THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT. I. VOTING RIGHTS 15 th Amendment (1869) extended the right to vote to all...

THE CIVIL RIGHTS THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENTMOVEMENT


I. VOTING RIGHTSI. VOTING RIGHTS

1515thth Amendment (1869) Amendment (1869)

extended extended the right to the right to vote to all vote to all males males regardless regardless of race.of race.

JIM CROW LAWSJIM CROW LAWS

laws that required segregation by race.

Segregated Bus Station in Dallas, Texas.

POLL TAXPOLL TAXa fee paid in order to vote. Used to discriminate against black voters.

LITERACY TESTLITERACY TESTa reading test to keep illiterate people from voting, aimed at keeping blacks from voting after the Civil War.

GRANDFATHER CLAUSEGRANDFATHER CLAUSEa law that exempted voters from the literacy test if they had voted before or if their grandfathers had voted. This ensure that the literacy test did not keep too many illiterate whites from voting.

SUFFRAGESUFFRAGE

the right to vote.

1919THTH AMENDMENT (1920) AMENDMENT (1920)

granted women the right to vote. Notable women’s rights leaders: Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton.


abolished the poll tax.


extended voting rights to all citizens over 18. Voting age lowered due to the Vietnam War.


II. AFRICAN-AMERICAN II. AFRICAN-AMERICAN CIVIL RIGHTSCIVIL RIGHTS

CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENTCIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT

refers to the push in the 1950s and 1960s to extend equal treatment and equal to all citizens regardless of color.


abolished slavery.

DISCRIMINATIONDISCRIMINATIONto treat somebody differently (usually we think of being treated worse) because of race, religion, gender, etc.

SEGREGATIONSEGREGATIONa policy of keeping the races separate in public. Different schools for different races, etc.

SEGREGATIONSEGREGATION

PLESSY V. FERGUSONPLESSY V. FERGUSON (1896) (1896)Supreme Court case that ruled that segregation was legal as long as the facilities were “separate but equal.”

BROWN V. TOPEKA BOARD BROWN V. TOPEKA BOARD OF EDUCATIONOF EDUCATION (1954) (1954)

Supreme Court case that overturned Plessy v. Ferguson, making segregation in schools illegal. It stated that all schools had to reintegrate (and it eventually was applied to other public facilities as well).

THURGOOD MARSHALLTHURGOOD MARSHALL

the first black Supreme Court Justice. One of the justices to vote for integration and desegregation.

LITTLE ROCK CENTRAL HIGH LITTLE ROCK CENTRAL HIGH SCHOOL (1957)SCHOOL (1957)

Arkansas governor defied the Supreme Court and President Eisenhower by refusing to integrate Little Rock High. He used National Guard troops to turn away 9 African-American students who were supposed to begin attending school in the fall.

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Mobs of angry people swarmed the high school to protest integration. “Ike” stepped in, placed the National Guard under federal control. He then sent more federal troops to Little Rock to escort the “Little Rock Nine” to classes.

W.E.B. DUBOISW.E.B. DUBOIS

famous civil rights leader, the first African-American to receive a Ph.D. from Harvard Univ., and the founder of the NAACP.

W.E.B. DUBOISW.E.B. DUBOIS

NATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF COLORED PEOPLES ADVANCEMENT OF COLORED PEOPLES

(NAACP)(NAACP)

an organization dedicated to achieving equality for people of all races and ending racial violence in the South.

INTEGRATIONINTEGRATION

The process of putting the races back together in public places

Integration in Clinton, TN schools: Dec. 1956.

KOREAN WARKOREAN WARThis was the first war in which black and white soldiers served in the same units. Pres. Truman had ordered integration of the Armed Forces in 1948.

KOREAN WARKOREAN WAR

VIETNAM WARVIETNAM WARThe Vietnam War enhanced the push for civil rights and equality in the 1960s as more African-Americans perished in the jungles.

CIVIL DISOBEDIENCECIVIL DISOBEDIENCEA term coined by Henry David Thoreau and adopted by many civil rights leaders. It is the process of protesting an injustice or unfair law through non-violent methods.

