BIOFORTIFICATION OF STAPLE CROPS: PROVITAMIN A CASSAVA AS A CASE STUDY
S5.1 Maize HarvestPlus: Biofortifying maize with Provitamin A carotenoids
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Transcript of S5.1 Maize HarvestPlus: Biofortifying maize with Provitamin A carotenoids
Maize HarvestPlus:
Biofortifying maize
with Provitamin A carotenoids
11th Asian Maize Conference
November 7-11, 2011; Nanning, China
Kevin Pixley, Natalia Palacios, Raman Babu
& Abebe Menkir (CIMMYT & IITA)
Dietary sources
Vitamin A – Meat (esp. liver)
– Vegetables (carrot, sweet potato, spinach)
Iron – Red meat, fish, poultry
– Lentils, beans, leafy vegetables
Zinc – Oysters, animal proteins,
– Beans, nuts, whole grains
$$$$ $$$
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Business
5 January 2011 Last updated at 14:42 ET
World food prices at fresh high, says UN
The FAO's Abdolreza Abbassian warned
over low level food reserves
Global food prices rose to a fresh high in
December, according to the UN's Food
and Agricultural Organisation (FAO).
Its Food Price Index went above the
previous record of 2008 that saw prices
spark riots in several countries.
The FAO's Abdolreza
Abbassian warned over
low level food reserves
As India‟s economy grows by
some 9% a year, food prices
are soaring.
In late December …food
inflation had reached 18.3%,
with pricey vegetables most to
blame. “…he offers pyaz, a staple
for much Indian cooking, for
60 rupees ($1.33) a kilo, the
most he can remember.”
Jan 6th 2011
The “Tortillazo” is coming…
– 50% increase to price of tortillas
29 January 2011 Last updated at 06:44 ET
Egypt protests: Hosni Mubarak faces fifth
'day of rage'
The unrest in Egypt follows
an uprising in Tunisia two
weeks ago, in which
President Zine al-Abidine
Ben Ali was toppled after 23
years in power.
The Tunisian upheaval began
with anger over rising food
prices, high unemployment
and anger at official corruption - problems which have also left many
people Egypt feeling frustrated and resentful of their leadership.
Middle East
29 January 2011 Last updated at 06:44 ET
Biofortification of staple food crops
• Micronutrients available in staple foods
– Sustainable, affordable
– Accompanied by dietary/nutrition information
– Complemented by supplementation and fortification
• Acute malnutrition
• Equal or better agronomic performance of biofortified
crops
– Yield, disease resistance, drought tolerance…
Yan et al., Nature Genetics 2010
ProA (ug/g) in 9 genotypic classes of 6
crosses LycE HydB Pop 1 Pop 2 Pop 3 Pop 4 Pop 5 Pop 6
4 1 12.03 9.97 6.15 5.74 11.94 9.70 6.12 5.75
4 2 4.27 3.46 3.99 3.90 4.09 3.57 4.08 3.74
4 H 5.60 6.17 4.78 7.42 5.74 4.73 7.51
2 1 7.41 11.11 7.19 6.25 5.10 7.40 10.74 6.92 6.19 5.09
2 2 2.08 3.36 3.73 2.60 4.28 3.31 2.06 3.34 3.71 2.50 4.33 3.29
2 H 4.16 4.07 5.30 3.88 4.42 3.88 4.11 4.07 5.40 3.89 4.43 3.93
H 1 9.45 12.96 9.47 13.20
