The Civil War & Reconstruction

Mr. Webster’s Class

Key Terms

• Wilmot Proviso• Free-Soil Party• popular sovereignty• secede• Compromise of 1850• Fugitive Slave Act

• Personal liberty laws• Underground Railroad• Harriet Tubman• Harriet Beecher Stowe• Kansas-Nebraska Act• John Brown• “Bleeding Kansas”

The Debate over Slavery

• The question of slavery had long fueled debate in the United States.• Each time the debate flared,

the nation’s leaders struck some sort of compromise, such as the Missouri Compromise of 1820.• In the 1840s, the debate over

slavery erupted once again when the United States acquired new territories from the Mexican-American War.

Zachary Taylor

• 12th President of the United States• His nickname was “Old Rough and Ready.”• His successes during the Mexican-

American War made him a national hero.• As a president, Taylor avoided the issue of slavery.• He died in office in July 1850 from

a stomach-related illness.

Millard Fillmore

• 13th President of the United States• Fillmore assumed the presidency

after Taylor’s death.• He supported the Compromise of 1850, which included the Fugitive Slave Act.• Whig (last president to not be a

Democrat or Republican)• He is consistently rated as one of

the worst presidents in history.

Franklin Pierce

• 14th President of the United States• Democrat• Sympathetic to the South.• Pierce supported the controversial Kansas-Nebraska Act, which allowed new territories to decide whether or not to allow slavery.• He is considered one of

the worst presidents in U.S. history.

The Fugitive Slave Act

• In 1850, Congress passed the Fugitive Slave Act. This law made it illegal to help slaves escape to freedom.• Many Northerners refused to obey the new law.• When Franklin Pierce

became president in 1853, he intended to enforce it.

The Kansas-Nebraska Act

• In 1854, the Kansas-Nebraska Act created the territories of Kansas and Nebraska.• The act also allowed voters in both territories to decide whether or not to allow slavery, which was known as popular sovereignty. • In effect, it repealed the Missouri Compromise.• In Kansas, supporters of both sides rushed there to influence the vote. Ultimately, the pro-slavery side won.

Bleeding Kansas

• After voters in Kansas voted to allow slavery, many slavery opponents refused to accept the laws. • They armed themselves, had their own elections,

and adopted a constitution banning slavery. • By January 1856, Kansas had two rival

governments.• In May 1856, slavery supporters attacked the town of Lawrence, an antislavery stronghold. Antislavery forces retaliated.• The violence led to the term “Bleeding Kansas,” and in October 1856, federal troops arrived to stop the bloodshed.

Key Terms

• Know-Nothings• Republican Party• Dred Scott• Roger B. Taney• Abraham Lincoln• Stephen A. Douglas• Harpers Ferry

• Jefferson Davis• John C. Breckenridge• Confederate States of

America• Crittenden Compromise• Fort Sumter

Birth of the Republican Party• After the Kansas-Nebraska Act, the

Democratic Party began to divide among sectional lines. Northern Democrats left the party. • Differing views over slavery also

split the Whig Party.• In 1854, the Republican Party was founded by antislavery activists (many of whom were former Whigs and Democrats).• Republicans found support in the North, while Democrats held support in the South.

Election of 1856

• In the Election of 1856, Republicans chose John C. Fremont as their candidate while the Democrats chose James Buchanan.• Buchanan tried to appeal

to Southern whites, and he supported the idea of popular sovereignty.• The Election of 1856 was

divided among rigid sectional lines, and ultimately Buchanan won.

James Buchanan

• 15th President of the United States• Never married• Buchanan’s efforts to maintain peace between the North and the South alienated both sides.• By the time he left office, 7

Southern states had seceded from the Union.• Buchanan’s inability to deal with the mounting crisis has led to him consistently being ranked as one of the worst presidents in U.S. history.

Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857)

• Dred Scott was a slave who sued for his freedom after having lived in two states where slavery was illegal.• Scott’s case eventually made it all the way to the Supreme Court.• The Supreme Court ruled that Scott was still a slave, and as such, he was not a citizen and had no right to file a lawsuit.• The court also ruled that Congress had no power to ban slavery, which outraged Republicans and abolitionists.

