THE AGE OF EXPLORATION

15TH AND 16TH CENTURY

AN OVERVIEW

BACKGROUND- 15TH CENTURY

RISE OF NATIONALISM AMONG THE NEW NATION-STATES OF EUROPE

EMERGENCE OF POWERFUL NEW NATION-STATES WITH ASSERTIVE MONARCHS

INVENTION OF THE PRINTING PRESS EXPANSION OF TRADE AND BUSINESS

ACTIVITY RENAISSANCE QUEST FOR

KNOWLEDGE Crusades

MOTIVATING FACTORS FOR EUROPEAN EXPANSION

DESIRE TO ENHANCE NATIONAL PRESTIGE (NATIONALISM)– NATIONAL WEALTH AND TERRITORY– PRESTIGE FOR MONARCHS

POSSIBILITY OF PERSONAL WEALTH, FAME, AND SOCIAL PRESTIGE

QUEST FOR NEW GEOGRAPHICAL KNOWLEDGE

DESIRE TO SPREAD CHRISTIANITY INTENSIFYING INTERNATIONAL COMPETITION AMONG THE POWERFUL

NATION-STATES OF EUROPE DESIRE TO FIND NEW TRADE ROUTES TO THE

EAST – INCREASE PROFITS

NEW TECHNOLOGIES THAT IMPACTED EXPLORATION

BETTER AND FASTER SHIP DESIGN PRINTING PRESS MORE RELIABLE MAGNETIC COMPASS THE INVENTION OF THE CLOCK

– ALLOWED FOR NEW NAVIGATIONAL METHODS- EVENTUALLY LONGITUDE

ASTROLABE- LATITUDE NAVIGATION MORE ACCURATE MAPS GUN POWDER AND NEW WEAPONS

– CANNONS AND MUSKETS

CARAVEL

A Viking Ship

PRINTING PRESS

ASTROLABE

NEW WEAPONS

IMPROVED COMPASS

MAJOR NATION- STATES INVOLVED IN

EXPLORATION

PORTUGAL

WEST AFRICAPARTS OF ASIASOUTH AMERICA (Brazil)

MAJOR EMPHASIS WAS ON TRADEGOLD SLAVE TRADE-WEST AFRICANEW PRODUCTS AND SPICES

PRINCE HENRY THE NAVIGATOR OF PORTUGAL National policies

strongly supported exploration and trade

Portugal had a long tradition of navigation and trade

Sets up trading ports called factories

Sets up school for navigators

Portuguese Explorers

Bartolomeu Dias rounds the Cape of Good Hope.

Vasco de Gama reaches India and returns with a ship full of goods.

Spain

Envious of Portugal's success, Christopher Columbus convinces the King and Queen to commission a trip west to find a better trade route to India.

Tensions between Spain and Portugal grow.

LINE OF DEMARCATION

The Dutch & English

Own the largest fleet in the world. 20,000 vessels

Dutch East India company develop a stronger.

Elizabeth I, established the English East India Company in a attempt to drive the Dutch out.

Confucian culture

modern concept of political nation stateChinese defined by Confucian culturecivil service exam (605-1905)

– social mobility– reward diligence, discipline, and

willpower, but not talent or innovationlaw of avoidance

China Limits European Contacts

The Rise of the Ming• Hongwu—peasant’s son who leads army that forces

Mongols from China• First Ming emperor, he begins agricultural and

government reforms• His son, Yonglo, becomes next emperor; moves

royal court to Beijing• In 1405, he launches first of voyages of exploration

The Voyages of Zheng He• Chinese admiral Zheng He leads seven long

voyages• Distributes gifts to show China’s superiority

China Under the Powerful Ming Dynasty

Ming Relations with Foreign Countries• In 1500s, Chinese government controls all

contact with outsiders• Government policies favor farming over

manufacturing and merchants• Christian missionaries bring European ideas to

China

Zheng He’s fleet (1405 - 1433)Over 300 ships & 20,000 mentrade and commerceSoutheast Asia, South Asia,

