THE BAROQUE AGE - I · –quadratura, in which architecture and fancy are intermixed. ST. ......
Transcript of THE BAROQUE AGE - I · –quadratura, in which architecture and fancy are intermixed. ST. ......
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THE BAROQUE AGE1600-1715Chapter 14
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Origin of “Baroque”
• Barocco (Portuguese) meaning an irregularly shaped pearl
• Baroco (Italian) a false scholastic syllogism, a caricature of logic and hence a form of sophistry; a tortuous argument in logic
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THREE MANIFESTATIONS OF BAROQUE
• FLORID BAROQUE
• CLASSICAL BAROQUE
• RESTRAINED BAROQUE
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Florid Baroque
• Centered in Italy
• Aesthetic values subordinated to spiritual purposes
• Strongly supported by the Popes
• Grand buildings and elaborate decorations in proclaiming power & richness of the Church
• Vitality and theatrical effects were prized over restraint & repose
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Architects
• Carlo Maderno – redesigned St. Peter’s Basilica from a Greek cross to a Latin cross
• Gian Lorenzo Bernini – designed the public square fronting St. Peter’s
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Artists• Gian Lorenzo Bernini [sculptor, Italy]
– Baldacchino of St. Peter’s
– Ecstasy of St. Teresa
• (Michelangelo Merisi) Caravaggio [painter, Italy]– Martyrdom of St. Matthew
• Artemisia Gentileschi [painter- female, Italy]– Judith and Her Maidservant with the Head of
Holofernes
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• Diego Velásquez [painter, Spain]– Las Meninas
– The Waterseller of Seville
• Peter Paul Rubens [painter, Flanders]– The Education of Marie de’ Medici
– Self-portrait
• Andrea Pozzo [painter, Italy]– Allegory of the Missionary Work of the Jesuits
(Sant’ Ingnazio in Rome)
– quadratura, in which architecture and fancy are intermixed
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ST. PETER’S BASILICA AND PIAZZA
Piazza designed by Gian Lorenzo Bernini
Basilica redesigned by Carlo Maderno
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Baldacchino in St. Peter’s by
Bernini
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The Ecstasy of St. Teresaby Bernini
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The Martyrdom
of St. Matthew
by Caravaggio
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Judith and her Maidservant with the
Head of Holofernesby
Artmesia Gentileschi
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Judith Beheading Holofernes
by ArtmesiaGentileschi
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Las Meninas(The Maids of
Honor)by
Diego Velázquez
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Two Young Men Eating at a Humble TableBy
Velasquez
The Waterseller of Seville
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The Education of Marie de’ Medici
by Peter Paul Rubens
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Self-PortraitOf
Peter Paul Rubens
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Allegory of the Missionary Work of the JesuitsBy Andrea Pozzo [Church of Sant’ Ignazio]
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Classical Baroque
• Principally in France
• Embraced grandeur & opulence, but more classical in style
• Exemplified in Palace of Versailles, lifestyle of Louis XIV
• Secular focus, identified with absolutism
• Impersonal, controlled, & measured in their arts
• Simplistic & dignified
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Architects• Louis Le Vau – Versailles Palace
• Jules Hardouin-Mansart – Versailles Palace
• Charles LeBrun – Hall of Mirrors in Versailles Palace
• André Le Nôtre – landscape architect & sculptor at Versailles Palace
Painter• Nicholas Poussin – lived in Rome, but
practiced Classical Baroque
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THE PALACE OF VERSAILLES
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Hall of Mirrors, Versailles Palace
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Et in Arcadia Ego by Nicolas Poussin
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Helios & Phaeton
byNicolas Poussin
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Restrained Baroque
• Found in Netherlands and England
• Simpler art works
• Humanized Baroque exuberance
• Appealed to democratic sentiments
• Reflected common human experience
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• Sir Christopher Wren was the premier architect of restrained baroque in England, thanks in part to the Great London Fire
– St. Paul’s Cathedral
– St. Bride’s Church
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ARTISTS• Rembrandt Van Rijn (Netherlands) 0
[Rembrohnt Von Rain]
– The Blinding of Samson (1636)
– The Night Watch (1642).