The Lincoln-Douglas Debates

• In 1858, the Illinois Senate race became the center of national attention when Democrat Stephen A. Douglas ran against a rising star in the Republican Party, Abraham Lincoln.

• Lincoln was far less well-known than Douglas, but he challenged Douglas to a series of debates.

• At the debates, the main topic was slavery.

• Although Lincoln lost the election, he gained national reputation as a man of clear thinking who could argue with force and persuasion.

John Brown and Harpers Ferry

• In 1859, abolitionist John Brown led a raid in Harpers Ferry, Virginia.• Brown hoped to start an armed

slave revolt, but he was defeated, and later tried and convicted of treason and murder.• He received a death sentence.• Brown’s death rallied abolitionists, and confirmed that the nation was on the brink of disaster.

Political Cartoon Assignment – worth 20 points• For this assignment, you are to create a political cartoon that

explores one of the topics recently discussed in class (Fugitive Slave Act, Underground Railroad, Abolition, Kansas-Nebraska Act, Dred Scott, etc.)• You can create one central image / depiction, or you can produce

a comic-type cartoon where there are multiple scenes. Either way, your cartoon must be historically relevant and accurate, and it must depict the time period we are studying in class (mid-1800s).• I will be grading as follows:• Historical Accuracy / Relevance – 10 points• Creativity / Neatness – 10 points

Review Questions Assignment – worth 20 points• You are to use your textbook (pg. 410-444) to create 12 questions

and answers that you feel would make good test questions. You may do up to 4 vocabulary questions. No fill in the blank, no multiple choice, and no true or false.• You are to put all of your questions on one sheet of paper, and all of

your answers on another sheet of paper. On the answer sheet, you also need to write down the page # where you got your information.• Once you have completed creating your questions and answers, you

will submit them to me and I will distribute another student’s questions to you for you to answer. • The first three students to complete the assignment successfully

will receive a reward.

Civil War Vocabulary

• fugitive – a person who is running away from legal authority• secede – to officially leave an organization• civil war – conflict between citizens of the same country• arsenal – a place to store weapons and military

equipment• secession – withdrawal• states’ rights – the theory that individual states are

independent and have the right to control their most important affairs

Civil War Vocabulary Cont.

• border state – a state on the border between the North and South• enlist – to formally join a military force• ironclad – a warship equipped with iron plating for

protection• casualty – a soldier who is killed, wounded, captured, or

missing in battle• Emancipation Proclamation – a decree issued by Pres.

Lincoln freeing enslaved people in those parts of the Confederacy still in rebellion• total war – a strategy of bringing war to the entire

society, not just the military

The Election of 1860

• During the election of 1860, the issue of slavery split the Democratic Party.

• Northern Democrats supported popular sovereignty and nominated Stephen Douglas.

• Southern Democrats vowed to uphold slavery, and their candidate was John Breckinridge.

• The Constitutional Union Party took no position on slavery. Their candidate was John Bell.

• The Republicans nominated Abraham Lincoln. They wanted to leave slavery alone where it existed, but ban it in the territories.

• With the Democrats divided, Lincoln won a clear majority of the electoral votes.

Abraham Lincoln

• 16th President of the United States• Born in a log cabin in Kentucky• First Republican President• President during the Civil War• Issued the Emancipation Proclamation• Delivered the Gettysburg Address• Instrumental in pushing the 13th Amendment (which outlawed slavery) through Congress• Assassinated by John Wilkes Booth• Clip

The Confederate States of America

• Upset over Lincoln’s election victory, South Carolina voted to secede from the Union on December 20, 1860.• By February 1861, six other states had also seceded, including Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas.• Delegates from these states met to form a new nation, which they called the Confederate States of America.

