In thecollegea and universities thathave gorio over to the new hazlns Ithas -been; said V that -student sentimententirely Is responsible for,the change.The men themselves .. realised .- that

*the

oldA form\ of.-"blanket Uosslng,". "duck-'ng,*; ?,"settlng" up.„tying, and the ,llkewere -relics, of;a day that .had' best beforgotten.^.' ,2/TbeAnew. student has. found othermeans of showing that he was "sound"and "plucky." The football and base-ball fields and Other forms of .athleticsare found-to be better. tests of strengthand'ehdurance than the dangerous, old-fashioned' way. - . *

Joints, :newly soldered,'- the water .would;"sweat" out, as It is called, at regularIntervals

'in; small /bubbles. That

was- his idea. ~He rushed tohis friends, -and that' evening

the*fresh young man was seized, .con-

;veyed to /the-trench and a:pin was

;given7;to him. t. He was ordered ;to ;prickthe bubbles as rapidly as they formed.and he -,was ;kept at it for five mortalhours, whilo . relays \u25a0of upper classmenkept watchfover, him.. *

Although \u25a0 there ;is some of the old-fashioned hazing still 4at !West Point,the

'young soldiers have;fallen in withthe new: Idea more cheerfully than; the."middles." At a recent court-martialthere it was sworn that a second yearman,::name .unknown, bad been .guiltyofian;atrocious U form of hazing. Anofficer;"going .: through a company streetdu&lng'camp one evening noticed com-ing toward him a small field tortoisebearing on Its back a lighted candle..This was only;laughter provoking ahdwould have ended thera if ho had notnoticed ;the new "fourth class menstanding at attention before tUelrtents. :"VA»; the ,:tortoise :laboriouslypassed ?•\u25a0 them ;;". they were required tosalute it;in'strict military;form.' s , ..':.<i. During:the same ;inquiry^11developedthat another fourth-class man had beendirected

- to ',approach bis .",fellow class-men;;and with due solemnity "Inform

;them,v"J am< a' ring-tailed buzuzza,"whatever that was. \u25a0 Another."; bit -rof.testimony A was -of a fourth-class Imanwho Iduring:the;mess iwas compelledto slip down under tho table and "playdog,";eating scraps =ofI^food thrown tohim,*and .varying this by pullingat thetrousers leg of his fellow classmenand $setting up ?a mournful but sub-dued

-howlf'p|M|BBMBtHBBIM4BBHB

MORE HUMOR AND LESS CRUELTY IN THE NEW HAZING

OICthe authority of educators

.and \u25a0 observers of college life itmay be asserted that the old... method of hazing has disap-

peared-. almost entirely from tho bigcolleges, except, perhaps, at the UnitedStates Naval "Academy.

Only In what, George Ade has de-

ecribed as the little "freshwater col-leges of the land," high schools and

boarding schools nowadays does the an-

cient practice survive of compelling

newcomers cr unpopular old men tosubmit to brutal tr^tment or physical

indignity. Tnero were said to havebeen eight deaths throughout the coun-

try within tbe^ year due to hazing, but,

with the exception of the two deaths

at.Annapolis, all.the others came fromeraaU, little known, Isolated institu-tions and high schools, where the age

of th« boys engaged was distinctly be-low the years of discretion even inschool life. . •;"• >-. . . .

In the big institutions of the Eastand North nowadays there is still haz-ing under whatever title it may be6tyled, but It Is,.as a rule,,ridiculous,

fun loving and grotcsauc Recent dis-patches from Cambridge told of theexhibitions 'young Theodore Rooseveltwas compelled -to make of himself Inpublic,and this was In accordance withthe ritual of a secret society. Initiationin which has taken the place of theold college practice,

Young Roosevelt was.compelled todress in outlandish clothes,, show him-self in public and with weird"wordsaccost tuecaftual stranger or the long-suffering policeman. He did nothingexcept excite the laughter of.the adultsand experienced no more pain thanthat which his self-consciousness suf-fered. Neither he nor his hazers brokeany rule of the university, and the in-cident closed with the, young man. be-ing Ina* position to haze or initiate thesophomore of next year.

It>Is not an unfamiliar, sight .inBroadway' during the fall or the springto ccc a young man grotesquely 'attiredpromenading the thoroughfare followedby the men who have cira' In-charge.

