The Early Civil Rights Movement
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Transcript of The Early Civil Rights Movement
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The Early Civil Rights MovementThe Early Civil Rights Movement
1954-1957
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ObjectivesObjectives1)Examine the lives of African=Americans following the American Civil War.2)Discuss Plessy v. Ferguson and its effects on American society.3)Reflect what segregation would make African-Americans feel like.
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African-American lives following ACWAfrican-American lives following ACW• Total U.S. population is
33,000,000o 3.5 million of that were slaves.o 13th Amendment abolished slavery!
• Many Southern states try to restrict African- Americans following the war.o Deny them rights through lawso Ku Klux Klan violence
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African-America lives following ACWAfrican-America lives following ACW• Congress responds!
o 1800s, Republican Party = Northern U.S. . Democrats = Southern U.S. .
o Congress passes laws to protect African-Americans.• 14th, 15th Amendment, Civil Rights Acts 1866/1875
• Supreme Court strikes down protection.• U.S. army withdrawn after 1876 election.
o Democrats in South pass Jim Crow laws.
Justice Harlan
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African-American lives following ACWAfrican-American lives following ACW• Jim Crow Laws
o De Jure Segregation of Blacks in South from whites.
• Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)o Separate-but-equal discrimination a-okay so long as everything is
equal.
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African-American lives following ACWAfrican-American lives following ACW• Many reduced to share-cropping
o Farming someone else’s land.o Lots of debt, most families are tied to land.
• Constant discrimination and intimidationo No legal protection from violence.o No rights.
• Options?o Migration.o Stay in South.
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African-American responses to Jim African-American responses to Jim
CrowCrow• WEB du Bois (1868-
1963)• Stressed full political
equality had to come first.
• Co-founded the NAACP (1909)
• Booker T. Washington (1856-1915)
• Accommodated Jim Crow laws.
• Stressed education and economic advancement for blacks.
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African-American resistance to Jim African-American resistance to Jim
CrowCrow• National Association for the Advancement of
Colored People (NAACP)(1909)o Used legal system to achieve civil rights.
• World Wars I and II.o Emboldened African-Americans who served as soldiers/worked in
factories.
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The Civil Rights Movement BeginsThe Civil Rights Movement Begins• Brown v. Board of Education Topeka. (1954)
o Kansas allowed segregated schools.o Supreme Court overturned Plessy v. Ferguson (1896), banned de jure
segregation in public facilities (schools).
Thurgood Marshall
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The Civil Rights Movement BeginsThe Civil Rights Movement Begins• Murder of Emmitt Till (1955)
o 14-year old African-American kid from Chicago.o Went down to Mississippi to visit relatives.o Accused of “Whistling” at a white woman, kidnapped and murdered.
• Murderers acquitted, trial acts as catalyst to change the South.
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The Civil Rights Movement BeginsThe Civil Rights Movement Begins• Largely non-violent, active resistance.• Protesters attempt to provoke responses from
Segregationist society.
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ObjectivesObjectives1) Infer about Martin Luther King Jr.’s, Rosa Parks’, and Malcolm X’s motivations.
2) Examine the Montgomery Bus Boycott.
3) Compare the Little Rock Nine experience to high school problems today.
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The Civil Rights MovementThe Civil Rights Movement• Lots of African-American groups working together
to fight segregation.• NAACP
o Focuses on legal court cases mostly.
• SCLC (Southern Christian Leadership Conference)o Organized traditional protests.
• CORE (Congress of Racial Equalityo Organized students for more direct action.
• Black Nationalist groupso Advocated more violent efforts to achieve civil rights.
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The Civil Rights MovementThe Civil Rights Movement• Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955)
o Bus lines in Alabama segregated by law
• Rosa Parks (1913-2005)o Seamstresso Worked at local NAACP chapter
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Montgomery Bus BoycottMontgomery Bus Boycott
• Rosa Parks challenged her arrest.• Local Civil Rights leaders form
Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA) to boycott.o MLK jr. chosen as leader.
• Martin Luther King jr.o Born in Atlanta, GAo Baptist Preacher, SCLCo Stressed non-violence as best approach.
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Montgomery Bus BoycottMontgomery Bus Boycott• Protest lasts for 384 days.
o Supporters carpool/walk instead of taking the bus.o Segregationist supporters attack protestors/arrest them..
• (Dec. 17th, 1956) Supreme Court rules bus segregation unconstitutional.o Browder v. Gayle
• MIA wins!
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Little Rock Nine in Arkansas Little Rock Nine in Arkansas
(1957)(1957)
• 3 years after Brown v. Board…o Most school systems still segregated.o Arkansas schools making progress.
• Central High about to desegregate.o AR. Governor Orval Faubus orders National Guard to stop it.
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Little Rock Nine in Arkansas Little Rock Nine in Arkansas
(1957)(1957)• AR. Governor orders Natl. Guard to stop
desegregation.o 3 weeks Little Rock Nine barred from entering school
• POTUS Eisenhower orders 101st Airborne in to force school to integrate.
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• Result: Little Rock High is desegregated.
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Early Civil Rights LegislationEarly Civil Rights Legislation• Civil Rights Movement puts pressure on
U.S.• Congress passes Civil Rights Act of 1957
o Very basic, set up commission to investigate voter discrimination.
o Only supposed to last 2 years.o No real enforcement provisions.
• Civil Rights Act of 1960 o Extended 1957’s Commission by several years.