The Art of Peering: The Peering Playbook

William B. Norton

Co-Founder & Chief Technical Liaison

Equinix, Inc.

NaMeX Member MeetingOctober 7, 2005 Rome, Italy<wbn@equinix.com>

What is Equinix?

• One of the largest Carrier-Neutral Colocation Providers in the world

• Operate Dominant IXes in the U.S. (Ashburn Flagship IX)

• 15 Internet Business Exchanges across U.S. and Asia (HK, TK, SG, SYD)

• 200+ Networks across IBXes• ~50Gbps aggregate traffic

What does wbn do?What does wbn do?

6yrs Internet Researcher

• 90% externally focused • Document Internet Operations Practices –

Interconnect/Peering/IXes/etc.• Research with the community

– Write White Paper version M.m– Walk throughs & Feedback– Fix/Update Paper

• 200 Walkthroughs later – a document reflecting community Internet Operations knowledge

So far 10 White Papers

Internet Operations White Papers1) “Interconnection Strategies for ISPs”2) “Internet Service Providers and Peering”3) “A Business Case for Peering”4) “The Art of Peering: The Peering Playbook”5) “The Peering Simulation Game”6) “Do ATM-based Internet Exchanges Make Sense Anymore?” 7) “Evolution of the U.S. Peering Ecosystem”8) “Asia Pacific Peering Guidebook”9) “A Business Case for Peering in 2004”10) “The Great Public vs. Private Peering Debate: Peering at

10Gig”

Freely available. See Web site or send e-mail to wbn@equinix.comOr Google for “William B. Norton” Myths…Myths…

Research “The Art of Peering”

• Follow up to the first three white papers.Q: When e-mail to peering@<ispdomain>.net generates no response,

what do Seasoned Peering Coordinators do?

• Smartest Peering Coordinator: “Tricks of the Trade”• 20 Tactics successfully used to obtain Peering where you otherwise

might not be able to.

Disclaimer: These are NOT recommended tactics…I am simply documenting what has been successfully used in the field to obtain peering.

Language.Graphical notation to describe the tactics

P?

Graphical Notation of Tactics

BA

ISP Initiator ISP Target

A B

ISP A Customers

ISP BCustomers

Larger Circle=More Customer Prefixes Thicker Lines=More Traffic

P?=Peering Request w/Peering Coordinator

Peering Negotiation

T?=Transit RequestTo Sales Person

Transit Negotiations

APC BPC

P?

APC BS

T?

APC BPC

APC BS

T?

$

$

To Portray Peering Plays Pictorially…

Transit and Peering Sessions

A BT

A BP

T=Established Transit Session(Selling Access to entire Internet)Size indicates effective size of transportSupporting the session

P=Established Peering Session(Reciprocal Access to each others customers) Size indicates effective size of transportSupporting the session

A BP

A BT

$

$

Graphical Display of Routing Announcements

Represents “the rest of the Internet”

Traffic over Transit and Peering Sessions

A BT

A BP

Traffic showed as directed lines

Thickness of line indicates amount of Traffic in relevant direction

A BP

A BT $

$

Other VariationsP->T = Transition of RelationshipP | T = Either Peering or Transit apply = Traffic destined anywhere = Fictitious Traffic = Packet Loss ridden Traffic = Traffic destined to green network = Traffic destined to brown network

Other Graphical Symbols

PeeringPoint

Exchange Point, Telco Hotel

Tiedwith

Indicates two or moreElements tied withrelationship

Indicates a ordering:a sequence to be followedin the Peering Tactic

or

1)    The Direct Approach uses peering@<ispdomain>.net , phone calls, face to face meetings, or otherwise direct

interactions with Peering Coordinators to establish peering.

P?

P?=Peering RequestTo Peering Coordinator(s)

Peering Negotiation

Leading to

Peering Session

APC BPC

P?

APC BPC

A BP

{null}

-or-

{“No”,null}

2)    The Transit with Peering Migration tactic leverages an internal advocate to buy transit with a contractual migration

to peering at a later time.

APC BS

T?

APC BS

T?

APC BS+BPC

T->P?

A BT->P $

A BPTransit Negotiations with Sales

leads to Peering

(…if peering prerequisites be met…)

$

$

$

3)    The End Run Tactic minimizes the need for transit by enticing a direct relationship with the target ISP’s largest

traffic volume customers.

APC B

T?/P?

T?/P?

$

6)    Paid Peering as a maneuver is positioned by some as a stepping stone to peering for those who don’t immediately

meet the peering prerequisites.

A BP

A BP

$

PeeringPoint

7)    In the Partial Transit tactic, the routes learned at an exchange point are exchanged with the peer for a price

slightly higher than transport costs.

$

A B

EG

DC F

H

I

J

KLM

Routing AnnouncementsForwarding all customer & Peering Pt Routes(almost peering – maybe costs less)Geographically

Remote Router

pt

8)    The Chicken tactic involves de-peering in order to make the other peer adjust the relationship.

