OROR

Nuke JapanNuke Japan Invade JapanInvade Japan

Nuclear weapons have only been used twice

Was the USA forced to drop the bomb on Japan

Or

Were Hiroshima & Nagasaki the first shots of the Cold War?

• When you’ve finished doing that begin preparing for the debate… that is: consider what each of the documents says; what are your most compelling arguments?

Your Tasks Today

• 2) Discuss your group’s perspective and debate strategy (What are you going to say?)

• 3) Homework: Explain whether or not YOU think the bombings were justified (give three reasons why or why not, use complete sentences)

Right now• Get your arguments organized• Get ready to verbally make those

arguments• You will have 2 minutes to make

your opening statement• Next group makes opening

statement• 1 minute each for rebuttal• Each group will make a closing

statement (no more than 2 minutes)

The Cold War

FEARFEAR•Fear was the motivation Fear was the motivation behind many decisions behind many decisions made during the cold warmade during the cold war•The West was afraid of The West was afraid of communist USSRcommunist USSR•The USSR was afraid of The USSR was afraid of the Westthe West

Why wasWhy was Communism Communism scary?scary?

•““the communist revolution the communist revolution will not merely be a national will not merely be a national phenomenon but must take phenomenon but must take place simultaneously in all place simultaneously in all civilized countries “- Marxcivilized countries “- Marx

“(Communists) openly declare that their ends can be attained

only by the forcible

overthrow of all existing social conditions. Let

the ruling classes tremble

at a Communistic

revolution. The proletarians

have nothing to lose but their chains. They

have a world to win!” - Marx.

Why was the USSR afraid of the West?

•The USA, UK, & France had sent soldiers to Russia in 1917 to stop the Revolution

•Their “communist” revolution was not very successful

•The USSR had just lost tens of millions of people in the war and Stalin’s purges… they were not prepared to fight the USA & UK

•They were a paper tiger

Causes of the Cold War• 1) Capitalism vs. Communism

– US & Great Britain don’t like or trust communist ideas such as the rejection of private property & religion. Soviets wanted to destroy capitalism & overthrow democratic governments in Europe.

– USSR afraid US & England would attack them (they had before) & that they would rebuild Germany & Germany would attack USSR again.

Capitalism vs. communism

Capitalism Communism

Founder (no real founder) Adam Smith, wrote Wealth of Nations

Karl Marx, wrote Communist Manifesto

Who does this appeal to?

People seeking freedom, people who aren’t totally desperate (middle & upper class)

Desperate people, people who’ve never had very much .

(lower classes, peasants)

“When you ‘aint got nothing, you’ve got nothing to lose”

View of Government

Government should not interfere with economy: laissez-faire

Everything is owned by the government

Government closely regulates the economy (sets prices, tells factories what to make, etc.)

Individual Freedoms

•People are free to choose their own careers•Freedom of religion•Freedom is more important than security

•Government determines the job you get•Religion is the “opiate of the masses” and should be done away with•Sacrifice freedom for security

On the future Capitalism is the only efficient economic system

“It’s not perfect, but it’s the best we can do”

•Capitalism will destroy itself•Workers will eventually rise up in a violent revolution and take power•The future of the world is communism

The Cold War in Europe

• As WWII was ending, the Soviet army occupied all of Eastern Europe (except Yugoslavia)

• Poland, East Germany, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, & Albania became Soviet satellite countries

• The Iron Curtain

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qsWw9ij8hcA&feature=related

IRON CURTAIN

Soviet Threat in Europe; America Responds

• Fear of a Communist takeover of all Fear of a Communist takeover of all of Europe led to of Europe led to The Truman The Truman DoctrineDoctrine

• The Truman Doctrine:The Truman Doctrine: Encourage Encourage countries to resist Soviet Influencecountries to resist Soviet Influence

• Containment:Containment: Do not allow Do not allow communism to spread or expand to communism to spread or expand to any more countries in the world.any more countries in the world.

Truman Doctrine in full effectTruman Doctrine in full effect• 1) $400 million 1) $400 million

in aid to Greece in aid to Greece & Turkey& Turkey

• 2) 2) The Marshall The Marshall PlanPlan: $12 billion : $12 billion in aid to help in aid to help western western European European countries countries rebuild after the rebuild after the warwar

Germany• After the

war, the Allies divided up Germany into 4 zones

Berlin

Berlin Airlift• Berlin (capital of Germany, largest city) was in the Soviet Zone & the city itself was divided

Berlin Airlift

• Stalin Stalin blockadedblockaded West Berlin, trying to make West Berlin, trying to make the entire city part of East Germany.the entire city part of East Germany.