West Asia, and East Africa

Zheng He’s expeditions

Zhou Man

He was born into a wealthy merchant family in the year 1378

when he was six years old, his father died on an overseas voyage to Korea

explored wide reaches of the Indian Ocean

mapped the Pacific coast of North America

A New Feudalism Under Strong Leaders

Japan Returns to Isolation

Local Lords Rule• In 1467, civil war destroys old feudal system in

Japan• Period from 1467 to 1568 is called time of the

“Warring States” • Daimyo—warrior-chieftains—are lords in new feudal

system• Emperor is figurehead with no real power• Daimyo build armies of mounted samurai and gun- bearing infantry

Japanese Explorers

Tanaka Shosuke– important Japanese technician and trader

in metals from Kyoto– He is the first recorded Japanese to have

travelled to the Americas in 1610 – helped establish trade and diplomatic

relations between Japan and the Spanish Empire

Japanese Explorers

Naomi Uemura– He was particularly well known for doing

alone what had previously been achieved only with large teams. For example, he was the first person ever to

reach the North Pole solo the first ever to raft the Amazon solo and the first ever to climb Mount Mckinley

solo.

Japanese Explorers

Yamada Nagamasa– adventurer who gained considerable

influence in Thailand– helped Japan develop relationships with

Siam

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Contact Between Europe and Japan

Portugal Sends Ships, Merchants, and Technology to Japan• In 1540s, European traders begin arriving;

welcomed by Japanese• European firearms change Japanese way

of fighting

Christian Missionaries in Japan• In 1549, first Christian missionaries arrive• By 1600, about 300,000 Japanese are Christians• Japan’s rulers upset by this, ban Christianity• After 1637 rebellion, Christianity is forbidden in

Japan

Portuguese in Japan

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Christopher Columbus, Spanish explorer, as young man.

The Atlantic World,1492–1800

Europeans explore and colonize the Americas, disrupting native civilizations, and build the slave trade to support plantations in the New World.

FERDINAND AND ISABELLA OF SPAIN SUPPORTED EXPLORATION AND

EXPANSION

COLUMBUS- ITALIANLED THREE VOYAGES TO THE NEW WORLD

The Voyages of Columbus

Spain Builds an American Empire

First Encounters• Sea captain Christopher Columbus

reaches Americas (1492)• Thinks he is in East Indies, calls natives “los

indios”—Indians• Unable to find gold, he claims many islands for

Spain• In 1493, he sets out for the Americas again with a

large fleet• Spain aims to set up colonies—lands controlled by

a foreign nation

The Voyages of Columbus

Other Explorers Take to the Seas• Pedro Álvares Cabral claims Brazil for Portugal

(1500)• Amerigo Vespucci identifies South America as new

continent (1501)• In 1507, German mapmaker names the continent

America • Vasco Núñez de Balboa reaches the Pacific Ocean• Ferdinand Magellan leaves to sail around the world

(1519)• Magellan is killed, but some of his men return to

Spain in 1522

BALBOA

CROSSING THE ISTHMUS OF PANAMA– First European to

reach Pacific from New World

Colonizes the island of Hispaniola

MAGELLAN-PORTUGUESE

MAGELLAN DID NOT SURVIVE THE VOYAGE

OF THE 270 MEN WHO BEGAN THE VOYAGE AROUND THE GLOBE, ONLY 18 FINISHED THE AND RETURNED TO SPAIN

VASCO DA GAMA- PORTUGUESE

CORONADO

Spanish Conquests in Mexico

Conquistadors• In 1519, Hernando Cortés—Spanish adventurer— lands in Mexico• He and others become known as conquistadors—Spanish conquerors

Cortés Conquers the Aztecs• Cortés and 600 men reach Aztec capital of

Tenochtitlán• By 1521, they conquer Aztec empire• Conquest aided by superior weapons, Native

