The achievement of SSNM for maize in the...
Transcript of The achievement of SSNM for maize in the...
The achievement of SSNM for maize
in the field
Mirasol PampolinoInternational Plant Nutrition Institute
Southeast Asia Program
Penang, Malaysia
Workshop on Identification of Innovative
Dissemination Approach for Agricultural
Technology, Solo, Indonesia
27-28 October 2010
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Site-specific nutrient management (SSNM)
An approach for “feeding” crops with nutrients as and when needed, to meet the requirements of a high-yielding crop. It advocates:
• optimal use of existing indigenous nutrient sources (e.g. crop residue, manure)
• timely application of fertilizers at optimal rates
SSNM for maize is an adaptation of the most recently published principles of SSNM developed for rice (Buresh and Witt, 2007; IRRI, 2007).
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Estimating fertilizer requirements
1. Identify a yield target (i.e. attainable yield)– Depends on climate, variety, and season– Yield achieved with best management
practices and ample supply of nutrients– Indicates the total amount of nutrients
needed by the crop
2. Estimate indigenous nutrient supply– Can be determined through use of nutrient
omission plots: 0N (PK), 0P (NK), 0K (NP)– Yield in nutrient omission plot indicates
amount of nutrient from indigenous sources
3. Estimate amount of nutrient to be supplied as fertilizer– Fertilizer requirement = total requirement –
indigenous supply– (Yield target – yield in omission
plot)/nutrient requirement– Taking into account nutrient efficiencies and
nutrient balance
Attainable
yield
Yield without
N fertilizerIndigenous N supply
N from fertilizer
5 t
10 t
Yield potential
Site-specific nutrient management in maizeIPNI Southeast Asia Program
2004-2010
2005-2010
2008-2010
IndonesiaIAARD, ICFORD, ICATAD, AIAT, UN
VietnamSFRI, WASI, IAS, Cantho University, CLRRI
PhilippinesUPLB Corn RDE network, DA-BAR, PhilRice, BSWM, GMA Corn, AFC
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SSNM recommendation for hybrid maize
Trial results from three countries (2004-2008) were used to: • update the SSNM recommendation for hybrid maize
(January 2009)• develop the software Nutrient Expert for Hybrid Maize
(version 1.0 completed in Dec. 2009)
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Fertilizer N requirements for maize
Grain yield response to N (t/ha)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
AEN (kg grain/kg N)
0
10
20
30
40
Fertilizer N requirement (kg N/ha)
50
100
150
200
250
300
Target AEN
Fertilizer N
• Based on yield response to fertilizer N and agronomic efficiencies
AEN is most likely linked to the yield response to fertilizer N application depending on climatic conditions and yield level in an average season.
In favorable tropical environments:AEN = 20 to 35 kg/kg
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Fertilizer P2O5 requirements for maize
Yield target (t/ha) 4 – 6 t/ha 7 – 9 t/ha 10 – 12 t/ha
Expected yield response to fertilizer
P over 0P plot (t/ha)
Fertilizer P2O5 rate (kg/ha)
0 10 – 20 20 – 30 30 – 40
0.5 20 – 30 30 – 40 40 – 50
1.0 30 – 40 40 – 50 50 – 60
1.5 40 – 50 50 – 60 60 – 70
2.0 50 – 60 60 – 70 70 – 80
2.5 60 – 70 70 – 80 80 – 90
Non-P fixing soils
• Based on a P requirement of 20 kg P2O5/t of yield response (i.e. AEP of 112 kg grain/kg P) plus a 75% return of P removal with grain (i.e. 3.3 kg P2O5/t grain yield)
• Apply 100% of fertilizer P with basal application.
Yet to be considered: P fixation, available P, other soil properties, cropping system
Fertilizer P = f (yield response, P removal)
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Fertilizer K2O requirements for maize
Yield target (t/ha) 4 – 6 t/ha 7 – 9 t/ha 10 – 12 t/ha
Expected yield response to
fertilizer K over 0K plot (t/ha) Fertilizer K2O rate (kg/ha)
0 15 – 25 25 – 35 35 – 45
0.5 30 – 40 40 – 50 50 – 60
1.0 45 – 55 55 – 65 65 – 75
1.5 60 – 70 70 – 80 80 – 90
2.0 75 – 85 85 – 95 95 – 105
2.5 90 – 100 100 – 110 110 – 120
• Based on a K requirement of 30 kg K2O/t yield response (i.e. AEK of 40 kg grain/kg K) plus a 100% return of K removal with grain (i.e. 3.6 kg K2O/ t grain yield)
• Apply 100% of fertilizer K2O with basal application, if ≤ 60 kg K2O/ha.• Apply each 50% of fertilizer K2O basal and mid-season, if > 60 kg K2O/ha.