"Walk -through ,'i the 81ough -lof De-.spo,nd!" was- still.another.'; 'Then. as, thevictim pproceeded: \u25a0'\u25a0'"Looki;more. ,;V.de-spondent—you tare 1,feeling

"wors«! than

h—l,h—

1, you;know."- :-?ISBjBb9BQ^HMHHV"Row,; a.mile rand :»iturn with tooth-

picks'* 'was a -Tale order. .:r-T;"Hitvher ":up to thirty-eight-^-nowdo%yn :to",, thirty-flve-~you are, lagging--^you'arojspurtlhg-f-you; are < exhausted,"and :soon. <ahd [for twenty minutes ;theyoung man was compelled to sit on afloor :to Vgo .through *ithe imotions ;iofrowlng.v to/ the ;secret,

-but Vsllent,"s de-

light1of his committee. ,

\u25a0-:, "Canr; you; slng,»;freshior', was an*other ;oucatlon.*f^^f^fflpKß^BJpntßi3B

;\u25a0 The answer was -a .doubtful. affirm--'/Sing,- then !",was the eotrimand. "i The

young man ;cleared • his throat ;and,triedhoarsely |to:comply.';}He ',was. asked "- tosing? tenor/t'basso,"*.' soprano .:and ;

-alto,

and » flnallyiordered ,to ?\u25a0 make ia""noisellkei;a :quartet.V*

'\u25a0 Others iwere bidden |

to r dance;iand stlllgothers q to \kxmakestrong \love^tb - an >imaginary ;young!woman. *.'.'-7 .One ofJthe characteristic^ examples ofthe'- new.' hazing s occurred ',at ;:Harvardlast (year. .There i,was Ja"1 freshman f,who.was -J'tresh.'-^; In1'aY few 1woeks £he jwasmost ;unpopular. ':'"College traditions andcustoms were s as

'nothing'.tOy him. Ha

violated them. all '-., both inicollege \andoutside, it111waa \u25a0\u25a0\u25a0 resolved |" toIfindvsonicspecial fform [< for 'this yoiing.{roan;"andfor/atweek for(more!some Iupperi class-"men fthought; ln;vain;

'"Nothing.' seemed

to t,bo :adequate^ ry:;i^r-r.;i^r-r. %^- "'::";\u25a0 :'V

'\u25a0'\u25a0 -' One -\of% the'!upper / classmen :. \u25a0 came

across aitrench\invWhlch;layi some; newwater,"mains in Cambridge one day. andobserving; the ipipes; noticed that! atHhe.M^..|'.«"l"l"«M'it'>"»"|i>' \u25a0 »\u25a0 \u25a0' f\u25a0!\u25a0\u25a0 '\u25a0 » it|l>

The History of Great Britain's Famous Union JackTHE British? Unio- Jack, .the King's

colors, combines ;three .... crosses— the, cross of.St-'George," the Cross of:St.

Andrew;and the. cross fof;SL"?Patrick-^"all on a blue \u25a0 field.."The union' of thesethree crosses loccurred ;In.. an ,interest-ing:fashion.'.' Primarily England's: flagdisplayed :a red:crysj, on;'\u25a0 a'l ".whiteground. The white ;cross :of« St. An-drew made Its appearance side by sidewith that of St. George" during^. thereign, of James I," the" Scottish; King,whoiascended ', the ? throne

'•ofIEngland.

It was not until,later, ;howcvcr,: in,1707,-that

*'the I,two;crosses ii.were "combined

*

on ithe^one^banner^andjjthe whltejemi;blemTof^Stii Andrew)ranifrom'corner jto jcorner Vbf.th* blue? fields and :-the; red;emblem;of ;SU\ George. v ;; -.INearly a centuryV later," the red dl-.agonal '~_ cross %otg St. *lPatrick f found aplace on the sanie^fiag.v It\was ßafter =the! lrish:ParUaraentfwasJunlted.: to the ,British;, thatithis iitook«place.