CSA – Order of Secession

• South Carolina – December 20, 1860

• Mississippi – January 9, 1861• Florida – January 10, 1861• Alabama – January 11, 1861• Georgia – January 19, 1861• Louisiana – January 26, 1861• Texas – February 1, 1861• Virginia – April 17, 1861• Arkansas – May 6, 1861• Tennessee – May 7, 1861• North Carolina – May 20, 1861

The Confederacy

• Jefferson Davis was chosen to become President of the Confederate States of America.• Initially, Montgomery, Alabama, was the capital of the Confederacy. After Virginia seceded, the capital became Richmond, Virginia.• No foreign state ever officially

recognized the Confederacy as an independent country.• Jefferson Davis Bio• "Dixie" - Unofficial Anthem

States’ Rights

• Southerners used states’ rights to justify secession. • They argued that each state had voluntarily chosen to enter the Union, and that states had a right to leave the Union.• They defined the Constitution

as a contract among the independent states, and they believed the national government had broken the contract by denying Southern states equal rights.

Fort Sumter

• Abraham Lincoln was inaugurated president on March 4, 1861.• The Civil War began on April 12, 1861, when Confederate President Jefferson Davis ordered his forces to attack Union forces at Fort Sumter (Charleston, SC).• Union forces surrendered

the fort two days later.

Choosing Sides

• Following the Battle of Ft. Sumter, the southern states of Virginia, Tennessee, Arkansas, and North Carolina seceded from the Union and joined the Confederacy. • During the Civil War, the slave states of Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri remained in the Union and were considered border states.• Keeping the border states

remained vital to the strategy of the Union.

Strengths and Weaknesses

• When the war began, each side had advantages and disadvantages.• The North had a larger population and more resources than the South.• The South had excellent military leaders and a strong fighting spirit. • Also, because the war was fought in the South, the Confederacy knew the land and had the will to defend it.

Civil War Soldiers

• The Civil War turned brother against brother and neighbor against neighbor.• Men of all ages, and on both

sides, rushed to join the army. Some did so out of patriotism. Others thought they would be called cowards if they did not serve.• To get into the army, many

teenagers ran away from home and lied about their ages.

Yankees vs. Rebels

• Union soldiers were often called Yankees. They wore blue.• Confederate soldiers were often called Rebels. They wore gray.• At the war’s end, about

900,000 men fought for the Confederacy and about 2.1 million men fought for the Union. The Union army included just under 200,000 African Americans.

African American Soldiers

• At first, the Union refused to let free African Americans enlist. They feared white troops would not accept African American soldiers.• Later in the war, the Union

army changed this policy.• The Confederacy refused to

consider having African Americans fight until the war’s final days. They did not want to give enslaved people weapons.• The best-known African

American regiment was the 54th Massachusetts.

Confederate Flag

Old Georgia Flag Current Georgia Flag

Confederate Flag Georgia Flag

Confederate Flag Writing Assignment – worth 25 points• The Confederate flag is a controversial symbol that brings out many different

emotions in people. For this assignment, I want you to consider your own thoughts on the Confederate flag. Do you feel that it is a symbol of hate, or one of pride? Perhaps you feel that it symbolizes both, or something altogether different. • You will need to put your thoughts into writing, and explain why you feel the

way you do. You should also come up with a suggestion for moving beyond the controversy. For instance, should the flag be banned? Or should it be recognized for its historical role? Or should people be free to either love it or hate it?• Your paper should consist of at least three 5-sentence paragraphs, and grading

will be based on the following criteria: strength of argument, historical validity, focus, and grammar/punctuation. This assignment is worth 25 points.• Confederate Flag Debate

Review Questions Assignment – worth 20 points• You are to use your textbook (pg. 464-493) to create 10 questions

and answers that you feel would make good test questions. You can use up to 3 vocabulary questions, but you can not do any multiple choice or true and false questions.• You are to put all of your questions on one sheet of paper, and all of

your answers on another sheet of paper. On the answer sheet, you also need to write down the page # where you got your information.• Once you have completed creating your questions and answers, you

will submit them to me and I will distribute another student’s questions to you for you to answer. • The first three students to complete the assignment successfully

will receive a reward.

Robert E. Lee

• Robert E. Lee is the most well-known Confederate general.

• Lee was a native Virginian and graduate of West Point Military Academy.

• Lee served in the U.S. Army from 1829-1861.• At the onset of the Civil War, President

Lincoln offered Lee a command in the Union Army.

• When Virginia seceded from the Union, Lee resigned from the U.S. Army and became commander of Virginia’s military forces.