Yet to be considered: Exchangeable K, other soil properties, cropping system
Fertilizer K = f (yield response, K removal)
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Results of field trials in Indonesia (2004-2007)
Site Province District
EJA East Java Kediri
GRO Central Java Grobogan
LAM Lampung Central & South
SUL South Sulawesi Jeneponto
SUM North Sumatra Tanah Karo
WON Central Java Wonogiri
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Agronomic and economic performance of SSNM across six sites in Indonesia (2005-2007)
Parameter Unit FFP SSNM SSNM – FFP %
Yield t/ha 7.9 8.8 0.9 11%
AEN kg/kg 21.2 29.7 8.5 40%
Fertilizer N kg/ha 192 157 -36 -19%
Fertilizer P2O5 kg/ha 55 78 22 39%
Fertilizer K2O kg/ha 61 93 31 50%
Revenue US$/ha 1,405 1,564 159 11%
Fertilizer cost US$/ha 236 255 19 8%
Gross benefit over seed & fertilizer costs
US$/ha 1106 1246 140 13%
4-5 farms x 6 sites x 1-4 crops in Indonesia, 2005-2007.Farm gate prices (average Indonesia prices, 2004-2007): 0.15 US$/kg grain; 0.98 US$/1000 seeds; 0.29 US$/kg fertilizer N; 0.66 US$/kg fertilizer P2O5; 0.47 US$/kg fertilizer K2O
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Attainable yield at six sites in Indonesia (2004-2007)
EJA GRO LAM SUL SUM WON
Grain yield (t/ha)
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16 Site Attainable yield (t/ha)
n mean min max
EJA 62 10.4 7.5 13.8
GRO 45 9.8 5.8 13.7
LAM 50 9.2 5.7 13.7
SUL 42 6.9 4.0 9.6
SUM 65 10.3 6.2 12.6
WON 26 5.7 2.9 7.3
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Yield response to N fertilizer
EJA GRO LAM SUL SUM WON
Yield response to N (t/ha)
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
12Site
Attainable yield
(t/ha)
N response
(t/ha)
EJA 10.4 4.2
GRO 9.8 8.0
LAM 9.2 3.1
SUL 6.9 2.1
SUM 10.3 5.3
WON 5.7 2.8
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Yield response to P fertilizer
EJA GRO LAM SUL SUM WON
Yield response to P (t/ha)
-2
0
2
4
6 SiteAttainable yield
(t/ha)
P response
(t/ha)
EJA 10.4 1.0
GRO 9.8 1.2
LAM 9.2 1.3
SUL 6.9 0.9
SUM 10.3 1.5
WON 5.7 1.6
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Yield response to K fertilizer
EJA GRO LAM SUL SUM WON
Yield response to K (t/ha)
-2
0
2
4
6 SiteAttainable yield
(t/ha)
K response
(t/ha)
EJA 10.4 0.9
GRO 9.8 1.0
LAM 9.2 1.3
SUL 6.9 0.5
SUM 10.3 1.3
WON 5.7 0.7
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Effect of SSNM on grain yield at six sites in Indonesia (2005-2007)
Site n SSNM-FFP
(t/ha)
EJA 15 0.8
GRO 10 0.6
LAM 10 1.5
SUL 9 0.3
SUM 20 2.0
WON 4 0.5
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Results of field trials (2004-2008)
Across three countries in Southeast Asia: Indonesia, Philippines, Vietnam
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Attainable maize yield in Southeast Asia
Site Average
farmers’
yield
(t/ha)
Average
attainable
yield
(t/ha)
Maximum
attainable
yield
(t/ha)
Simulated
potential
yield
(t/ha)
Wonogiri, C Java, Indonesia 4.9 5.7 7.3 12-14
Lampung, Indonesia 7.2 9.2 13.7 12-14
Nueva Ecija, Philippines 7.9 9.0 14.2 12-15
An Giang, Vietnam 8.3 8.8 10.3 11-14
CuM’gar, Dak Lak, Vietnam 6.2 7.8 12.0 12-15
Data are the average of 4-5 farms per site in at least 2 seasons, 2004-2007.Potential yield was estimated using the model HybridMaize (Yang et al 2006).