1 In Englandiit:is stipulatedUhat^allrcolors, as fißgsf«r«ltermela^n*uibe]

hand' made. At f!first, they were thework:ofjwqmenf mem bersJofj regimentalfamilies."]but yater.s the!/ privilege*^ wasgiven -to contractors,^ whofnumber Uess,than \half;a' dozen;. Itvis.'said/, lf.\how-ever, the wives.; and 3of, s of-flcers'^wantrito;' make;; colors /forj*theirreglmentsttheyv.'areSpermlttedl, to itdo

so^but 8 as|ay rule^ these pregimentalcolors -5 are /submitted w to^ th»L OarUr-Klngfat-ArmsjforlhlsfapprovaJ^beforethey.are' 1presented 4to'Lthe !regiments •torwhlch\tbeylhavi^ee»|made.^

wrap of his nightstick and grabbed ;the 'youth. Under \u25a0 the ruleIthe ? youth

'

could make .no"answer: to:the; naturalquestion. "Say.- what's the; matter,. with';,your and be was hauled incontinently/over to the police station. \'

"This is th*"wlrrst bug I,ever saw,"

asserted the •policeman :.as they* ap-peared before' the sergeant.

The sergeant .was'an old-timer, and ,

his eye quickly noted^.the presence 'of;several, young, men. clothed and Intheir right minds, \whOr had entered be-

1hindithe policeman 'and \u25a0 his prisoner.

"College?*', queried 'the'sergeant. ::

One of .the young ;men nodded. ."Let him go s',' was the command, and

it,took: tho entire reserve during; the'"

next tour of duty; to"< explain itop.the •

new. poltcenran .what Itwas all about." • -The new form,of,hazing is all of the •

ridiculous type; as has-been said. One,of the favorite; forms \in Princeton is-called the' "Pilgrim's Progress."; It-has slight variations. "-of"course, i.-but V

Except that he is likely to. cause acrowd to collect he does no harm, eitherto the public peace or «to public policy.He is serious, his directors are seriousand they do"not pay heed to tho com-ments of the populace.-

Occasionally there are variations. Oneyoung man wearing his coat reverse*was found last\ spring solemnly ad-dressing the cornerstone of'a' huge'office building. Ho called upon -thoheavy granlte'to fly.;with;him. to, theshade ofthe greenwood tree.

'A'Mile-

sian pollcemap strolling,in -his direc-tion listened for a moment with wonderin his eyes, and then* when he heardthe youth plca'd witli.^a block-rof stoneto "Come, my .love, and fly

*with me,"

he tightened his belt, .took an: extra

as nearly can? be done tho history ofMr;Bunyan- Is .

The "freshman ;v or- candidate ifor- so-.clety f:honors 'is .:\u25a0 in%a 1room twitb .the

\u25a0-"committee." It Is a solemn vocca- 1

slon,V for;one >of th». requirements r of:the ;new ;,way Is that = the •- "committee";shall Ibe \u25a0 absolutely;serious. v A:smile Is:frowned! upon," a

r;laugh-;lsr

;Iaugh-;ls cause 1:for;dis»;barment ;from.everj serving;again.

~ «. "Did'you

"ever ?;wlthjtempta- ;

,tlon?" ':asks \ the chairman.' .:The candi- ;date :answers f dubiously thatlhe has \u25a0sowrestled^ but he \does • not remember. "

;: "'Weii;sir," comes the return; •'againstyonder- walliis^'temptation' .waiting andwilling;for. a -fight..; You must go to it,grasp Jt- and ::proceed jto;wrestle with;ituntil;you have !conquered it." The '- lead-

'•'er;- points j;to -.the blank \u25a0 wall f,and .the;young; man.goes ,over *to

'it.. ?He looks

perplexed, for.?, a '• minute,*.- butithen,/ as ..ithe- idea ;strikes him,;he ;throws •out' his Iarms, takes \as hold"!onyhis s Imaginary:opponent \u25a0» and Vproceeds [to^; go >through ••the' pantomime \u25a0of .a 'desperate ';bout. ;HoIs conjured jtohvork harder all{the";time.'.He is informed he^i ls yielding; to "temp-"tation." who has Ia? strong,^hold. :VBy:the \ time =he ;has ibroken ',into ;a*profuseperspiration and 5is '• shortJ; of;• breath »

.'he 1Is.relieved 'for: the'- time being."; v'It

"Is :' called tvhorsing",

';at. Princeton'

and .it,;is conducted -entirely •" by ' the-sophomores.'* 3ffijffifjflß3M£Bi^>,,:: - .. -;

It is Ithe \ same ,way,; at Tale ;and .the f

other *.blg.?linstitutions.', Freshmen ?- for•the;first \ two^ori three Tdays \of \u25a0 thls^col- ;lege!year

t werehard put .to obey air the:commands.VBBj|BBBBBB|BABJBBBfIE

."Scramble like"a scrambled egg" was ;one order. .- . . \u25a0\u25a0"../.\u25a0.\u25a0 :"-"Makeca

"noise like.a cobblestone^.

