The Animal Kingdom Classification and Organization Dr. Jim Whitfield.

The Animal The Animal KingdomKingdomClassification and OrganizationClassification and OrganizationDr. Jim WhitfieldDr. Jim Whitfield

Basis of Basis of ClassificationClassification

What terms can we use to define what an What terms can we use to define what an animal is?animal is?

As in, All animals are …..As in, All animals are …..



As in, “All animals are …..As in, “All animals are …..

EUKARYOTICEUKARYOTIC





MULTICELLULARMULTICELLULAR





MULTICELLULARMULTICELLULAR

HETEROTROPHSHETEROTROPHS

What makes animals What makes animals different from each different from each

other?other? Animals differ in the arrangement of their Animals differ in the arrangement of their

cellscells



cellscells

Animals differ in body symmetry (radial vs. Animals differ in body symmetry (radial vs. bilateral)bilateral)



cellscells


Animals differ in the structure of the coelomAnimals differ in the structure of the coelom



cellscells


Animals differ in the structure of the coelomAnimals differ in the structure of the coelom

Animals differ in the structure of such Animals differ in the structure of such systems as digestive, reproductive, systems as digestive, reproductive, circulatory, respiratory and otherscirculatory, respiratory and others

How do animals How do animals differ when we differ when we classify them classify them

according to the according to the organization of their organization of their

cells?cells?

Sponges (phyla: Sponges (phyla: Porifera)Porifera)

Sponges exhibit basic cell organizationSponges exhibit basic cell organization

The cells aggregate together, there is some The cells aggregate together, there is some differentiation among function of the cellsdifferentiation among function of the cells

Their cells are mostly involved with obtaining Their cells are mostly involved with obtaining food and the exchange of oxygen and carbon food and the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxidedioxide

This is known as “Cellular Organization”This is known as “Cellular Organization”

Sponges do not demonstrate symmetrySponges do not demonstrate symmetry

Jelly Fish and Coral Animals Jelly Fish and Coral Animals (phyla: Cnidaria and (phyla: Cnidaria and

Ctenophora)Ctenophora)

Your book uses the term COELENTERATES – this Your book uses the term COELENTERATES – this term is no longer commonly usedterm is no longer commonly used

In these animals cells are organized to perform In these animals cells are organized to perform simple functions including digestion, respiration and simple functions including digestion, respiration and excretionexcretion

A group of cells performing the same task is called A group of cells performing the same task is called a tissuea tissue

Hence these animals show tissue level of Hence these animals show tissue level of organizationorganization

These animals show radial symmetryThese animals show radial symmetry

Portuguese man o’ warNote the radial symmetry

Flatworms (Phyla: Flatworms (Phyla: Platyhelminthes) Platyhelminthes)

Flatworms are acoelomates?Flatworms are acoelomates?

They are unsegmented invertebratesThey are unsegmented invertebrates

They are a simple digestive system with one They are a simple digestive system with one opening for eating and excretion – This is opening for eating and excretion – This is called an incomplete digestive systemcalled an incomplete digestive system

These organisms are the first to show an These organisms are the first to show an organ level of classification organ level of classification


What do you think “Organ Level” of What do you think “Organ Level” of classification means?classification means?


Remember a group of cells that work Remember a group of cells that work together for a common activity is called a together for a common activity is called a tissuetissue

So a group of tissues that work together for a So a group of tissues that work together for a common activity is called an organcommon activity is called an organ


More than half of all flatworms are parasitic – More than half of all flatworms are parasitic – meaning they cause disease. One of the most meaning they cause disease. One of the most serious diseases is Schistosomiasis (caused serious diseases is Schistosomiasis (caused by the genus trematode)by the genus trematode)

This is the second most significant parasitic This is the second most significant parasitic disease worldwide after Malaria disease worldwide after Malaria

It is often called “Snail Fever” because snails It is often called “Snail Fever” because snails serve as the intermediate hostserve as the intermediate host