H 2 3.58 4.14 3.95 3.59 4.21 4.13
H H 4.83 6.82 5.08 5.41 3.64 4.87 6.80 4.98 5.41 3.60
Seed genotyping pre-planting
Dry chipping using dog nail clippers
≈10,000 seeds genotyped pre-planting each season
Seedling genotyping
Leaf genotyping and
transplanting allows
more time to
complete the work,
without delaying the
season
Plants can be also
genotyped in the
field
Incurs costs for 50%
or >>50% of plants
to be discarded
Pedigree Adaptation ProA
(ug/g DW)
CrtB1 favorable
allele
KUI carotenoid syn-FS11-1-1-B-B-B-B-B-B-B-B Sub-trop/Early 5.3
Carotenoid Syn3-FS8-4-3-B-B-B-B-B-B-B-B Sub-trop/Early 5.5
(KUI carotenoid syn-FS17-3-2-B-B-B/(KU1409/ DE3/KU1409)S2-18-2-B)-B-1(MAS:L4H1)-5-B-B
Sub-trop/Early 17.3 +
(KUI carotenoid syn-FS11-1-1-B-B-B/(KU1409/ DE3/KU1409)S2-18-2-B)-B-1(MAS:L4H1)-1-B-B
Sub-trop/Early 16.5 +
(CML297/(KU1409/DE3/KU1409)S2-18-2-B)-B-1(MAS:L4H1)-1-B-B
Sub-trop/Late 15.7 +
(CML297/(KU1409/DE3/KU1409)S2-18-2-B)-B-2(MAS:L4H1)-4-B-B
Sub-trop/Late 11.0 +
(Florida A plus Syn-FS2-2-1-B-B/(KU1409/ DE3/KU1409)S2-18-2-B)-B-3(MAS:L4H1)-2-B-B
Sub-trop/Early 7.3 +
CML300 Sub-trop/Late 7.3
CML297 Sub-trop/V Late 6.3
Favorable CrtB1 allele 2x - 3x ProA
Methods for carotenoid screening
NIR (?)
HPLC 30/d 0.00
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
12.00
14.00
ug
/g (
pp
m)
BC1 S2 Lines
β-cryptoxanthin
β-carotene
UPLC >100/d
Cross high proA x good drought tolerance…
2nd Dose (of high proA) F1’s 2nd Dose S1‟s
X X X
Photo: N. Palacios
Photo: H. De Groote
What happens to provitamins A during
cooking? 9th ARMW,
Beijing „05
≈25-35% loss
What happens to provitamins A after
we eat them?
Parker, FASEB J, 1996
Mark Failla
Department of
Human
Nutrition
In vitro assessment of
bioaccessibilty of
carotenoids from foods
Bioavailability promoters in plant foods
Substance Nutrient Major Sources
Certain amino acids (e.g., cysteine,
histidine)
Fe/Zn Animal meats
Fats & lipids Vitamin A Animal fats, vegetable oils
Zn, Fe Vitamin A Animal meats
-carotene, provitamin A carotenoids Fe/Zn Orange & green vegetables
Non-digestible carbohydrates (e.g.,
inulin, resistant starch, raffinose)
Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn Onion, garlic, whole wheat grain,
common beans
Vitamin E Vitamin A Vegetable oils, green leafy
vegetables
Ross Welch
Fe bioavailability as affected by ß-
carotene supplement
Control with no ß-carotene added
(Garcia-Casal et al., 1998)
9th ARMW,
Beijing „05
Only 5% of Fe
is bioavailable
Fe bioavailability: 3 trials @ 2-3 sites
• Significant genotypic effects
– Significant GCA effects
– Non-significant SCA effects
• Large environmental effects
• Small GxE effects
Fe GrYld
Trial 1 FerFe -0.53* 0.16
Trial 2 -0.71** -0.05
Trial 3 -0.39 -0.29
Trial 1 FeraaFe -0.71** 0.26
Trial 2 -0.80** -0.07
Trial 3 -0.59* -0.22
GrYld -0.63*
-0.43
0.02Pixley et al., 2011
(Field Crop Res 123:153-160)
dehydrogenase
Vision retinol retinal
Zn
monooxygenase