BOYCOTTBOYCOTTrefusing to buy goods and services from companies/businesses until they change their policy. A favorite tool of the colonists during the American Revolution and a favorite tool of civil rights leaders even today.

SIT-INSIT-INa form of protest in which people go to a segregated business and place an order. If they are refused service, they just sit there until they are served or forced to leave. Makes businesses choose between integrating or having a racial disruption.

SIT-INSIT-IN

MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR.MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR.One of the most famous civil rights leaders who utilized the concept of civil disobedience. He organized various peaceful marches across the nation, the most famous being the March on Washington where he gave his “I have a dream” speech.

MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR.MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR.

BIRMINGHAM RIOTBIRMINGHAM RIOTAfter being released from jail, MLK organized a non-violent march in Birmingham, AL. Local police arrested over 900 protesters, turned attack dogs on the crowd, used high-pressure firehoses on the crowd, and beat fallen protesters with clubs before dragging them to jail.

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BIRMINGHAM RIOTBIRMINGHAM RIOTThe public watched on T.V. and was appalled at the scene. Soon after, city facilities were desegregated and fair hiring practices implemented.

BIRMINGHAM RIOTBIRMINGHAM RIOT

ROSA PARKSROSA PARKSCivil Rights pioneer. She refused to give up her seat to a white passenger on a Montgomery, AL bus. She was arrested for breaking segregation laws. This incident touched off Montgomery Bus Boycott.

ROSA PARKSROSA PARKS

MONTGOMERY BUS BOYCOTTMONTGOMERY BUS BOYCOTTCivil Rights leaders, including MLK, organized a boycott of the Montgomery bus system until they changed their segregation policy. Despite losing money, the company did not change. It took the Supreme Court to rule that even bus segregation was unconstitutional.

STUDENT NONVIOLENT STUDENT NONVIOLENT COORDINATING COMMITTEE (SNCC)COORDINATING COMMITTEE (SNCC)

Many civil rights organizations were church-based. SNCC was created to give young students a more active role in the struggle for equality. They participated in sit-ins, marches, and boycotts as well as organizing their own events.

FREEDOM RIDESFREEDOM RIDESSNCC organized a series of bus trips through southern states to test whether the states would obey the Supreme Court rulings to desegregate busses and other facilities. The trip turned violent as angry mobs met the freedom riders.

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FREEDOM RIDESFREEDOM RIDESIn one incident in AL, a mob disabled a bus and threw a firebomb inside. As riders escaped, they were beaten by the mob. The public watched on T.V., and this led the govt. to expand the ban on segregation on any public transportation.

FREEDOM RIDESFREEDOM RIDES

MARCH ON WASHINGTON (1963)MARCH ON WASHINGTON (1963)Over 200,000 people marched on the capital city to support the civil rights bill proposed by President Kennedy. Protesters adopted the slogan “jobs and freedom.” This is when MLK gave his most famous “I have a dream” speech.

MARCH ON WASHINGTON (1963)MARCH ON WASHINGTON (1963)

MARCH ON SELMAMARCH ON SELMAIn Selma, AL, black voters were arrested just for trying to register to vote. MLK organized a 50-mile protest march from Selma to Montgomery. As the march began, armed state troopers rode into the crowd with whips, clubs and tear gas to disperse the crowd.

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MARCH ON SELMAMARCH ON SELMAPresident Johnson immediately put the AL National Guard under federal control and sent federal troops and marshals to protect the protesters on the rest of their march. By the time they reached the AL capital, there were over 25,000 marchers.

MARCH ON SELMAMARCH ON SELMA

BLACK PANTHERSBLACK PANTHERSA militant group that often found themselves engaged in violent conflict over civil rights. They wanted African-Americans to lead their own communities. They wanted the national govt. to rebuild the nation’s ghettos and curtail police brutality.

BLACK PANTHERSBLACK PANTHERS

MALCOLM XMALCOLM XWanted civil rights, but he did not believe that nonviolent methods were effective. At first he opposed integration, asking why anyone would want to join white society if white society was so prejudiced.