• Lee’s abilities as a tactician have been praised by many military historians.

• Clip

Arlington House – Robert E. Lee’s Home

Then Now

The Emancipation Proclamation

• At first, Lincoln viewed the Civil War as a battle for the Union, not a fight against slavery. As the war continued, his views changed.• On January 1, 1863, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which freed all slaves living in rebel territory.• While the Emancipation Proclamation did

not effectively end slavery overnight, it had a strong impact.• With it, the government declared slavery

to be wrong and it became clear that a Union victory would end slavery in the U.S.

The Emancipation Proclamation(Areas Covered by Proclamation Shown in Red)

Life on the Homefront

• The Civil War affected all Americans, not just those who fought.• Life in the South changed most dramatically.• Most fighting took place in the South, and therefore the South suffered the most destruction.• Southerners who lived in the

paths of marching armies lost their crops and homes.

Women and the Civil War

• During the Civil War, women suffered the stress of having the men in their lives away at war. • Women on both sides kept farms and factories going, served as spies, and even disguised themselves as men in order to fight.• Thousands of women on both sides served as nurses. Clara Barton became famous for her work with wounded soldiers.

Prisoners of War

• Prisoners were treated with a mixture of sympathy and hostility.

• At first, the two sides exchanged prisoners. After this system broke down, each side set up prison camps.

• Andersonville prison in Georgia became notorious for its cramped and unsanitary conditions.

• Of the approximately 45,000 Union prisoners held there, almost 13,000 died. The chief causes of death were scurvy, diarrhea, and dysentery.

• Andersonville Clip

Field Hospitals

• Surgeons set up hospitals near battlefields. • There, with bullets and

cannonballs flying by, they bandaged wounds and amputated limbs.• Disease was another constant

threat throughout the war, and was often caused by the crowded and unsanitary conditions at camp.• During the Civil War, more men died from disease than those who died from wounds inflicted on the battlefield.

Mary Todd Lincoln

• Mary Todd Lincoln was the wife of Abraham Lincoln.• Mary was well-educated, and before

marrying Lincoln, she was courted by his political opponent Stephen A. Douglas.• She and Lincoln had four sons together,

only one of whom outlived her.• Mary suffered from migraine headaches

and other severe illnesses throughout her life. • In her later years, she became

increasingly mentally unstable.

North / South Visual Representation

• For this assignment, you are to create a visual representation of both sides who fought in the Civil War.• On one half of the paper, you need to create something that you

feel is a fair and accurate representation of the North, and on the other half of the paper, you need to do the same for the South. Some of the things you may want to include are as follows: the flags, the leaders, the generals, battles won, the states who fought, the advantages and disadvantages of each side, etc.• The assignment is worth 20 points, and I will be grading as

follows:• Historical Accuracy / Relevance – 15 points• Color / Creativity – 5 points

Major Battles

• Fort Sumter (war begins) – Confederate victory• First Battle of Bull Run (1st major battle) – Confederate victory• The Battle of Hampton Roads (Monitor vs. Merrimack) – draw• Antietam (deadliest single day of fighting) – Union victory• Gettysburg (highest # of casualties) – Union victory• Vicksburg (Union capture of Miss. River) – Union victory• Olustee (only major battle in Florida) – Confederate victory• Appomattox Court House (Lee surrenders) – Union victory

Florida in the Civil War

• When the Civil War began, neither the Union leaders nor the Confederate leaders regarded Florida as important to their strategy.• With just 140,000 residents, Florida

was the smallest of the 11 Confederate states, and it had little industry and few links with the other states of the Confederacy.• As the war went on, Florida

became one of the Confederacy’s important suppliers of beef and salt.

General Ulysses S. Grant

• In March 1864, President Lincoln put General Grant in charge of all the Union armies.• Grant created a plan to

deliver killing blows from all sides. • Grant was determined to attack Lee’s forces relentlessly until the Confederacy surrendered.

Sherman’s March to the Sea

• Even with enormous setbacks, the Confederacy fought on. The Union was determined to break the South’s will.• In November 1864, General William Tecumseh Sherman burned the city of Atlanta.• Sherman then had his troops march across Georgia toward the Atlantic, burning cities and crops along the way.• This trail of destruction is known as Sherman’s March to the Sea.