Digestion -carotene 2 retinal
Zn
Protein synthesis
Zn retinol binding protein retinol:RBP in blood
(RBP)
Zn in the action of retinol dehydrogenase
(retinol to retinal); essential pigment for
vision
Zn is a probable co-factor for b-carotene
mono-oxygenase (cleaves proA to vitA)
Zn deficiency depresses synthesis of the
carrier protein of vitA => lower plasma
retinol concentrations
Pedigree Fe Zn Al
ppm ppm ppm
KUI carotenoid syn-FS17-3-1-B-B/CML353-B 18.1 33.3 0.6
KUI carotenoid syn-FS17-3-1-B-B/(CML-239 x GWIC) -1-7TL-1-1-1-B 17.9 34.8 0.3
KUI carotenoid syn-FS17-3-1-B-B/CML356-B 20.5 41.1 0.5
KUI carotenoid syn-FS17-3-1-B-B/(CML-356 x GWIB) -1-23TL-1-2-1-B 21.1 37.7 0.5
KUI carotenoid syn-FS17-3-2-B-B/CML353-B 19.7 32.0 0.3
KUI carotenoid syn-FS17-3-2-B-B/(CML-239 x GWIC) -1-7TL-1-1-1-B 18.7 32.5 0.5
KUI carotenoid syn-FS17-3-2-B-B/CML355-B 15.8 29.8 0.2
KUI carotenoid syn-FS17-3-2-B-B/CML356-B 22.4 35.2 2.0
KUI carotenoid syn-FS17-3-2-B-B/(CML-356 x GWIB) -1-23TL-1-2-1-B 23.1 33.2 2.0
KUI carotenoid syn-FS25-3-2-B-B/CML353-B 22.9 33.0 2.0
KUI carotenoid syn-FS25-3-2-B-B/(CML-239 x GWIC) -1-7TL-1-1-1-B 22.0 31.9 2.1
KUI carotenoid syn-FS25-3-2-B-B/P903 C0 H364-1-8TL-3-2-1-1-B-B-B-B-B -B 19.8 29.3 0.3
KUI carotenoid syn-FS25-3-2-B-B/(CML-356 x GWIB) -1-23TL-1-2-1-B 22.6 29.8 0.5
Carotenoid Syn3-FS5-1-5-B-B/CML353-B 20.5 28.6 0.6
Carotenoid Syn3-FS5-1-5-B-B/CML355-B 32.0 32.9 0.6
CML-305-B-B/CML356-B 17.2 23.1 0.4
CML-304-B-B/CML353-B 14.5 26.0 0.3
Average 20.4 31.6 0.8
Combining proA and Zn
Tanumihardjo et
al., JAFC 2010
Pedigree Fe Zn Al
ppm ppm ppm
KUI carotenoid syn-FS17-3-1-B-B/CML353-B 18.1 33.3 0.6
KUI carotenoid syn-FS17-3-1-B-B/(CML-239 x GWIC) -1-7TL-1-1-1-B 17.9 34.8 0.3
KUI carotenoid syn-FS17-3-1-B-B/CML356-B 20.5 41.1 0.5
KUI carotenoid syn-FS17-3-1-B-B/(CML-356 x GWIB) -1-23TL-1-2-1-B 21.1 37.7 0.5
KUI carotenoid syn-FS17-3-2-B-B/CML353-B 19.7 32.0 0.3
KUI carotenoid syn-FS17-3-2-B-B/(CML-239 x GWIC) -1-7TL-1-1-1-B 18.7 32.5 0.5
KUI carotenoid syn-FS17-3-2-B-B/CML355-B 15.8 29.8 0.2
KUI carotenoid syn-FS17-3-2-B-B/CML356-B 22.4 35.2 2.0
KUI carotenoid syn-FS17-3-2-B-B/(CML-356 x GWIB) -1-23TL-1-2-1-B 23.1 33.2 2.0
KUI carotenoid syn-FS25-3-2-B-B/CML353-B 22.9 33.0 2.0
KUI carotenoid syn-FS25-3-2-B-B/(CML-239 x GWIC) -1-7TL-1-1-1-B 22.0 31.9 2.1
KUI carotenoid syn-FS25-3-2-B-B/P903 C0 H364-1-8TL-3-2-1-1-B-B-B-B-B -B 19.8 29.3 0.3
KUI carotenoid syn-FS25-3-2-B-B/(CML-356 x GWIB) -1-23TL-1-2-1-B 22.6 29.8 0.5
Carotenoid Syn3-FS5-1-5-B-B/CML353-B 20.5 28.6 0.6
Carotenoid Syn3-FS5-1-5-B-B/CML355-B 32.0 32.9 0.6
CML-305-B-B/CML356-B 17.2 23.1 0.4
CML-304-B-B/CML353-B 14.5 26.0 0.3
Average 20.4 31.6 0.8
Obatanpa-ProA
Trials
2009-10
Mpungwe, SeedCo
Msekera, ZARI
G.Valley, ZARI
Lusaka N, ZamSeed
Lusaka W, SeedCo
Harare, CIMMYT
ART, CIMMYT
8 promising proA hybrids: 5 sites in
Zambia + 2 sites in Zimbabwe
Best hybrid
check
To
ns
per
he
cta
re
Hybrid 1: 8.9