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MALCOLM XMALCOLM XEventually, he softens his views and grows more willing to work with other civil rights groups and even white leaders on some issues. He was assassinated in 1965.

MALCOLM XMALCOLM X

CIVIL RIGHTS ACT (1964)CIVIL RIGHTS ACT (1964)give the govt. more power to enforce desegregation laws and voting rights. All voters had the same registration standards. Prohibited discrimination in public facilities (theatres, motels, restaurants, etc.). Allowed the govt. to withhold funds from organizations that discriminated.

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CIVIL RIGHTS ACT (1964)CIVIL RIGHTS ACT (1964)Banned discrimination on the basis of race, religion, gender by employers. Created the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) to investigate charges of job discrimination.

Pres. Johnson signs the Civil Rights Act into law.

VOTING RIGHTS ACT (1965)VOTING RIGHTS ACT (1965)

Allowed federal officials to register voters in places where local officials were blocking the registration of African-Americans. It also eliminated poll taxes and literacy tests.


III. LATINO CIVIL RIGHTSIII. LATINO CIVIL RIGHTS

LATINOSLATINOScollective name for people whose family origins are in Spanish-speaking Latin America.

CHICANOSCHICANOSanother term for Mexican-Americans. The largest group of Latinos in the U.S.

MIGRANT WORKERSMIGRANT WORKERSworkers who move from farm to farm, and often state to state, providing the backbreaking labor required to grow many of our nation’s crops.

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MIGRANT WORKERSMIGRANT WORKERSMost worked for extremely low pay, and their children often had little opportunity for education either because of the frequent moves or lack of income.

CESAR CHAVEZCESAR CHAVEZReformer who wanted to improve working conditions for farm workers. He formed the United Farm Workers (UFW) union. He believed in nonviolent protests, organizing farm workers and citizens into boycotts of various farm products.

CESAR CHAVEZCESAR CHAVEZ

IMMIGRATIONIMMIGRATIONEven in the 1950s and 1960s, immigration was a controversial topic. People from many countries wanted to come here to earn a better living and provide for their families. But who, how many, and from where? Still questions we deal with today.


IV. NATIVE AMERICAN IV. NATIVE AMERICAN CIVIL RIGHTSCIVIL RIGHTS

LAND CLAIMSLAND CLAIMSNative American tribes sued for protection of tribal lands to preserve hunting, fishing, homes and sacred sites on these lands.

AUTONOMYAUTONOMYNative American tribes wanted self-government for individual tribes. Let tribal leaders make local decisions, rather than the state government.

AMERICAN INDIAN MOVT. (AIM)AMERICAN INDIAN MOVT. (AIM)first focused on Native Americans living in cities by establishing patrols and encouraging racial/cultural pride in young people.

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AMERICAN INDIAN MOVT. (AIM)AMERICAN INDIAN MOVT. (AIM)Later, AIM joined in more militant protests for the return of land to tribes across the nation and for better treatment of those living on reservations. Over time, Native Americans regained some land along with mineral and water rights.

OCCUPATION OF WOUNDED KNEE, SD OCCUPATION OF WOUNDED KNEE, SD (1973)(1973)

AIM leaders descended upon Wounded Knee, SD to protest the poverty and poor living conditions on the reservation. The protesters refused to leave until the govt. took action to better living conditions and review over 300 Indian treaties.

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OCCUPATION OF WOUNDED KNEE, SD OCCUPATION OF WOUNDED KNEE, SD (1973)(1973)

Federal marshals and FBI agents besieged the city until it surrendered. In exchange, the govt. launched investigations of treaties and living conditions on the reservation.

INDIAN EDUCATION ACT (1972)INDIAN EDUCATION ACT (1972)gave parents and tribal councils more control over schools and school programs.

Indian School in Michigan

INDIAN SELF-DETERMINATION INDIAN SELF-DETERMINATION EDUCATION ACT (1975)EDUCATION ACT (1975)

let local leaders administer federally supported social programs for housing and education.

THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT. I. VOTING RIGHTS 15 th Amendment (1869) extended the right to vote to all...

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