American allies• European diseases wipe out large numbers of

Aztecs

CORTES- SPANISH

Spanish Conquests in Peru

Another Conquistador• Spanish conqueror Francisco Pizarro leads force to

Peru in 1532

Spain’s Pattern of Conquest• Spanish men and Native American women have children• Result is large mestizo—mixed Spanish and native—

population• Encomienda system—Spanish force Native Americans

to work for them

The Portuguese in BrazilIn 1530s, Portuguese settle in Brazil, begin growing

sugar

PIZARRO- SPANISH

PIZARRO-CONQUEST OF THE INCAN EMPIRE IN PERU

INCAN EMPIRE IN PERU

ENCOMIENDATRIBUTE LABOR SYSTEM – NATIVE PEOPLES WERE REQUIRED TO GIVE LABOR TO THE EUROPEAN SETTLERS

MINING

SILVER MINES AT POTOSIVAST AMOUNTS OF

GOLD AND SILVER WERE SENT TO SPAIN FROM THE NEW WORLD

PRIMARY LABOR FORCE WAS THE INDEGENOUS POPULATION

PLANTATIONS-SUGAR BECAME A MAJOR EXPORT CROPNATIVE PEOPLES AND AFRICAN SLAVES WORKED THE FARMS

Spain’s Influence Expands

Growth of Spanish Power• Conquests in Americas bring great wealth to Spain• Spain enlarges its navy to protect ships carrying

treasure

Conquistadors Push North• Juan Ponce de León claims Florida for Spain (1513)• In 1540s, Francisco Coronado explores Southwest,

finds little gold• Catholic priests set up missions in Southwest• In early 1600s, Spanish establish capital of Santa Fe

Opposition to Spanish Rule

Protests Against Mistreatment

• Catholic priests protest mistreatment of Native Americans

African Slavery and Native Resistance• Spain abolishes encomienda system (1542)• Need for workers in mines and on farms met with

enslaved Africans • Some Native Americans resist Spanish conquerors• In 1680, Popé leads rebellion against Spanish in

modern New Mexico• Spanish driven out, but return 12 years later to stay

Bartolome de Las Casas

See page 560 in your textbook for opposing views of Columbus’s historic journey.

Competing Claims in North America

European Nations Settle North America

Other European Claims in North America• French, English, Dutch start colonies in North

America

Explorers Establish New France• Samuel de Champlain founds Quebec• New France—French colony in North America• New France includes Great Lakes and Mississippi

River valley

A Trading Empire• New France is very large but has few inhabitants• Main activity of the colony is the fur trade

The English Arrive in North America

The First English Colony• King James permits investors to start North

American colony• In 1607, colonists found Jamestown—English

settlement in Virginia

The Settlement at Jamestown• Early years very difficult; many die, but settlement

takes holdPuritans Create a “New England”• Pilgrims—group persecuted for religion—found

Plymouth in 1620• Puritans—group seeking religious freedom—settle

in Massachusetts• Many families in Massachusetts colony,

which begins to grow

continued The English Arrive in North America

The Dutch Found New Netherland• In 1609, Henry Hudson explores waterways for

Dutch• Dutch claim land, found New Netherland—now

Albany and New York City• Dutch focus on fur trade; welcome settlers from other

lands

Colonizing the Caribbean• European nations also start colonies in Caribbean• Large cotton, sugar plantations worked by enslaved Africans

Dutch Trade

The Struggle for North America

The English Oust the Dutch• New Netherland splits northern, southern English

colonies• In 1664, English force Dutch colonists to

surrender control• By 1750, about 1.2 million English settlers in 13 colonies

England Battles France• English settlers, pushing west, collide with French

possessions• French and Indian War—part of Seven Years’

War—begins (1754)• In 1763, France loses to Britain, gives up its

American colonies

Native Americans Respond

A Strained Relationship• French and Dutch fur traders get along well with

Native Americans• English settlers and Native Americans disagree

over land, religion

Settlers and Native Americans Battle• Hostility often breaks out into war• Native American ruler Metacom launches attacks

on colonists in 1675

Natives Fall to Disease• Wars are less deadly to Native Americans than

European diseases• Colonists use enslaved Africans to work in place of

Native Americans

Section 3

The Atlantic Slave Trade To meet their growing labor needs, Europeans enslave millions of Africans in the Americas.

