THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT

I. TACKLING SEGREGATION

TACKLING SEGREGATION

A. WHERE DID IT START? …PLESSY VS. FERGUSON

B. BROWN VS. THE BOARD OF EDUCATION (1954)

1. WARREN COURT STRUCK DOWN SEGREGATION IN SCHOOLS

2. REACTION? RESISTANCE THROUGHOUT THE SOUTH

a. KKK REAPPEARED

b. LITTLE ROCK 9-VOLUNTEERED TO INTEGRATE LITTLE ROCK’S CENTRAL HS

• CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1957: ATTORNEY GENERAL HAD GREATER POWER OVER SEGREGATION & FEDERAL GOV’T NOW DEALT WITH VIOLATIONS OF VOTING RIGHTS

TACKLING SEGREGATION

C. ROSA PARKS 1. MONTGOMERY BUS

BOYCOTT- ORGANIZED BY THE MONTGOMERY IMPROVEMENT ASSOCIATION , LED BY MLK

a. 1956: FEDERAL GOVERNMENT OUTLAWED BUS SEGREGATION

Photos: smithsonianmag.com

II. THE MOVEMENT BEGINS

THE MOVEMENT BEGINS

A. GRASSROOTS ORGANIZATIONS 1. SOUTHERN CHRISTIAN

LEADERSHIP CONFERENCE

(SCLC)

2. STUDENT NONVIOLENT

COORDINATING COMMITTEE (SNCC)

3. CONGRESS OF RACIAL EQUALITY (CORE)

Photos: blackpast.org

THE MOVEMENT BEGINSB. NONVIOLENT PROTEST

1. SIT-INS a. GREENSBORO: STUDENTS FROM NC A&T

SAT AT A WHITES-ONLY LUNCH COUNTER

• WAS COVERED BY THE MEDIA

• SPARKED MANY OTHER SIT-INS

Learnnc.org

THE MOVEMENT BEGINS

2. FREEDOM RIDES

a. CONGRESS OF RACIAL EQUALITY

b. RODE BUSSES THROUGH THE SOUTH TO CHALLENGE SEGREGATION ON INTERSTATE BUSSES AND BUS TERMINALS

• HOPE TO PROVOKE VIOLENCE IN ORDER TO GAIN PUBLICITY

• SUCCESSFUL

Photos: The Americans

THE MOVEMENT BEGINS3. INTEGRATION OF OLE MISS

a. 1962: JAMES MEREDITH WINS FEDERAL COURT CASE THAT ALLOWED HIM TO ENROLL IN THE ALL-WHITE UNIVERSITY OF MISSISSIPPI

• GOV. ROSS BARNETT REFUSED TO LET HIM REGISTER

JFK ORDERED FEDERAL MARSHALLS TO ESCORT MEREDITH TO REGISTRATION

THE MOVEMENT BEGINS

4. BIRMINGHAM, ALABAMAa. “CHILDREN’S CRUSADE”-SCHOOL AGE

CHILDREN MARCHED IN BIRMINGHAM AND FACED FIRE HOSES AND DOG ATTACKS

b. SEGREGATION WAS EVENTUALLY ENDED THROUGHOUT THE ENTIRE CITY

THE MOVEMENT BEGINS

5. MARCHING a. MARCH ON WASHINGTON TO ENCOURAGE

CONGRESS TO PASS JFK’S CIVIL RIGHTS BILL

• MLK GIVES HIS “I HAVE A DREAM SPEECH”