Higher animal groups Higher animal groups such as Annelids, such as Annelids,

Arthropods, Arthropods, Mollusks, Mollusks,

Echinoderms, and Echinoderms, and Chordates)Chordates)

Have pulled their organs together to form Have pulled their organs together to form organ systemsorgan systems

Hence they demonstrate organ system level Hence they demonstrate organ system level of classificationof classification

Each organ has a specific role Each organ has a specific role

The proper functioning of each is required for The proper functioning of each is required for the system to work properlythe system to work properly

Differences in the Differences in the Same SystemsSame Systems

Remember that platyhelminthes have an Remember that platyhelminthes have an incomplete digestive systemincomplete digestive system, however from , however from the phyla Annelid onward have both a mouth the phyla Annelid onward have both a mouth and an anus, hence they have a and an anus, hence they have a complete complete digestive systemdigestive system

Some animals such as arthropods have anSome animals such as arthropods have an open open circulatory systemcirculatory system – this means that the heart – this means that the heart pumps the blood directly into the body bathing pumps the blood directly into the body bathing the cells – Chordates (you and I) have the cells – Chordates (you and I) have closed closed circulatory systemcirculatory system in which blood is pumped in which blood is pumped though a series of arteries and veinsthough a series of arteries and veins

SymmetrySymmetry

As previously stated sponges are asymetrical As previously stated sponges are asymetrical – this means that in whatever plane you cut – this means that in whatever plane you cut them their bodies will NOT be equalthem their bodies will NOT be equal

Jelly fish (Cnidaria) and star fish Jelly fish (Cnidaria) and star fish (Echinoderms) show radial symmetry (like (Echinoderms) show radial symmetry (like spokes on a wheel) this means that you can spokes on a wheel) this means that you can cut the body in any plane and have equal cut the body in any plane and have equal sidessides

Higher animals show bilateral symmetry 0 Higher animals show bilateral symmetry 0 this means that the body can be cut in only this means that the body can be cut in only one plane and have equal left and right sidesone plane and have equal left and right sides

Animals Can Also Be Animals Can Also Be Arranged by the Arranged by the

Arrangement of Their Arrangement of Their Embryonic Cell Embryonic Cell

LayersLayers

Embryonic (Germinal) Embryonic (Germinal) LayersLayers

Animals whose cells are arranged into two Animals whose cells are arranged into two embryonic layers, an outer embryonic layers, an outer ectodermectoderm and an and an inner inner endodermendoderm are called are called diploblasticdiploblastic

Often an undifferentiated layer of cells is Often an undifferentiated layer of cells is found between these two layers and is called found between these two layers and is called the the mesoglia mesoglia

This type of arrangement is found in This type of arrangement is found in cnidarianscnidarians

Embryonic (Germinal) Embryonic (Germinal) LayersLayers

Animals that have a third embryonic layer Animals that have a third embryonic layer located between the ectoderm and the located between the ectoderm and the mesoderm are called mesoderm are called triploblastic triploblastic

This layer of tissue is called the mesodermThis layer of tissue is called the mesoderm

Platyhelminthes to chordates are all Platyhelminthes to chordates are all triploblastictriploblastic

What Becomes of these What Becomes of these Layers?Layers?

The Endoderm forms the stomach, intestines, The Endoderm forms the stomach, intestines, lungs, pancreas, bladder, trachea and thyroid lungs, pancreas, bladder, trachea and thyroid glandgland

The Mesoderm forms the muscle, cartilage, The Mesoderm forms the muscle, cartilage, urinary tract (not including bladder), heat, urinary tract (not including bladder), heat, spleen, dermis and notochordspleen, dermis and notochord

The Ectoderm forms the hiair, nails, lens of the The Ectoderm forms the hiair, nails, lens of the eye, sweat and sebacious glands, cornea, and eye, sweat and sebacious glands, cornea, and the enamel of the teeththe enamel of the teeth

The Animal Kingdom Classification and Organization Dr. Jim Whitfield.

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