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SLAVE TRADE – WEST AFRICA Sect. 3 African slaves were

brought to the New World to primarily work in agriculture

Portugal was the major slave trading European nation

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The Causes of African Slavery

SECTION

3

The Demand for Africans1. Africans had been exposed

to European disease2. Experienced farmers3. Could not escape, did not

know their way around4. Skin color made them

easier to catch

The Atlantic Slave Trade

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Spain and Portugal Lead the Way• By 1650, about 300,000 enslaved Africans in Spanish colonies• Portugal brings many more slaves to sugar plantations in Brazil

continued The Causes of African Slavery

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3

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Slavery Spreads Throughout the Americas England Dominates the Slave Trade

• From 1690 to 1807, England dominates slave trade• About 400,000 enslaved Africans brought to North American colonies

African Cooperation and Resistance• Many African rulers capture people to be sold into slavery• Later, some rulers protest the trade

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Number of people enslaved• 30 million taken from

their homes

•10 million die during capture phase

•10 million die during middle passage

•10 million survive to make it over the ocean

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Phases of the Slave TradeCapture:

•Tribes often did not have a choice in helping capture neighbors “divide and conquer”

•Most captured 50-100 miles inland

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Phases of the Slave TradeCapture:

Christiansborg Castle, Gold Coast, ca. 1750 Cape Coast Castle, Gold Coast, 1727

Slave Forts

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A Forced Journey

The Triangular Trade• Triangular trade—trade network linking Europe,

Africa, Americas• One trade route:

- manufactured goods move from Europe to Africa

- people move from Africa to Americas- sugar, coffee, tobacco move from

Americas to Europe

The Middle Passage

20% of Africans die No bathroom Very little food Poor medical care Rebellions Suicide Length of Trip Disease Trauma

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Slavery in the Americas

A Harsh Life• In Americas, captured Africans sold at auction to

highest bidder• Life is difficult: long work hours; poor food,

housing, clothing 

Resistance and Rebellion• Africans maintain musical, cultural traditions• Some resist by breaking tools or working slowly• Some run away or take part in revolts

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Phases of the Slave TradeWest African expectations about slavery:

•A slave’s child would not be a slave

•Slaves were not slaves for life

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Consequences of the Slave Trade

Results in Africa and the Americas

• African societies suffer from loss of so many people• African families disrupted• In Americas, labor of enslaved people helps build new societies• Enslaved Africans affect culture in Americas• Population in Americas changes

SECTION

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Middle Passage

Capture of Slaves

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Section 4

The Columbian Exchangeand Global Trade The colonization of the Americas introduces new items into Eastern and Western hemispheres.

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The Columbian Exchange andGlobal Trade

The Columbian Exchange• Columbian Exchange—global transfer of food,

plants, animals• Corn, potatoes from Americas become crops in

Eastern Hemisphere • New animals, plants introduced by Europeans take hold in Americas• European diseases kill millions of Native Americans

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The Columbian Exhange

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Global Trade

Changing Economies• Wealth from Americas, growth of trade changes business in Europe

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The Rise of Capitalism• New economic system—capitalism—based on

private property, profit• Increase in business leads to inflation—rising

in Europe• Hauls of gold, silver from Americas cause high

inflation in Spain

Joint-Stock Companies• Joint-stock company lets investors share risk,

profits of business• These companies help fund colonies in America

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New Economic Policy

• Policy of mercantilism emphasizes national wealth as source of power

The Growth of Mercantilism

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Balance of Trade• One way for nation to increase wealth: gather gold, silver• Favorable balance of trade when nation sells

more goods than it buys• Colonies provide raw materials that home country uses to make goods

Continued . . .

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Economic Revolution Changes European Society

• Economic changes spur growth of towns, rise of merchant class• Still, most people are poor and live in rural areas

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Image

continued The Growth of Mercantilism