Surrender at Appomattox Court House• By April 1865, Grant had

surrounded Lee’s Army.• Following the Battle of

Appomattox Court House, Lee realized the situation was hopeless.• On April 9, 1865, Lee formally surrendered at a small Virginia town called Appomattox Court House.• The war was over!

The Toll of War

• More lives were lost in the Civil War than in any other conflict in U.S. history.

• The war costs billions of dollars and left many Southern cities and farms in ruins.

• The North’s victory saved the Union, and it freed millions of African Americans from slavery. Slavery was officially banned through the 13th Amendment.

• The end of slavery left many problems unresolved however. How would the Southern states be brought back into the Union, and what would the status of African Americans be in the South?

Family History / Primary Source Project – due 5/27 (worth 40 points)• For this assignment, you are to locate somebody on your family tree by

means of a primary source. I personally recommend the 1940 census as it is easy to navigate and it is also accessible free of charge. The 1940 census can be accessed by visiting the following site: www.familysearch.org/1940census.• Once you access the site, you may search for members of your family

tree by entering criteria such as name, marital status, place of residence, gender, race, etc. The more criteria you include in the search, the more narrow and precise your results will be. • Once you have located your family member, you may then click on their

name to view their details as listed in the census. From that screen, you will have the option to “view the document” to see a digitized image of the original 1940 census. This original document is a primary source.

Family History / Primary Source Project• Once you have accessed the digitized image of the

census record, you must print it out so that you may share /present it to the class.• Upon completing your research, you must write a

reflection (minimum of 2-paragraphs) on the assignment. In the reflection, you should mention what you learned from the assignment, and what you found to be the most interesting part of the experience.• This assignment is worth 40 points. I will be grading as

follows:• Primary Source Census Record (printed, legible, relevant to

project) – 15 pts.• Presentation (depth of knowledge, historical awareness,

presentation skills) – 10 pts.• Reflection (focus, structure, analytical skills) – 15 pts.

Alternate Primary Source Project – (worth 40 points)• For this project, I want you to conduct research and locate a primary

source related to the Civil War. Examples include diaries, journals, letters, first-hand accounts, newspaper accounts, etc.• Upon choosing your primary source, you must print it out so that you can

share / present it to the class.• Upon completing your research, you must write a reflection (minimum of

2-paragraphs) on the assignment. In the reflection, you should mention what you learned from the assignment, and what you found to be the most interesting part of the experience.• This assignment is worth 40 points. I will be grading as follows:

• Primary Source (printed, legible, relevant to project) – 15 pts.• Presentation (depth of knowledge, historical awareness, presentation skills) – 10

pts.• Reflection (focus, structure, analytical skills) – 15 pts.

Reconstruction Vocabulary

• black codes – laws passed in the South just after the Civil War aimed at controlling freed men and women• impeach – to formally charge a public official with misconduct in

office• scalawag – name given by former Confederates to Southern whites

who supported Republican Reconstruction of the South• poll tax – a tax a person must pay in order to vote• literacy test – a method used to prevent African Americans from

voting by requiring respective voters to read and write at a specified level• segregation – forced separation• lynching – putting to death by the illegal action of a mob

Reconstruction

• After the Civil War ended, the Southern states had to rejoin the Union.• The task of rebuilding the former Confederate states and readmitting them to the Union was called Reconstruction.• Debates regarding

Reconstruction led to bitter conflict in the years following the Civil War.

Radical Republicans

• Lincoln did not want to punish the South after the war ended. He believed that punishment would accomplish little and would slow the nation’s healing.• He offered amnesty to those who

would swear loyalty to the Union.• Some members of Congress thought

Lincoln’s plan went too easy on the South.• A group of “Radical Republican” representatives favored a more radical approach to Reconstruction.

Freedmen’s Bureau

• In March 1865, Lincoln and Congress together created the Freedmen’s Bureau.• The main purpose of the Freedmen’s Bureau was to help African Americans adjust to life after slavery.• The bureau provided food, clothing, and medical care to poor Southerners, especially those freed from slavery.