• Truman ordered supplies to be airlifted to Truman ordered supplies to be airlifted to West Berlin. West Berlin.

• Stalin ended blockade, W. Berlin remained Stalin ended blockade, W. Berlin remained part of W. Germany.part of W. Germany.

Operation VittlesOperation Vittles

Berlin Wall• Many people Many people

in East Berlin in East Berlin were very were very poor and ruled poor and ruled by a dictator, by a dictator, so they fled to so they fled to West BerlinWest Berlin

• The Soviet The Soviet Government Government was was embarrassed embarrassed by this, so by this, so they built a they built a wall around wall around West Berlin.West Berlin.

Cold WarCold War Alliances AlliancesNATO:NATO:

USAUSA

UKUK

FranceFrance

W. GermanyW. Germany

ItalyItaly

GreeceGreece

TurkeyTurkey

NorwayNorway

Warsaw PactWarsaw Pact

USSRUSSR

PolandPoland

CzechoslovakiaCzechoslovakia

HungaryHungary

E. GermanyE. Germany

RomaniaRomania

BulgariaBulgaria

AlbaniaAlbania

United Nations• League of League of Nations…the Nations…the SequelSequel

• Created in Created in 19451945

• Settle Settle arguments arguments between between countriescountries

• Humanitarian Humanitarian Aid (UNICEF, Aid (UNICEF, etc.)etc.)

1949… a scary year1949… a scary year• Soviets Soviets

successfully test successfully test atomic bombatomic bomb

• Chinese Chinese Communists led by Communists led by Mao Zedong take Mao Zedong take over. China over. China becomes a becomes a communist countrycommunist country

• The West feels very The West feels very threatened by threatened by International International CommunismCommunism

Superpowers

• The US & the Soviet Union are now the two most powerful countries on earth and they both have nuclear weapons

• They are the two superpowers

Communism in AsiaCommunism in Asia

Korea

Japanese colony for decadesJapanese colony for decades

Kim Il Sung very popular communist Kim Il Sung very popular communist leader/resistance fighterleader/resistance fighter

After Japanese surrender, USA & After Japanese surrender, USA & USSR divided Korea at 38USSR divided Korea at 38thth parallel. parallel.

North Korea = communist North Korea = communist

South Korea = capitalistSouth Korea = capitalist

The Korean WarThe Korean War• June, 1950: North Korean troops June, 1950: North Korean troops

crossed 38crossed 38thth parallel, and invaded the parallel, and invaded the SouthSouth

• South Korean Army defeated quicklySouth Korean Army defeated quickly

• UN sent military force to help South UN sent military force to help South Korea at Truman’s requestKorea at Truman’s request

• 16 countries involved, 80% of troops 16 countries involved, 80% of troops from USAfrom USA

The WarThe War• North Korean forces almost won right North Korean forces almost won right

away.away.• MacArthur lead daring landing at IncheonMacArthur lead daring landing at Incheon• North Korea retreated, MacArthur pursuedNorth Korea retreated, MacArthur pursued• Chinese enter the war, beat back Chinese enter the war, beat back

AmericansAmericans• Armistice ended fighting in 1953Armistice ended fighting in 1953• Still technically at war, but no shootingStill technically at war, but no shooting• Demilitarized Zone between two countriesDemilitarized Zone between two countries• N. Korea still communist, S. Korea still N. Korea still communist, S. Korea still

capitalistcapitalist

DMZ Fortifications

Panmunjeon Treaty Sight

Treaty Room

Door to North Korea

That way to the PRK

“Freedom” Bridge to North Korea

The DMZThe DMZ

North Korean Tunnels of Aggression

North Korean Tunnels of Aggression

The U-2 Incident (how the Cold War almost ended early)

• The spy plane had been spying on the USSR since 1956.

• President Eisenhower knew that the USA had far more bombers, missiles, & weapons than the USSR.

• Because of this,

Ike wanted to end the

Cold War at a peace

conference in Paris

in 1960.

Shot Down!• 1960: Francis Gary Powers was shot down

flying a U-2 Spy plane over the USSR

• Eisenhower refused to apologize to Khrushchev, so Khrushchev (Soviet Premier) cancelled the Paris Summit.