– Self-Portrait (1669)
• Jan (Johannes) Vermeer (Netherlands)
– The Lacemaker (1669-1670)
– Girl With A Pearl Earring (1665-1666)
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• Judith Leyster (Netherlands)
– Self-Portrait
– The Happy Couple
• Anthony van Dyck (Flanders/Belgium & England)
– James Stuart, Duke of Richmond and Lennox (1630?)
– Charles I
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The Blinding of Samson by Rembrandt van Rijn
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Night Watch
by Rembrandt
van Rijn
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Self-Portraits of Rembrandt van Rijn
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The Lacemaker
byJan
Vermeer
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The Girl with A Pearl Earring
byJan Vermeer
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Self-Portrait of Judith Leyster The Happy Couple
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James Stuart, Duke of Richmond & Lennox Charles I by Anthony van Dyck
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Baroque Literature• Characterized by
– ornate language
– characterization of individuals & types with emotional extremes
• France
– Two great tragedians
• Cornielle (Le Cid)
• Racine (Phèdra)
– Comedian: Moliere (Tartuffe)
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Neoclassicism
• Was greatly formalized in France.
• Neoclassicists were concerned with 6 primary topics
– Verisimilitude
– Purity of dramatic types
– The five-act form
– Decorum
– The purposes of drama (to teach & to please)
– The three unities
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verisimilitude• “the appearance of truth”
• Embodied reality, morality, and generality or abstraction
• Playwright had to exclude anything that could not happen in real life, unless they were accepted part of a Greek myth or biblical material (and then had to be minimized)
• Discouraged soliloquies and chorus as unnatural. Replaced such with a trusted companion or confidant to whom they could reveal innermost secrets.
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• Violence was removed offstage because of difficulty in making it convincing (real).
• Dramatist must teach moral lessons, reveal life’s ideal moral patterns. Whenever injustice appeared to prevail, it was explained as a “part of God’s plan,” beyond human comprehension, but inevitably just.
• Truth = those norms that are discoverable through the rational and systematic examination of phenomena (natural or man-made)
• These “truth in norms” were to extend to every aspect of dramatic composition.
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purity of dramatic types• Only two forms allowed: tragedy and comedy.
• Other forms were inferior because they were mixed forms.
• Tragedy norms
– Characters drawn form rulers or nobility
– Stories dealt with affairs of state, downfall of rulers and similar events
– Always with unhappy endings
– Style was lofty and poetic
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• Comedy norms– Characters drawn from middle or lower classes
– Stories dealt with domestic & private affairs
– Always with happy endings
– Style characterized by use of ordinary language
• These norms were to be strictly adhered to.
• Deviate plays did exist, but were denounced as not serious efforts and unworthy of critical consideration, products of poorly educated or tasteless writers, and labeled irregular or illegitimate drama
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Decorum = fittingness or appropriateness
• The principle of character portrayal was termed decorum
• Each age group, rank, profession, and sex was said to have its own essence. Each dramatist was expected to remain true to these norms in character creation.
• Dramatist must only write about the permanent aspects of humanity, governing patterns that remain the same in all places and time periods.
5-Act form: Any legitimate play must be written in 5 acts
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3 unities: time, place, action
• Verisimilitude dictated no more than 24 hours of subjective time should pass during a play.
• Because the audience knows it has only been in one place, all action must take place within one location. This was gradually loosened to allow for a change of place PROVIDING it could be reached within 24 hours.
• Only ONE action allowed. No subplots were permissable.
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ENGLAND• John Milton Paradise Lost
– Puritan who supported Oliver Cromwell
– Mixed Christian legend and ancient epic
– Known for quote “Better to reign in Hell than serve in Heaven,” attributed to Lucifer