The Assassination of Lincoln

• Events took a dramatic turn on the night of April 14, 1865.• As the president enjoyed a play at Ford’s Theater in Washington, D.C., actor and Confederate sympathizer John Wilkes Booth shot Lincoln in the head.• Lincoln was then carried across

the street to the Petersen Boarding House, where he died early the next day.

The Hunt for John Wilkes Booth

• After shooting Lincoln, Booth fled the scene. • He was found 12 days

later hiding in a barn. • When he refused to

surrender, the barn was set on fire. • As Booth moved about the

blazing barn, Sgt. Boston Corbett shot him. • He died three hours later.

John Wilkes Booth

• John Wilkes Booth was a well-known actor and Confederate sympathizer, and he was strongly opposed to abolition.• Booth and a group of co-conspirators plotted to kill Lincoln, Vice President Johnson, and the secretary of state. Of the conspirators, only Booth was successful.

The Co-Conspirators• Mary Surratt owned a boarding

house where the conspirators met.• Lewis Powell was assigned to kill

Sec. of State William Seward. He entered Seward’s home and severely injured Seward, Seward’s son, and a bodyguard.

• David Herold led Booth on the escape route into Virginia.

• George Atzerodt was assigned to kill V.P. Andrew Johnson, but lost his nerve and instead went to a hotel bar and drank.

• All were tried, convicted, and executed.

Lincoln Assassination Newsletter – worth 20 pts.• For this assignment, you are to create a headline and news report of

EITHER Lincoln’s assassination OR the capture of John Wilkes Booth. • Your headline must grab the reader’s attention, and your news report

must include as much background information as possible (who was involved, where it happened, whether the president is expected to live, etc.)• You can create a fictitious name for your newspaper (i.e. Kansas City

Star), or you can use the name of an existing publication, like the New York Times.• Your newsletter should take up both the front and back of one sheet of

paper.• The assignment is worth 20 points. I will be grading as follows: 10 points

for content accuracy, 5 points for creativity, and 5 points for structure.

Andrew Johnson – 17th President of the U.S.A.• After Lincoln’s assassination, Vice President Andrew Johnson became president.• Johnson’s Reconstruction plan gave

amnesty to most Southerners who swore loyalty to the Union, but he opposed equal rights for African-Americans.• Johnson’s plan required the Southern

states to outlaw slavery before they could rejoin the Union.• Johnson was the first president to be impeached, and he was acquitted in the Senate by one vote.

Fourteenth Amendment

• Many Radical Republicans were not willing to readmit the Southern states on Johnson’s easy terms.• When the Radicals began to see that

Congress and Johnson would not be able to work together on Reconstruction, they began to create their own plan for dealing with the South.• In 1868, Congress ratified the Fourteenth Amendment, which defined citizenship as “all persons born or naturalized in the United States.”

End of Year Collage Assignment – 25 points• For this assignment, you are to create a collage that

incorporates the topics / themes / events we have learned about this year. Some things you may want to include are: the exploration of America, the colonization of America, the struggle for independence, the creation of our government, the exploration and settlement of the West, and the issue of slavery.• Your collage should incorporate at least 5 relevant topics, and

your finished product should be colorful and creative.• This assignment is worth 25 points, and grading will be based

on the following: historical accuracy, relevance, color, creativity, and effort.

First Reconstruction Act

• In 1867, Congress passed the First Reconstruction Act, which divided ten of the former Confederate states into 5 military districts.• Each district was governed by an

army general until new state governments were formed.• Each state also had to submit a new state constitution to Congress for approval.• Finally, the act guaranteed African American men the right to vote in state elections.

Readmitting the Southern States

• Many white Southerners refused to take part in the elections for constitutional conventions and new state governments. • Thousands of African Americans

did cast ballots.• As a result, Republicans were

able to take control of most Southern state governments.• By 1870, all of the Southern

states had been readmitted to the Union.

The Impeachment of Johnson

• Because Johnson strongly opposed the Reconstruction Acts, Congress passed a series of laws to limit his power.

• One such law prohibited the president from removing government officials from office.