;was another. • .'\u25a0"-\u25a0 . -\u0084:'i

a living for everybody. But now weare an industrial nation In'which thereis much", less

'demand for

'unskilled

labor.; The average American knowsthat; competition crowds 'out all whoare not well prepared and that "thesecret of success in this country is edu-cation and ;years of training." .: To the , thoughtful, ambitious

-Ameri-.

can citizen :-:It is not \u25a0 enough . to provide

food for his children. "Ittakes a gooddeal moro than eatins to make even adecent life,for,-a child." Ho must havegood clothes, toys, .books, amusements,schooling, and,finally a special trainingfor"some trade or profession.

of modern • economic and social condi-tions, tp think ifriebt to limit thonumber of children. The Hebrews aretoo keen and too thoughtful a race notto grarp the fact that "the small fami-lyis. the fittest to survive." A Hebrewrabbi in Chicago talks privately to themembers of bis congregation and urgesthem to restrict the size of their fami-lies.: : ."

' • . . \u25a0\u25a0•'•\u25a0-•

But It is not." only physicians and.teachers who voice "the American idea,"Mrs.;Commander has collected. opinions'from hundreds of plain, simple people.

"A German woman who has been inthis country over twenty years and has

raised two children, said: It'makes memad to see people making^fools ofthemselves getting, a lot of childrenthey can't do right by. Raisins; pau-pers for the rest of us to feed—that'swhat they're doing. They ought to beashamed of. themselves. Idon't mindone or two. Most' folks can; feed andclothe thatmany. But' when It comesto five and six and eight it's a disgraceand a shame. There's lots here thathave no right to.be born.\"

"A fireman,*' who Is earning: $IGO amonth, an Irish Roman Catholic, thefather of three children, told me neitherho nor his wife wanted more. .He said:

It costs a'lot to raise/* young, ones

rlgrht, and IIntend to do everything formine that can be done. .IfIhave a bigfamily X

'have ito '\u25a0 spend rall my money

In rent,' and Ithen where ;do •any. of -uscome In for the rest of our living? Myyoungsters fare:going

-tof,haveIa:good

time and lots of schooling. You've gotto"havo book. learning .to get up in theworld and Iwant them to beat theirdaddy.'. ';\u25a0'\u25a0..-'\u25a0: .-.\u25a0.";' \u25a0\u25a0'\u25a0":,' \u25a0\u25a0 :-. '..''\u25a0'''\u25a0'• •.',."I:asked him\if\the.priest approvedof his sentiments.^ His reply .was:'Thepriests all think A,we "can't > have ".toomany children,'- but \I- notice '\u25a0' I'm

-the

ono has to pay the bills.'."

.How bitterly sad it is ,that Toften:intho homes \u25a0of the xpoor the

•little;chil-

dren • themselves <realize that :the %newbaby ;'oufrht"not to have"com«l. !'A; teacher.-; in: one -ofvthe;- publicschool 1kindergartens itold \u25a0''\u25a0 me that \u25a0 achild announced 'to her the birth of'ababy brother :and she politely "

re-marked:; .'How.jnice^that is! ,X"oufmamma -must be ;pleased!' The child,who rWas l.only-six fyears; old, ,- replied,soberly :'*No,:sho^ aln' t.xThere*s ,so manyof us she; can't be glad any more. Theroainlt^ enough; money.'"

" '"-In the old;days, when wo were^an*

agricultural nation, there wastroom and

Even <Che Hebrews, whose religiousteaching is "In* favor of unrestrictedfamilies, are beginning, under the prees

\u25a0 -f*Dr. I. E-. who has a practice amonginte!l!.g'rn't .foreigners, and is interestedin socioiogi-cal- problems, said:. The sizeof the- family depends upon its bearingtipon the 'struggle for life. Inold coun-tries:- especially among the peasantry,

the -family meant earning power.. Itcost little to -raise d child and he early

front;to work. Inthis country the un-*vmerlcsinizcd foreigner still feels thetw-.i\f. He expects his child to begin toblack -boois- or sell papers in childhood

and gret..money;;. In Europe and amongsuch people here the mind is dormant,

life is on a purely physical basis.'"There is one' cxpianatron for the dls-

tressingly- large families among thepoorest class of Italians besides theirlow standard of living,and that is thefact that they are usually Roman Cath-olics.

