The Civil War

Do Now:1. Take out class

materials (notebook and packet).

2. Answer this in your notebook:– What are the causes of

the Civil War? Identify and explain each cause.

Agenda:• Causes• Abe Lincoln’s Words• The Civil War

HW:1. Continue Killer Angels part II – due Monday!2. OH ½ Day…

The Civil War

1861-1865

Civil War Casualtiesin Comparison to Other

Wars

Civil War Casualtiesin Comparison to Other

Wars

President Abraham Lincoln

• 1st Inaugural Address• LINCOLN had no

intention of interfering with slavery or the South.

• He warned that no state had the right to break up the Union.– “In your hands is the

issue of civil war.”– “You can have no conflict

without being yourselves the aggressor”

Fort Sumter • 7 states seceded before Fort Sumter• South fired on federal troops

providing provisions to Fort Sumter• Lincoln responded by putting down

the insurrection with troops• 4 more states/upper south seceded • LINCOLN USED his “COMMANDER-

IN-CHIEF” POWER liberally:• He called for 75,000 troops to

put down the attack at Sumter• He authorized spending for the

war (Congressional power).• He suspended habeas corpus

– [an accused person must be informed of their accusation—can’t be imprisoned indefinitely w/out trial.]

North South

Advantages ? ?

Disadvantages ? ?

North vs. South in 1861

Rating the North & the South

Slave/Free States Population, 1861

Railroad Lines, 1860

Resources: North & the South

The Union & Confederacy in 1861

Men Present for Duty in the Civil War

Ohio Military Service

Soldiers’ Occupations: North/South Combined

Immigrants as a % of a State’s Populationin 1860

Southern Inflation

Northern Advantages and Disadvantages

• Advantages– Extensive railroad network– Strong industrial base– Superior navy– Larger population– Abundant supply of food– Dominance in foreign trade

• Disadvantages– Shortage of experienced and

skilled military commanders– Divided population that did

not fully support the war

Southern Advantages and Disadvantages

• Advantages– A defensive war fought on home

territory– A long coastline that would be difficult

to blockade– An important cash crop in cotton – A group of experienced and skilled

military commanders– A close economic relationship with

Britain North was afraid that Britain would ally with South• U.S. almost bought Br. Into war when

captured Confederate diplomats from Br. Steamer “Trent”

• Disadvantages– Smaller population than the North– Smaller industrial base than the North

Border States

• Importance– Strategic location– Important industrial

and agricultural resources

• Key Border States =– Kentucky– Maryland

• Abraham Lincoln didn’t want to isolate

Confederate States of America

The Confederate States of America

Constitution• Modeled after US Const.• Congress cannot levy protective

tariffsPresident• Jefferson Davis• Suffered from inability to increase

executive/federal power—ideology of states’ rights backfired!

Economy• imposed income taxes • issued money=inflation

The Leaders of the Confederacy

The Leaders of the Confederacy

Pres. Jefferson DavisPres. Jefferson Davis VP Alexander Stevens

VP Alexander Stevens

Overviewof

the North’s

Civil WarStrategy

:

“Anaconda”Plan

Overviewof

the North’s

Civil WarStrategy

:

“Anaconda”Plan

The “Anaconda” PlanThe “Anaconda” Plan

1. Naval blockade of the South to cut off essential supplies (Anaconda Plan)

2. Control the Mississippi River and divide the South.

3. Take control of Richmond, Virginia

Lincoln’s GeneralsLincoln’s Generals

Irwin McDowellIrwin McDowell

Winfield ScottWinfield Scott

George McClellan,Again!

George McClellan,Again!

George McClellanGeorge McClellan

Ambrose BurnsideAmbrose Burnside

Joseph HookerJoseph Hooker

George MeadeGeorge MeadeUlysses S. GrantUlysses S. Grant

The Confederate Generals

The Confederate Generals

Jeb StuartJeb Stuart

James LongstreetJames Longstreet

George PickettGeorge Pickett

“Stonewall” Jackson“Stonewall” Jackson Nathan Bedford Forrest

Nathan Bedford Forrest

Robert E. LeeRobert E. Lee

First Manassas (Bull Run)

• July 1861• First major battle• Union fled to D.C.• Showed that the Union

was in it for the long run

Antietam (Sharpsburg)

Antietam (Sharpsburg)

The Battle of Antietam, September 1862

• The Union victory persuaded England and France to remain neutral While both European powers saw advantages in a divided America, they followed a cautious policy toward both the North and South

• Bloodiest day of the war (22,000 killed)

• Stopped the possibility of Confederates receiving foreign recognition and aid.

• The Union victory enabled Lincoln to issue the Emancipation Proclamation

The Emancipation Proclamation

• Lincoln delayed issuing the Emancipation Proclamation b/c he didn’t want to antagonize slave owners in Border States

• The North originally went to war to preserve the Union. The Emancipation Proclamation strengthened the Union’s moral cause.

• Rallied anti-slavery support in France and Britain• DID NOT free slaves in Border States• Freed ONLY the slaves in the states that were still

in rebellion• It DID NOT grant African Americans political

equality• Lincoln Hesitated to End Slavery

– Wanted to keep support of the border states– Constitutional protections of slavery (5th

Amendment)– Northern racism– Possibility that premature action could be

overturned (next election)

Gettysburg

• July 1863• This was the bloodiest

battle of the Civil War.• It lasted 3 days.• Ultimately, Lee

retreated, and was never again on the offensive.

