% of its wetlands (UNWWAP 2003) and around 60% loss in Europe (EEA 2010)
Between 1980 and 2005, 20% of mangroves have disappeared. Some countries have lost up to 80% (FAO 2007)
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/95/World_map_mangrove_distribution.png
~20% of the world’s coral reefs destroyed 24% of the remaining reefs under
imminent risk of collapse through human pressures (Wilkinson C., 2004; Nellemann et al 2008)
Phot
o cr
edit:
Nic
k D
avid
son
Consequence: loss of ESS
Losses in human well-being and negative economic impacts on communities, countries and business
We need to reverse this trend, as wetlands provide natural infrastructure that can help meet a range of policy objectives
1. TEEB & The TEEB for Water and Wetlands
2. Water and wetlands: what benefits do we derive and what do we risk losing?
3. Measuring to integrate the values of water and wetlands into decision making
4. Wetlands and poverty alleviation
5. Recommendations: transforming our approach to water and wetlands
Shrimp Farm
private profits less subsidies
Net of public costs of restoration needed after 5 years
private
profits
Mangroves
0
10000
US$/ha/yr
private profits
5000
If public wealth is included, the “trade-off” choice changes completely…..
$584/ha
$1220/ha
$9632/ha
$584/ha
-ve $11,172/ha
$12,392/ha
Source: Barbier et al, 2007
after
adding
public
benefits
from
mangroves
Based only on private gain, the “trade-off” choice favours conversion…..
Taking account of public goods can change what is the “right” decision on land/resource use
Fishery nursery
Storm protection
All values are NPV over 9 years and a 10% discount rate, given in 1996 US$.
Instruments to manage & protect wetland ESSby integrating the values of water and wetlands into decision making
Site management and investment Regulation and land-use planning, including establishment of PA and
zoning, IWRM, ICZM, MSP Property rights (ownership, use, access, etc.) Market – based instruments:
• Taxes, fees, charges, including subsidy reform • Tradable permit schemes, water banks• Liability rules • Payment for Ecosystem Services • Voluntary schemes, including offsets
1. TEEB & The TEEB for Water and Wetlands
2. Water and wetlands: what benefits do we derive and what do we risk losing?
3. Measuring to integrate the values of water and wetlands into decision making
4. Wetlands and poverty alleviation
5. Recommendations: transforming our approach to water and wetlands
The importance of healthy wetlands for the poor Poorest communities tend to depend more on ESS for their
livelihood and as insurance against risks
They have less access to alternatives (e.g. water depuration/mineral water; few alternative livelihood options)
Over 600 M of the rural poor currently live on lands prone to degradation and water stress, and in upland areas, forest systems, and drylands that are vulnerable to climatic and ecological disruptions (Comprehensive Assessment of Water Management in Agriculture, 2007).
Over a billion people in developing countries rely on fish as a primary source of protein(World Bank and FAO, 2009)
TEEB For Water and Wetlands
Ensuring healthy and well-preserved
wetlands is crucial to alleviate poverty Water plays a key role in agriculture, fishing and energy production
Improving/restoring wetlands is often a cost-effective way to improve not only water security, but also food and energy security
Wetland wise management improves resilience to climate change by mitigating its effects (e.g. increased storms, droughts and floods)
Well preserved wetlands contribute to social cohesion and economic stability by ensuringlivelihood for local communities andpreserving cultural identity
TEEB For Water and Wetlands
How? Examples:
Water sanitation can be improved through wetland restoration
Access to clean freshwater can be ensured by healthy wetlands
Restored wetlands can provide livelihood for local communities (e.g. by supporting viable fish populations or attracting tourists)
TEEB For Water and Wetlands
Mexico PSAH:PES to preserve forest
Hydrological services: Aquifer recharge
Improved surface water quality, reduce frequency & damage from flooding
Reduce Deforestation Address Poverty
Source: Muñoz-Piña et al (2008); Muñoz et al (2010)PES can help reduce both environmental degradation and poverty
78% of payment to forests owners in areas with high marginalization - within this 1/3 under the extreme poverty line
Different payments to forest owners:• e.g. cloud forest US$ 40 per ha/year;• e.g. other tree-covered land US$ 30 per
ha/year
Results:
Deforestation rate fell from 1.6 % to 0.6 %.
18.3 thousand hectares of avoided deforestation
Avoided GHG emissions ~ 3.2 million tCO2e
Valuation of ESS from Nakivubo wetlands, Uganda
Services provided by the Nakivubo swamp include natural water purification and treatment & supporting small-scale income activities of poorer communities
Plans to drain the Nakivubo Swamp (>40sqkm) for agriculture
Sources: TEEBCases for TEEB for local and regional policy
Assessment of waste water treatment options (Emerton 2004): Maintaining the wetlands: ~235.000$ p.a.Running a sewage treatment facility of equivalent capacity: ~2Mio. US$ p.a.
Policy Solution: draining plans abandoned & Nakivubo Swamps designated as PA
Recognising and demonstrating the values is critical for decision making
Establishment of a MPA: Tubbataha Reefs, Philippines
UNESCO World Heritage site, contains 396 species of corals & has higher species diversity per square meter than the Great Barrier Reef
Problem Recognition - 1998 Bleaching & losses>>Stakeholders meetingPolicy Solution“No-take” areas agreed +user fee for diversImpacts of policy• Increase live coral cover at 40% from
1999 to 2003, 50% in 2004• Fish biomass in nearby reefs doubled
since 2000 • Between 1999 and 2004 perceived fish
catches increased from 10 to 15-20 kg/day• Significant increase in living standards from 2000 to 2004
Sources: Tongson 2007, Samonte-Tan et al. 2008,
Dygico 2006; in TEEBCases for TEEB for
local and regional Policy
Healthy ecosystems improve livelihood options
Working for Water (WfW): the Manalana wetland, SA
Severely degraded by erosion that threatened to consume the entire system
In 2006 WfW public work programme invested €86,000 to reduce erosion and
improve the wetland’s ability to continue providing its beneficial services
The value of livelihood benefits from degraded wetland was just 34 % of what
could be achieved after investment in ecosystem rehabilitation
Results:
• Rehabilitated wetland now contributes provisioning services at a net return
of 297 EUR/household/year;
• Livelihood benefits ~ 182,000 EUR by the rehabilitated wetland; x2 costs
• The Manalana wetland acts as a safety net for households.
Sources: Pollard et al. 2008; Wunder et al 2008a; http://www.dwaf.gov.za/wfw/Recognising and demonstrating the values and potential for increased value is critically important
1. TEEB & The TEEB for Water and Wetlands
2. Water and wetlands: what benefits do we derive and what do we risk losing?
3. Measuring to integrate the values of water and wetlands into decision making
4. Wetlands and poverty alleviation
5. Recommendations: transforming our approach to water and wetlands
Transforming our approach to water and wetlands
Wetlands protection/improvement should be integrated in water management at all levels, involving all categories of stakeholders
Protecting/restoring wetlands is a way to improve water security, energy security, food security
In many cases win-win solutionscan be achieved (e.g. improvingbiodiversity while ensuring watersecurity and enhancing livelihoods)
TEEB For Water and Wetlands
Thank you !
TEEB Reports available on www.teebweb.org, www.ramsar.org and www.ieep.eu
See also www.teeb4me.com
Daniela Russi [email protected]
IEEP is an independent, not-for-profit institute dedicated to the analysis, understanding and promotion of policies for a sustainable environment. www.ieep.eu
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World Water Day: Water CooperationMultidisciplinary Research Week 2013