" Cardinal Gibbons has stated thechurch's attitude on this subject in thefollowing words:

"To defeat nature in marriage is ascriminal as to commit murder. No ex-cuse is possible— neither financial rea-sons "nor any- other. The question, ofeconomics bas no place, should hat^stione, In regulating the else of faml-lics-~JBBBMIHMfIHMBBBHMBI

nates th« law of reproduction." . --', As soon as parents begin to be air.-

bltious that their children, shall beeducated and trained so that they shall.July*;* better^ start In life than theirparents tiad, then they begin to realizethc.nocesßlty of limiting the size of thefarnijy* '. ."\u25a0 •:•' \u25a0':.;. '. . ;."-. \u25a0

';'

•. • '!j)r.A: V; who has done free clinic.work for ten rears, seeing an averageof eighteen patients daily, said: TVhen-e'yrV tj]« women at th^ poorer, classesis-;the; least bit above the lowest levelthe. •

desires to' cease haying children.i>.o -MQuest Is-made of me oftener.ln. the:c"a-n!c than for advice' along theEe lines.'•j?4>u.rteen;bther pTiyslcians havingclinicexperience cotrfirmed these opinions. '

It is among the ignorant poor, thepeople who are always being helped bycharity, that there l's no attempt to

restrict reproduction. .Such people haveno sense of responsibility, either ascitizens or parents; they expect thecbarity orcanlzatioaa and tho icttle-taexits to -help them until th» childrencan ears a few cents to "help along."

They have no Ideal for their • childrenbeyond the hope that, as coon as pos-title, they will ect work and be ableto bold their *ct. What chance bas afamily of seven or eight children to

btcone skilled ina trade or profession.

to become educated, thoughtful, valu-able citizens v.-hon the Income of theparents

'is not sufficient to take care

of tnore than one child? ;.' .[ . . V. •

Itis toecauze of the Jack of responsi-bility In such parents that the Statsof- Newi York pays $2,000,000 annually

Jor : toe car* of dependent, children.There era ISO.OOO children ePt Wcharity, not including the blind, deaf,

or. feeble minded. . ''.;'

.'The law of self-preservation'

domi-

RHUXDIIEDycais ago the avrr-

age American family consistedof eight children; now the aver-age American family consists of

two children.-.. A'hundred years ago

childless marfiiLges were looked uponas a direct chastisement of God; now

*s ey are regarderl by thocstnds of

•Pie its the liienl state of martlagf.

/* inine out .of- ten persons. If asUodvat they consider the ideal number

1 of children, will Eay: "Two—a boy arid-a -girl." :\u25a0:

' ;'Th»» "ideal" of a family, one or two

chHdron. Is .not confined to the large

cities or to the E.iitt. It prevails all

over, the country, cscept in the email'towns and villages of the South. Nor

px it only the idle rich end the college

graduates v.-lid v.ant email families or

none at all: this tlesire to limit the eiz*of the family lias :taken postesflon ofvast numbers of niioderately well-to-do

'ftiid -nioderattly welt-educated•.'The situation is a Bcrious one. W*.

\u25a0.a *liatloii. are deliberately ceaslsg. to

reproduce our kind, except la the poor--«st

\u25a0'•' end \u25a0\u25a0:: most .lroorant classes -ol-\u25a0'\u25a0«oclety.' ;. :. . \u25a0\u25a0 . '.

TVhat are the reasons for this?\u0084 la.this growing tendency to limit thesize of tlie family a good thingor a b*d

..t'Sing' for the nation? .: Docs It mean that the individual Ismora selfish or that he Is more coa-

.Bcjfntlous? ;-:. In.'The American Idea," published:this month by A- S. Barnes &Co^Mrs.LiK. Connnancer presents the resultsof three years of energetic investiga-

tion of these question?. She has srath-'. cred opinions at flr^i hand from hun-

dreds of people In different parts or thocountry. Cy persoi::il Interviews andcorrespondence she has obtained thevivws of men and women famous

'ia '[

thrir pro'essions and business.