A BP

A B

P

Who will blink first?A<->B Traffic has to go somewhere

YXT T$

$

A BT

or$

http://66.249.93.104/search?q=cache:NOS3HJhX9jcJ:www.merit.edu/mail.archives/nanog/msg11606.html+level3+network+status+cogent&hl=it

Example occurred on Wednesday!

What tactic is this?

http://scoreboard.keynote.com/scoreboard/Main.aspx?Destination=Level3

http://www.merit.edu/mail.archives/nanog/msg12221.html

The Nature of Web Traffic

• Asymmetric TrafficSmall Requests

Generate Large Responses

Client(Browser,Peer2peer

client)

Service(Web Server,

Peer2peer client)

A B

L

G

P

T

T

T $

$

$

A forces trafficOver B’s transit

9)    In the Traffic Manipulation tactic, ISPs or content players force traffic along the network path that makes

peering appear most cost effective.

APC BPC

L

G

P

T

T

T $

$

$

P?

1 MONTH LATERContact PC-We should Peer!

B hears A’s route‘for free’ through Peer L

CH ISPi.e.Yahoo!

A B

L

G

P

T

T

T $

$

$

$ $$

APC BPC

L

G

P

T

T

T

A B

L

G

P

T

T

T

A B

L

G

P

T

T

T

9b)    For Access Heavy Guys…In the Traffic Manipulation tactic, Access ISP a) stop announcing routes, orb) insert Target AS# into announcement to trigger BGP Loop Suppression to force traffic along the network path that makes peering appear most cost effective.

$

$

$

$

$

$

P?

1 MONTH LATERContact PC-We should Peer!

B hears A’s route‘for free’ through Peer L

A forces trafficOver B’s transit

Access ISPi.e. Verizon

10) The Bluff maneuver is simply overstating future traffic volumes or performance issues to make peering appear more

attractive.

A BP?

A B

L G

T

P

T$ $

FictitiousPerformanceProblems

Overstating Traffic Futures “You better peer with me now cause…Lots of transit fees coming otherwise!”

11) The Wide Scale Open Peering Policy as a tactic signals to the Peering Coordinator Community the willingness to

peer and therefore increases the likelihood of being contacted for peering by other ISPs.

APC

P?

From the highest mountain“We will Peer with Anyone!”

To anyone who will listen!

12) The Massive Colo Build tactic seeks to meet the collocation prerequisites of as many ISPs as possible by

building POPs into as many exchange points as possible.

A

IX

A

IX A

IX

A

IX

A

IX

A

IX

A

IX A

IX

A

IX

A

IX

A

IX

A

IX A

IX

A

IX

A

IX

“Meet us in 3 Time Zones”

PacificTimeZone

EasternTimeZone

M C

14) Friendship-based Peering leverages contacts in the industry to speed along and obtain peering where the process

may not be in place for a peering.

APC

P? BPC

Forums to meet Peering CoordinatorsGPFNANOGAPRICOTRIPEIETF:

15) The Spam Peering Requests tactic is a specific case of the Wide Scale Open Peering tactic using the exchange

point contact lists to initiate peering.

APC

P?IX Participants List

IX Participants List

IX Participants List

::

17) Purchasing Legacy Peering provides an immediate set of peering partners.

GA UP

PA BP

A

G UP

P BP

AA

PurchasesG and P

A

Legacy (early Internet day) Peering

19) The False Peering Outage tactic involves deceiving an ill-equipped NOC into believing a non-existing peering

session is down.

ANOC

BNOCPeeringPoint

X

ANOC: Hey – Emergency! ANOC: Our Peering Session with you Went Down!BNOC: Strange. <looks on router> I don’t see it configured.ANOC: It was. Don’t make me escalate to <famous person>BNOC: Ah – I bet is was that last config run that trashed it.BNOC: Give me a few minutes to fix it on both ends.

20) The Leverage Broader Business Arrangement takes advantage of other aspects of the relationship between two

companies to obtain peering in exchange for something else.

APC BS

P?

A BP

A B

Other

APC BS

P?PeeringTied with“Other”+Fiber deal+Dial-in deal+Racks+Transport+Strategic deal:

Tiedwith

Summary

• These are the “Tricks of the Trade”• Comments/Additions welcome !• Copies of the “Art of Peering: The Peering

Playbook” are freely available– Send e-mail to wbn@equinix.com or– Most white papers (except this one) are on-line

at http://www.equinix.com/– Or <google search “William B. Norton”>

Some differences between European and U.S. Model Internet Exchange

European IXes1. Are Non-Profit Associations2. Have “Members”3. Run best quality Switches4. Are Colo-Neutral: Some

University Grade Colo5. Member Meetings and Voting

on changes to policies and fees6. Fixed contracts and fees7. Modest Capital and Operating

Budget8. Low Price9. 24/7 on-call support

U.S. IXes1. Are Commercial Corporations2. Have “Customers”3. Run best quality Switches4. Own Financial/Commercial

Grade Colo infrastructure5. Follow interests of Customers,

Stockholders, Employees6. Negotiable Contracts and fees7. Large Capital and Operating

Budget8. High(er) Price9. 24/7 on-site support w/backup

processes