b. THE SELMA CAMPAIGN

• MLK PLANNED MARCH FROM SELMA TO MONTGOMERY, ALABAMA TO PROTEST THE KILLING OF A CIVIL RIGHTS DEMONSTRATOR

III. CHANGES AND CHALLENGES

CHALLENGES & CHANGES A. CHALLENGING NORTHERN SEGREGATION

1. DE FACTO SEGREGATION: SEGREGATION THAT EXISTS BY CUSTOM & PRACTICE

2. SEGREGATION IN THE NORTH INTENSIFIED BY THE GREAT MIGRATION

3. URBAN VIOLENCE

a. RACE RIOTS IN HARLEM AFTER 15 YEAR OLD BOY WAS KILLED

b. RIOTS IN LA BROKE OUT AFTER THE PASSAGE OF THE VOTING RIGHTS ACT OF 1965

c. 1967: OVER 100 RIOTS IN CITIES ACROSS THE US

CHALLENGES & CHANGES B. NEW LEADERS EMERGE

1. MALCOM X- “BALLOTS OR BULLETS”

a. STUDIED ISLAMIC TEACHINGS IN PRISON & BECAME AN ISLAMIC MINISTER

b. TAUGHT WHITES WERE THE CAUSE OF THE BLACK CONDITION AND BLACKS SHOULD SEPARATE THEMSELVES FROM WHITE SOCIETY

c. CALLED FOR ARMED SELF DEFENSE

• STRUCK FEAR INTO THE WHITE COMMUNITY, SAW HIS AS RADICAL

d. SPLIT WITH THE BLACK MUSLIMS IN 1964

e. 1965: SHOT & KILLED

CHALLENGES & CHANGES 2. STOKLEY CARMICHAEL

a. SLOGAN: BLACK POWER

• “CALL FOR BLACK PEOPLE TO BEGIN TO DEFINE THEIR OWN GOALS AND START THEIR OWN ORGANIZATIONS”

• URGED STUDENT GROUPS TO STOP RECRUITING WHITES

• MLK BELIEVED HE WAS PROVOKING VIOLENCE

CHALLENGES & CHANGES 3.HUEY NEWTON & BOBBY SEALE

a. OCTOBER 1966: FORMED THE BLACK PANTHER PARTY

• GOAL-FIGHT POLICE BRUTALITY

• ASKED FOR FAIR HOUSING, EQUAL EMPLOYMENT, AND FOR BLACK YOUTH TO BE EXEMPT FROM THE VIETNAM DRAFT

• PREACHED SELF DEFENSE

• SOLD COPIES OF MAO ZEDONG’S WRITINGS

•WON A LOT OF SUPPORT IN URBAN AREAS

CHALLENGES & CHANGES C. MLK’S DEATH

1. KILLED ON APRIL 4, 1968 IN MEMPHIS TENNESSEE

2. REACTIONS

a. WORST URBAN RIOTING IN US HISTORY

IV. LEGACIES

A. CIVIL RIGHTS LEGISLATION & POLICY

1. CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1957

--GAVE US ATTORNEY GENERAL POWER OVER SCHOOL DESEGREGATION

--GAVE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT POWER OVER VIOLATIONS OF AFRICAN AMERICAN VOTING

RIGHTS

2. CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1964

--PROHIBITS DISCRIMINATION BECAUSE OF RACE, RELIGION, NATIONAL ORIGIN, GENDER

--ALL CITIZENS HAVE THE RIGHT TO ENTER “PUBLIC

ACCOMODATIONS”

(LIBRARIES, PARKS, RESTROOMS, RESTAURANTS, THEATERS)

3) VOTING RIGHTS ACT OF 1965

--ELIMINATED POLL TAXES AND LITERACY TESTS

4. CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1968

BANNED DISCRIMINATION OF RACE (LATER GENDER) IN HOUSING PURCHASES AND RENTALS

•5) AFFIRMATIVE ACTION

--MAKING EFFORT TO HIRE OR ENROLL GROUPS THAT HAVE SUFFERED DISCRIMINATION

--MOSTLY SEEN IN SCHOOLS AND COMPANIES WITH GOVERNMENT CONTRACTS

(STILL VERY CONTROVERSIAL)

WORKS CITED• DANZLER, GERALD A. THE AMERICANS. N.P.: MCDOUGAL LITTELL, 2008. PRINT.

• "5.3 THE GREENSBORO SIT-INS." THE GREENSBORO SIT-INS - NORTH CAROLINA DIGITAL HISTORY. N.P., N.D. WEB. 04 APR. 2017.

• GAMBINO, MEGAN. "DOCUMENT DEEP DIVE: ROSA PARKS' ARREST RECORDS." SMITHSONIAN.COM. SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 28 NOV. 2012. WEB. 04 APR. 2017.

• "SOUTHERN CHRISTIAN LEADERSHIP CONFERENCE (1957 - ) | THE BLACK PAST: REMEMBERED AND RECLAIMED." SOUTHERN CHRISTIAN LEADERSHIP CONFERENCE (1957 - ) | THE BLACK PAST: REMEMBERED AND RECLAIMED. N.P., N.D. WEB. 04 APR. 2017