However. 5t is not only eminent peo-ple whom \u25a0sue has questioned: almost ;i'ajl classes uf society are represented •

in the book. The author's aim xra.s to

.•jeei^the .'\u25a0^fc^lJnif • ot tli*» great American.:public on those qucMJons. "Rich tnan,

"poor nian. bVsfgar man. thief, doctor,

lawyer, merchant, chief,'* are almostall represented in this valuable .and:astonishing collectson of testimony. \u25a0

Physicians to the rich and physicians

\u25a0to the poor were interviewed. Fromfar and wide they reported practically

the sam»? thinp, tlxat parents who wantmore than two children are rsrely

found. Thirty-eight out of forty-six

physicians in one city replied, whenasked what, they found to bo the iflcalAmerican family, "Two children—a boy

and a girl."

One physician, whose patients haveIncomes of from $3000 to $5000 a year,

said: "Among my patients Ifind thatthe majority do not want any children;certdnly not more than one. Ishouldcay that, 5.9 a rule, the second Is anaccident, the third a

-misfortune and

the fourth a tragedy."

Irresponsibility of Ignorant Poor

"It is"a thoroughly American belietthat a life"which is merely existence la.not worth.living." Is'it.'not better forthe nation that a family should produc*on«» or two well equipped citizens thanfour or five Ignorant. ;• unskilled ;labor-ers? Itwa are to Improve Inqualitywo must diminish the quantity. /

'...N In the largest cities landlords. have 'a

-decided prejudice against children.' Theproblem of.finding an attractive apart- •ment for *family of three or four chll- \u25a0

dren is,Very difficult. In New Yo^k:City It Is Impossible for any but the.very rich to own their homes, and "80-parents are at the mercy of real, estate'--asents. Even anong people who araable to pay aa much as $100 a month',for rent the problem of where .they canlive la a pressing one. .- '. • .:'.-:..This difficulty,of finding: a suitable'

horne—

If there are reasons w.iiy.'fhefamily ? cannot lmove to \u25a0a' suburb-r-u"n.- ••doubtedly -discourages the having of-

. raord ,:than one or two children. "Six.real .estate asents, controlling flatsrenting at~ from $50' .to .5100 a month;-

"In locations from about Eightieth ,%&:',:One Hundred and Twenty-fourth, street,on the west side of the city,practically,refused to take more than, two childrenand. .plainly

'showed that even-* they

'were . -not desired." **In downtown;apartment houses, between Fortieth

-and ,Tenth' streets, .1 was .repeatedlj'-• asked... 'Have, you any"

children •' --oildogs?" and informed. -'"Wa .ne'vef take

"

either.'" .' . . . '" • •\u25a0 • •'•\u25a0'.•.',: ,-It Is' the,lazy, selfish women who -fli-l

'

lour-apartment hotels' -antr have-no,

other ambition than their own pleasure*

that .are . the smost . serious menace -to-

our civilisation. It is" to- the working:,woman, in tho professions. or In busi-'ness, that we must look for the Pfi>-"•ductlon of-a vigorous, ambitious race.Th» idle woman is '&'.parasite.* ;

-.]\u25a0.\u25a0\u25a0'\u25a0

"vVornan More Than a Fcrriale 'i ."Our problem Is 'to so. adapt "the"

world to the woman Who work-s that-.;she :may combine' motherhood .with in-dustry." . What is the .matter '• withhousework as a form- of industry? "onanaturally questions. But Mrs.= Com-mander tells us that "domestic life has.-degenerated into a' .littlo embroidery',and fancy-work." It-is. -the "apart--meat,"with all modern -conveniences," ;and -the factory .that cakes clothIns;more cheaply than the housewife .-can./do It.' and the bakery and canning fac-tory and all the '\u25a0 other modern • Indus-'-tries,that.take away. the absorbing .du-'-ties of housekeeping our. grandmoth-ers practiced. The housework, of today

cannot absorb all of a woman's time. .nor satisfy her higher nature.- , /\u25a0;.;

"The highly,civilized, developed. /Jn?".telligent woman reasons "about evefy-'.thing:. Including her husband and cbiK.tlrcn." "Maternity is not an all-sa*is-rfyinjroccupation to the civilized:worn- .an as it is. to the; female' animal."