Whoops!

Africa & AsiaAfrica & AsiaIssue:Issue:

• After WWII many colonies began demanding After WWII many colonies began demanding and fighting for their independenceand fighting for their independence

Cold War Conflict Chart

Region or Country

Issue or Conflict Superpower Actions

Africa & Africa & AsiaAsia

After WWII many After WWII many colonies began colonies began demanding and fighting demanding and fighting for their independencefor their independence

Superpower ActionsSuperpower ActionsUS grants independence to the US grants independence to the

Philippines Philippines

In Africa the US and Soviet In Africa the US and Soviet Union gave $ & weapons to Union gave $ & weapons to opposing sides in many civil opposing sides in many civil wars (Angola, Somalia, wars (Angola, Somalia, Ethiopia)Ethiopia)

Pakistan became an ally of the Pakistan became an ally of the US, India stayed neutral, but US, India stayed neutral, but took $ & weapons from the took $ & weapons from the US & USSRUS & USSR

Cold War Conflict ChartRegion or Country

Issue or Conflict Superpower Actions

Africa & Africa & AsiaAsia

After WWII many After WWII many colonies began colonies began demanding and demanding and fighting for their fighting for their independenceindependence

US grants independence to US grants independence to the Philippines the Philippines

In Africa the US and Soviet In Africa the US and Soviet Union gave $ & weapons to Union gave $ & weapons to opposing sides in many civil opposing sides in many civil wars (Angola, Somalia, wars (Angola, Somalia, Ethiopia)Ethiopia)

Pakistan became an ally of Pakistan became an ally of the US, India stayed neutral, the US, India stayed neutral, but took $ & weapons from but took $ & weapons from the US & USSRthe US & USSR

Cuba• Issue: In 1959 Fidel Castro led a successful Issue: In 1959 Fidel Castro led a successful

communist revolution in Cubacommunist revolution in Cuba

Superpower Actions (part 1)Superpower Actions (part 1)

• The Bay of Pigs InvasionThe Bay of Pigs Invasion: : The Soviet Union gave The Soviet Union gave Cuba a lot of $ and Cuba a lot of $ and support. The CIA trained a support. The CIA trained a group of Cuban exiles to group of Cuban exiles to invade Cuba & overthrow invade Cuba & overthrow their government. The their government. The invasion was a total invasion was a total failure.failure.

Superpower Actions (part 2)Superpower Actions (part 2)• The Cuban Missile Crisis:The Cuban Missile Crisis:

USSR begins building missile USSR begins building missile bases in Cuba. Nukes bases in Cuba. Nukes threatened the US. JFK threatened the US. JFK warned that he would stop warned that he would stop any Soviet boat carrying any Soviet boat carrying missiles to Cuba. The USSR missiles to Cuba. The USSR backed off.backed off.

• The closest the world has The closest the world has ever come to total nuclear ever come to total nuclear warwar

“The Button”

Other Parts of Latin America

• Issue: Many Issue: Many parts parts of Latin Latin America were America were desperately desperately poor. They poor. They thought thought becoming becoming communist communist countries might countries might help stop their help stop their sufferingsuffering

Superpower ActionsSuperpower Actions• US provides aid to many US provides aid to many

Latin American countries: Latin American countries: • US intervenes militarily to US intervenes militarily to

overthrow suspected overthrow suspected communist leaders in communist leaders in Honduras, Guatemala, Honduras, Guatemala, Dominican Republic, Dominican Republic, Panama, Chile, Grenada, El Panama, Chile, Grenada, El SalvadorSalvador

Arms RaceArms Race

• By the 1950’s The US & USSR both had By the 1950’s The US & USSR both had enough nuclear weapons to destroy each enough nuclear weapons to destroy each other several times overother several times over

• 1957 USSR launched 11957 USSR launched 1stst ever satellite: ever satellite: SputnikSputnik..