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Agronomic and economic performance of SSNM across three countries (2005-2008)
Parameter Unit FFP SSNM SSNM – FFP %
Yield t/ha 7.2 8.3 1.2 16%
AEN kg/kg 16.4 25.1 8.7 53%
Fertilizer N kg/ha 167 151 -16 -10%
Fertilizer P2O5 kg/ha 71 83 11 16%
Fertilizer K2O kg/ha 77 95 18 23%
Revenue US$/ha 1275 1480 205 16%
Fertilizer cost US$/ha 244.8 258.4 13.6 6%
Gross benefit over seed & fertilizer costs
US$/ha 971 1155 184 19%
4-13 farms x 19 sites x 1-4 crops in Indonesia, Philippines, and Vietnam, 2005-2008.Farm gate prices (average regional prices, 2004-2007): 0.18 US$/kg grain; 0.93 US$/1000 seeds; 0.71 US$/kg fertilizer N; 0.88 US$/kg fertilizer P2O5; 0.81 US$/kg fertilizer K2O
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Tools, products, and ongoing activities
• Software – Nutrient Expert for Hybrid Maize (available for download at >http://seap.ipni.net<) – Indonesian version: Pemupukan Jagung Spesifik Lokasi (PuJS)
• Film on best management practices for maize (under preparation)
• Quick Guides (under preparation)
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Nutrient Expert for Hybrid Maize
Available for download (free of charge) at >http://seap.ipni.net<
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Pemupukan Jagung Spesifik Lokasi (PuJS)
Translation of Nutrient Expert for Hybrid Maize to PuJS was made possible through the SSNM Technical Team for Maize in Indonesia
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Ongoing Activities in Indonesia
• Field testing of PuJS recommendations by farmers in five provinces (through the BPTP):– Central Java– East Java– Lampung– North Sumatra– South Sulawesi
• Development of Quick Guides for Maize (in five provinces)– by BPTP in consultation with local maize experts
Framework for SSNM evaluation and dissemination
Current farmers’ practice
Diagnostic assessment
Develop SSNM ‘prototype’
Participatory evaluation
Refinement of strategy
Wider-scale evaluation
New management
practice
Dissemination
• Farm surveys
• Stakeholders’ meetings
• Nutrient Expert for Maize
software
• Nutrient Expert for
Maize software
• Stakeholders’ meetings
• Field testing/evaluation/monitoring
• Workshops
Radio
Phone
Video
Web
Radio
Phone
Video
Web
Radio
Phone
Video
Web
Radio
Phone
Video
Web
Locally relevant material
and products for wider
scale dissemination
Generic material developed into site-
specific recommendations and tested
in consultation with stakeholders
• Impact assessment
• Quick Guides
Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Research & Development (IAARD)
Indonesian Center for Food Crops Research and Development (ICFORD)
Indonesian Center for Soil & Agro-climate Research and Development (ICSARD)
Indonesian Center for Agriculture Technology Assessment and Development (ICATAD)
Indonesian Cereals Research Institute (ICRI)
Indonesian Soil Research Institute (ISRI)
Indonesian Agro-climate and Hydrology Research Institute (IAHRI)
Assessment Institutes for Agricultural Technology (AIAT)
East Java, North Sumatra, Central Java, Lampung, South Sulawesi
University of the Philippines Los Baños (UPLB)
Department of Agriculture - Bureau of Agricultural Research (DA-BAR)
Cagayan Valley Integrated Agricultural Research Center (DA-CVIARC)
Northern Mindanao Integrated Agricultural Research Center (NOMIARC)
Philippine Rice Research Institute (PhilRice)
Bureau of Soils and Water Management (BSWM)
Department of Agriculture (DA) – GMA Corn
Vietnamese Academy for Agricultural Sciences (VAAS)
Soils and Fertilizer Research Institute (SFRI)
Western Highlands Agro-Forestry Scientific & Technical Institute (WASI)
Institute of Agricultural Science of South Vietnam (IAS)
University of Cantho
Cuu Long Delta Rice Research Institute (CLRRI)
University of Nebraska, Lincoln
International Rice Research Institute (IRRI)
IPNI Regional Maize Project in Southeast Asia Collaborating Partners