• When the President violated the Tenure of Office Act and proceeded to fire the Secretary of War Edwin Stanton, the House of Representatives voted to impeach him.

• In 1868, the case went to the Senate for a trial, where Johnson was narrowly acquitted.

Ulysses S. Grant – 18th President of the U.S.A.• In 1868, Ulysses S. Grant won the election for presidency.• Grant was a Republican, and he was the hero of the Civil War.• Grant encouraged passage of the Fifteenth Amendment, which gave African American men the right to vote.• Scandal and corruption plagued Grant’s presidency, and his reputation suffered even more when the U.S. fell into an economic depression.

African Americans in Government

• Republicans controlled Southern politics during Reconstruction.• During Reconstruction, African Americans played an important role in Southern politics by voting and even serving as elected officials.• At the national level, 16

African Americans served in the House of Representatives and 2 served in the Senate between 1869 and 1880.

Carpetbaggers and Scalawags

• Some Southern whites supported the Republican Party. Despised by former Confederates, they were known as scalawags.• In addition, many Northern whites moved to the South after the war to help rebuild the South. White Southerners viewed them with suspicion and referred to them as carpetbaggers.

Ku Klux Klan

• Life during Reconstruction was difficult for African Americans.• Groups such as the Ku Klux Klan used fear and violence to deny rights to freed men and women.• Disguising themselves in white sheets and hoods, Klan members threatened, beat, and killed thousands of African Americans and the whites who supported them.

The End of Reconstruction

• By 1877, Reconstruction was over. The United States had a new president, Rutherford B. Hayes, and the last troops were withdrawn from the South.• As Reconstruction ended, African

Americans’ dreams for justice faded.• Newly instated Democratic governments in the South passed laws that denied African Americans many of their newly won rights.

Voting Restrictions

• The 15th Amendment barred states from denying someone the right to vote because of race.• White Southern leaders found a way to get around the 15th amendment by requiring poll taxes and literacy tests.• Because most African Americans were poor and uneducated, these obstacles prevented many from voting.

Jim Crow Laws

• By the late 1800s, segregation had become common across the South.• Southern states passed so-called Jim Crow laws that required African Americans and whites to be separated in almost every public place. • Violence against African Americans also rose. One form of violence was lynching, where angry mobs killed people by hanging them.

Exodusters and Buffalo Soldiers

• During Reconstruction, many former slaves began to leave the South. They called themselves “Exodusters,” comparing their own exodus to the Israelites’ exodus mentioned in the Bible.• Other African Americans escaped the South by becoming soldiers. They served in segregated army units, and according to legend, they were called “buffalo soldiers.”

The Impact of Reconstruction

• Reconstruction was a success in some ways and a failure in others.• It helped the South rebuild its economy, but much of the South remained poor.• African Americans gained greater equality, but it did not last.• Still… the seeds of freedom and

equality had been planted, although it would take almost another hundred years for either to become a reality.

Alaska

• The first Europeans to settle in Alaska were the Russians. Beginning in the 1700s, they established various trading posts and settlements in Alaska.• In 1867, the United States purchased Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million. • The deal was negotiated by Sec. of State William Seward, and many referred to it as “Seward’s Folly.”

Hawaii

• In 1778, Capt. James Cook “discovered” the Hawaiian islands.• At the beginning of the 1800s, American missionaries began settling in Hawaii and quickly gained influence and wealth. • In 1893, a group of wealthy businessmen, plantation owners, and U.S. troops helped overthrow the Hawaiian monarchy.• Five years later, Hawaii was

annexed by the United States.

To Be Continued in 11th Grade…

Review Questions Assignment – worth 20 points• You are to use your textbook (Chapter 18) to create 10 questions

and answers that you feel would make good test questions. You may have up to 3 vocabulary questions, but no true or false, fill in the blank, or multiple choice.• You are to put all of your questions on one sheet of paper, and all of

your answers on another sheet of paper. On the answer sheet, you also need to write down the page # where you got your information.• Once you have completed creating your questions and answers, you

will submit them to me and I will distribute another student’s questions to you for you to answer. • The first five students to complete the assignment successfully will

receive a reward.