Hybrid 2: 7.1
Hybrid 3: 6.3
Hybrid 4: 6.5
Hybrid 5: 7.4
Hybrid 6: 5.7
Hybrid 7: 6.9
Hybrid 8: 5.9
ProA
(ug/g)
Mg h
a-1
Ch
iaw
a
Masu
mb
a
GV
alley
Mu
tan
da
Mis
am
fu
Ms
ekera
SC
CI
Zambia NPT results, seven sites 2010-2011
Site
Mean of 8
commercial
hybrids
Approx. LSD (P<0.05)
Will consumers and farmers
consume/grow biofortified crops?
• ProA maize is orange; consumers
prefer white
• Will farmers choose to grow orange
maize varieties?
• Will seed companies market the
new orange varieties?
H+ stakeholder consultation, Zambia
Madson Chisi, Zambia Agricultural
Research Institute
– Nshima from finger millet is red; from
sorghum is grey… and people eat
them; color is not a big problem.
– Technology should be neutral or labor
reducing (cooking, processing, etc.)
– Find ways to involve farmers as soon
as possible
Marx Mbunji, SeedCo
– Crop needs to be high yielding; don‟t
focus on “micro” things…
Photo
credit: H.
DeGroote
H+ stakeholder consultation, Zambia
Matthias Kanyemba, Ministry of Agriculture
– We need to advise the health benefits of orange maize to make it
accepted
– MoA has nutrition workers at all levels – Provincial to Village
Fordson Nyerenda, Ministry of Health:
– Use nutrition, education and communication unit from the
Ministries to promote the orange maize
– Training of partners on Biofortification: Need information and
education for policy makers, extensionists, nutritionists,
farmers...
Beatrice Kawana National Food and Nutrition Commission:
– Nutrition education and communications unit which helps to
produce documentaries, posters, and other information
Raising awareness; creating demand
DELICIOUS &
NUTRITIOUS!!! A. M. Ball
Mr. M. Ililonga, Zambia Consumer Association
– Consumers are very sensitive about cost (should be affordable);
cost of staple food is of concern to people
Will consumers buy & consume
biofortified maize?
$$
$$$$ $$$
$
Molecular
biology Plant breeding
Multi-disciplinary approaches
+ +
Agronomy
+ + +
Food technology Nutrition Socio-economics Education &
marketing
Healthy
children
AU
-0.02
0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.12
Minutes
2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00 14.00 16.00 18.00 20.00 22.00 24.00
3.3
32
3.9
61
4.4
85
4.7
50
5.4
73
6.7
17
7.0
24
7.2
17
7.9
57
9.1
83 10.5
78
11.5
17
13.6
98
16.2
46
18.8
59
+ +
Plant biochemistry
+
+ +
Farmer participation
Bonus Slide: Research question
Carotenoids and mycotoxins
– Carotenoids in grain less mycotoxin
production
• The results indicate that the presence of
carotenoids in endosperm may decrease the
amount of aflatoxin produced by A.flavus.
– Carotenoids in food lesser carcinogenic effect
of toxins
• Carotenoids and vitamin A work via multiple
mechanisms that provide protective support
against cancer initiation and pathogenesis of
other mutation-related diseases.
Norton, Phytopath, 1997
Flora et al., Mutagenesis, 1999
Xie xie!