• ““Space Race” began, NASA is createdSpace Race” began, NASA is created• Both countries develop rocket technologyBoth countries develop rocket technology

VietnamVietnam

• Vietnam was a French colonyVietnam was a French colony

• Vietnamese communists led by Ho Vietnamese communists led by Ho Chi Minh (Uncle Ho) defeated the Chi Minh (Uncle Ho) defeated the French in 1954French in 1954

• International Peace Conference International Peace Conference temporarily temporarily divided Vietnam into 2 divided Vietnam into 2 zones (not separate countries)zones (not separate countries)

• North Vietnam (Communist) {USSR}North Vietnam (Communist) {USSR}

• South Vietnam (Capitalist) {USA}South Vietnam (Capitalist) {USA}

Things go South in the SouthThings go South in the South

• South Vietnam led by corrupt leader South Vietnam led by corrupt leader (Diem)(Diem)

• By 1960 communist guerrillas (Viet By 1960 communist guerrillas (Viet Cong/Viet Minh) begin fighting in South Cong/Viet Minh) begin fighting in South VietnamVietnam

• USA worried that Vietnam would become a USA worried that Vietnam would become a communist countrycommunist country

• Domino Theory: when one country “falls” Domino Theory: when one country “falls” to communism, countries near it will fall to to communism, countries near it will fall to communism as well.communism as well.

Burma

US InvolvementUS Involvement• During the 1950’s & 1960’s, both During the 1950’s & 1960’s, both

Presidents Eisenhower & Kennedy Presidents Eisenhower & Kennedy sent “military advisors” to Vietnam sent “military advisors” to Vietnam (1,000’s of US soldiers)(1,000’s of US soldiers)

• 1964: Gulf of Tonkin Incident lead 1964: Gulf of Tonkin Incident lead to US escalation in Vietnam.to US escalation in Vietnam.

• By 1968 there were over 50,000 By 1968 there were over 50,000 American soldiers in VietnamAmerican soldiers in Vietnam

Insurgent War• American troops were fighting a difficult, American troops were fighting a difficult,

insurgent war in the jungleinsurgent war in the jungle

• They couldn’t tell friend from foe.They couldn’t tell friend from foe.

• Draft was institutedDraft was instituted

• 11stst TV war led to decreasing popularity of TV war led to decreasing popularity of draft & war at homedraft & war at home

• Tet Offensive 1968 = turning point for the Tet Offensive 1968 = turning point for the Viet Cong & North VietnamViet Cong & North Vietnam

1970: Nixon authorizes bombing Cambodia

The End of the WarThe End of the War• Longest, most unpopular war in US Longest, most unpopular war in US

historyhistory

• US forces left Vietnam in 1975US forces left Vietnam in 1975

• Vietnam is now a communist countryVietnam is now a communist country

Evacuation of Saigon Evacuation of Saigon 19751975

Khmer Rouge• Khmer Rouge:  The Khmer Rouge were a

group of communist guerillas, led by Pol Pot• Gained control of Cambodia after the

withdrawal of American troops from the Vietnam War. 

• They initiated a reign of terror, killing over a million people to remove all western influence from the country. 

• This gross violation of human rights ended when Vietnam invaded and occupied the country in 1979.  In the 1990s, the United Nations negotiated a peace settlement, and began the democratic process in Cambodia

The End of the Cold WarThe End of the Cold War• Beginning with the Beginning with the

Nixon administration, Nixon administration, the US pursued less the US pursued less hostile relations with hostile relations with the USSR (the USSR (Détente) Détente)

• The policy of The policy of détente détente led to agreementsled to agreements

• SALT I & SALT II: SALT I & SALT II: SStrategic trategic AArms rms LLimitation imitation TTalksalks

End of the Cold WarEnd of the Cold War• Building more and more weapons to keep Building more and more weapons to keep

up with the USA crippled the Soviet up with the USA crippled the Soviet economyeconomy

• USSR collapsed in 1991 despite attempts by USSR collapsed in 1991 despite attempts by GorbachevGorbachev to make structural changes to make structural changes (glasnost & perestroika) (glasnost & perestroika)

• By 1992, the Berlin wall had fallen, Eastern By 1992, the Berlin wall had fallen, Eastern Europe became independent (satellites no Europe became independent (satellites no more!)more!)

• USA! USA! USA! USA! ...USA! USA! USA! USA! ...

Berlin Wall comes Berlin Wall comes down 1989down 1989

You’re Welcome

Communism ends in RussiaThe Soviet Union breaks up

The Cold War

Causes Effects

Your Assignment now:• I have chosen the 22 most important events of

the Cold War.

• Using your notes, your textbook (855-879), and the attached summary create a timeline of 20 events with your group. This is a 20 point assignment; you can only pick 20 events. I will award you points based on whether or not the events you choose match mine.

• Your timeline should be in chronological order

• PLEASE USE PENCIL!

• On the back of your timeline, list and explain the top 10 events of the Cold War. Three sentences at least for each event