Three days of fighting July 1-3, 1863…

Image courtesy Library of Congress

… and 51,000 casualtieskilled, wounded, or missing

Image courtesy Library of Congress

Finishing the War

Total War• Lincoln had a very difficult

time finding a general who could win

• Grant’s new strategy:1. Wage war on the enemy’s

will to fight.2. Systematically destroy

southern supplies.• Foreshadowed trench

warfare.

Finishing the War

Sherman’s March to the Sea• 1864 • Marched from Tennessee to

South Carolina• Destroyed everything in

their path: cotton fields, barns, livestock, houses

• Grant set Atlanta on fire.• Sherman burned Columbia,

South Carolina.

Foreign Affairs

Reasons Cotton Diplomacy Failed1. Europe found other ways of getting cotton and didn’t need the South.2. Confederate loss at Antietam (too much of a risk)3. The Northern goal of ending slavery appealed to the working class

British, although British leaders sympathized with the South.

Foreign Raiders• Using ships purchased from the

British, Confederates raided Union trade-vessels.

• British paid the Union $15.5 million in damages and cancelled iron ship sales to the Confederacy.

Trent Affair• The Union captured

Confederate diplomats hoping to win British recognition.

• The British insisted the Union return the prisoners, but did not recognize the Confederacy.

Freedmen in the War

¼ of the slave population walked away from slavery as the Union army approached after the Emancipation Proclamation.

• 200,000 African Americans served in the Union army.– Most units were segregated

(Massachusetts 54th Regiment)– African American soldiers won the

respect of northern soldiers– 37,000 African Americans died in

the war.

• “Army of Freedom” = African American fighters in the Union army

African-American Recruiting Poster

African-American Recruiting Poster

The Famous 54th Massachusetts

The Famous 54th Massachusetts

August Saint-Gaudens Memorial to Col. Robert

Gould Shaw

August Saint-Gaudens Memorial to Col. Robert

Gould Shaw

African-Americansin Civil War BattlesAfrican-Americansin Civil War Battles

Congressional Actions

• Congress established a national banking system to provide a uniform national currency

• Congress chartered two corporations – the Union Pacific Railroad and the Central Pacific Railroad – to build a transcontinental railroad connecting Omaha, NE to Sacramento, CA

• Congress passed the Homestead Act in 1862, offering cheap – sometimes free – land to people who would settle the West and improve their property

• Congress passed high tariffs to protect American industry from foreign competition

• Morill Land Grant Act govt gave land to states who created agriculture and mechanical colleges

The End of the War

Surrender at Appomattox Courthouse

• After 90 days of fighting, Lee’s men were forced to surrender at Appomattox, outside of Richmond Virginia.

Assassination of LincolnJohn Wilkes Booth shot the President while he attended a performance in Ford

Theater 5 days after the war ended, hoping to save the Confederacy; a co-conspirator attacked Secretary of States Seward.

Major effect = unity among northerners/decreased sympathy for defeated South

13th Amendment• December 1865• Ended slavery• Lincoln secured

enough votes in Congress for it to pass after his assassination.

Casualties on Both Sides

Casualties on Both Sides

Political Effects of the WarPolitical Parties

Republicans were split:• Radical Republicans wanted abolition of

slavery• Moderate Republicans (free-soilers) wanted

economic opportunity for Whites only.Copperheads and Peace Democrats opposed

the war and wanted peace.

Dominance of the North• After the war, the dominance of the federal

government over states rights was assumed by everyone [end of Federalist v. anti-Federalist debates].

• The abolition of slavery expanded the definition of American “democracy.”

Civil LibertiesThere is much debate about

whether Lincoln stepped outside the constitutional bounds of the presidency in executing the war.

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The DraftThe Union Conscription Act• Made all men 20-45 eligible to fight.• Men could avoid the draft by paying someone

else to replace them or paying $300.• White laborers thought African Americans

would replace them in the labor force.• “Rich man’s war, poor man’s fight”1863: Riots broke out in New York City• Angry Irish attacked Blacks and rich Whites.• Suspension of the draft and federal troops

restored order.

Economic Effects of the War

Financing the War• The North raised money by selling

government bonds an issuing Greenbacks.

• Inflation caused Congress to create a unified banking system in 1863.

Modernizing Northern Economy• Workers’ wages lowered with

inflation.• The war encouraged manufacturing

businesses to grow; a few war profiteers who became millionaires gained the capital that would help them finance postwar industrialization.

Wartime Laws Promoted Economic Growth:

•Morrill Tariff Act—increased taxes to protect American manufacturers•Homestead Act—offered 160 acres of Great Plains land to a family who would live there for 5 years•Morrill Land Grant Act—sold federal land to finance agricultural and technical colleges•Pacific Railway Act—created a northern route for a transcontinental railroad to link CA & western land to eastern states

Social Effects of the WarWomen

• Operated farms and plantations; filled factory jobs; worked as nurses while men were fighting.

• Most evacuated their jobs when men returned.

1. Field of Nursing was open to women.2. Responsibilities taken by women in the war fed

the movement for equal voting rights for women.

End of Slavery• The 13th Amendment was a big step

—the first time that African Americans were protected by the Constitution.

• Economic hardship and political oppression would continue for generations.

The Second American Revolution• 620,000 men died.• 4 million were freed from

slavery.• The South’s plantation

system was virtually destroyed.

• The North became more industrialized & modernized.– Republicans enacted a pro-

business program during the war.

• Strengthened characteristics of American democracy and capitalism.