- •';.'•/"Motherhood is tho b-ighest.-exDres* \u25a0

Klon of sex, the ultimate:purpose . tot'-whlchv woman; as a female." exists. But;'

work Is tho' highest expression of.hu-:'.''inanity, the ultimate purpose^ for'whichwoman, as a human creature, "exists.- \u25a0" "•',"If she is denied motherhood, -.sb.*;

falls as a, female. .-If she is- without; '

4-rvork. she misses her place 'in human"society. • • . -.' o .-

-•jVVNowvItis.a higher thins to express :humanity than sex. A cow. c. -sheepi acat,'even a fish, is male or female; only-

"

a person ;is human." Sex ex isted,, for'countless ages before human beings

were '\u25a0, evolved, "but more* w'onderfuf,".more;"preclous.'.ls our humanity".? . '.:

- .,Th« small family is advisable. in the"

class 'of only moderately "well-ta-dopeople because \ there is

•not 'monty

enough, to equlp'ajarge family for th^struggle in our modern industrial and:business 'world. But what are. the rea- ..; eons

-why 4women who can afford cHil*

dren have only on© child or -very oftenhave none -at all?. Mrs. -Conxmandersays: "There is a'stretch of fifteenblocks "on Fifth avenue in. which, thereare 'only.fifteen- children."- It-i* here,

where women have, unlimited leisure-•and liberty, that .fewest -children ar<*to ba found." The "testimony fromphysicians k whoso patients are richand idle women .is appalling;.

'They

do not want children because childreninvolve -sacrifices and activity." Theirone ambition is' pleasure and show.?"Idle women will not have children be-

'

cause they are too busy with theiramusements and .their love-affairs with".other men- They can't bo botheredwith children, and will not spoil th*eirflgures having them." "iSlenes's^ ,t^women always leads* to chlldlessne'sa."

Dr. George F. Shrady says: TTh<»•fashionable woman .of today would,

"rather have a dog than a baby." . ••. *

Another physician. Who has had years .of practice "among the wealthy class,says: "When women have become ac- ,customed to livingfor themselves, withnothing to;Interfere with their pleas-ure., they will not! endure the troublechildren bring." BBBRffISSiMH

It such women -as these who are--,deserving of censure: .not the .thrifty,conscientious. woman, whose income Is*,barely- equal to the proper bringing upof

*

one child. If.a woman has ev«rworked for her livingshe realizes how

\u25a0 difficult the fight Is In the businessworld and when she raa.rries she Iscautious about creating another life to ,

'enter the- struggle. But when businesswomen do. have children they are "thabest of mothers." The working womanIs tho normal type; it Is "the idlewoman who is leading an unnaturallife." /

--t •

"But the chief reason why womenmust have work"ls not that they raay

have money— important though that it.-They must. have work because work iaa human necessity. Work alone cansave them from degeneracy..-"To this end. that woman, married

women, as well as single ones, andmothers as well as^the childless, mayhave occupation, our social organism

must be adjusted. Whatover changes

are necessary to make this possiblewillhave to be made. v

"No "better* use can .be made. of na- !

tional wealth than ;to remove childrenfrocv-industry, care for them physically,mentally and morally, and fit them forhigher, citizenship. . •

"Probably no worao use could b»^made of that same wealth than:to main,

tain:adults, either men or women,, inidleness, which is bound to degenerataand degrade tho 'Character.

• • •-"The Idle women now maintained ar«

supported, at the expense of a work-ing childhood. ,Tha wealth that might

be produced by women now.unemployed,

their energies going 'to waste, wouldkeep and care for and educate all themillion and three-quarters of miser-able, tollinschild slaves who are grow- -Ing into stunted and dwarfed manhoodand .womanhood. Tha; nation cannotafford workmg babies and idle woia^n.Ifit has to maintain a constantly in-creasing class of leisure women it con-*!nuallyr sets bounds to Its power toprogress.'.^ ;

The problem-which Mrs. Commanded

:sa"U)forth;ln her preface i3thls:':Doe»Ithe determination of the Aiaerican pto-

ple toiestablish & small family idealpoint, to-race suicide or rac© develop-ment?^ Tho statistics &he has gafhered

seem to provo that the small family inthe average class of.American citizens;with; Incomes of, from $1200 to: $5000 a;year.., points to, race development; tha'

!substitution, ot quality for quantity.-

"In3 the !wealthy class, with.Incomes of'from $10,000 to $1,000,000 a year, thefamily of one or twtvchlldren, or-noneat all. is a serious meaac* to our &*•

THE AMERICAN IDEA OF MOTHERHOOD

A THREE YfARS CAREFUt INVESTIGATION DISPROVES THE FEAR OF RACE SUICiBE

The Sar. Francisco Sunday Call