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The Abstract Titles of Computer Workshop
S.M.Mirzababaei
1388-89
Tehran University
In the name of GOD
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History
• 2000 BC - Abacuses • 1614 AD - Slide Rules• 1640 AD - Adding Machine• 1671 AD - Calculating Machine• 1745 AD - Jacquard Machine• 1812 AD - Differential Machine• 1822 AD - Analytic Machine (Charles Babbage)• 1937 AD - Mark-1• 1944 AD - ENIAC• 1949 AD - EDVAC• 1951 AD - UNIVAC• 1953 AD - IBM
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Computer Generations
• 1st: Electro Mechanical– 103 Instruction Per Second
• 2nd: Transistor Based– 106 Instruction Per Second
• 3rd: IC Based– 109 Instruction Per Second
• 4th: VLSI Based– 1012Instruction Per Second
• 5th: Artificial Intelligence, Optical Systems, Wireless Communications, …
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Essential Parts
• Vacuum Tubes• Resistor• Capacitor• Relay• Transistor• ICs• Diode• Crystals• Some Sensors• LEDs & LCDs• …
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Bytes & Gates• Wire States:
– Analog– Digital
• Multi States: 0,1, 2, 3, 4, …– Binary Digital
• One (1), Zero (0), High Impedance (Z)• Important Gates are:
– AND, OR, NAND, NOR, NOT, XOR, XNOR• 1 bit = one binary digit• 4 bits = 1 Nibble• 8 bits = 1 Byte• 16 bits = 1 Word• 32 bits = a double word• 64 bits = a quad word
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Intels 80x86 Family µProcessors
• 4004• 8008• 8080• 8085 Z80• 8086 8088 , 8087• 80186 80188 (µControllers)• 80286 (Protected Mode) 80287• 80386 (Full Protected Mode) 80387
– 80386DX, SX• i486 (80386+387) OverDrive
– i486DX,SX, i487SX, DX/2, DX/4, DX/5• Pentium
– MMX• Pentium Pro• Pentium II • Celeron/ Xeon• Pentium III
– Processor Unique ID• Pentium IV• Pentium D• Dual Core/Core Duo/Core 2 Duo/Centrino/ Intel M Tech• Quad Core/Hex Core/Oct Core (Westmere,Nehalem)• Multi Cores• Many Cores
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Other µProcessor Families• FreeScale PPC401
– Apple/Motorola/IBM
• IBM Cell Engine– Dual Hammer Mode
• FreeScale/STI Cell Engine / Play Station 3• GPGPUs / 2.1 Billion Tr/Chip• Single Precision/ Dual Precision
– Catrina /Rita 2006
• Super Computers– Blue Gene/L/C/P/Q– Earth Simulator– Road Runner– IRIMO
• Software– Google’s Map/Reduce Model– Cooperative Parallelism
• MPI, PVM, Charm++
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Parallel Processing• Micro Computers• Workstations• Mini Computers• Computers & Main Frames• IDCs vs. HPCs• Super Computers
– Clusters– MPPs– Constellations
• Grid Computing– Volunteer Computing– SETI@Home– BOINC
• Cloud Computing– Google App Engine
• Pervasive Computing– Aura / Aura@Home– Sixth Sense– …
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PC Family
• IBM– PC – XT– AT ISA– PS/2 (Micro Channel Architecture)
• …– EISA
• VESA– Local Bus
• Intel– PCI
• Multi voltage, Multi Bus Width, Multi Speed
– PCI –X– PCI Express– AGP
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Memories
• ROM
• RAM
• RAM Buffering
• ECC/FEC– 64/72/80 Bits Data Bus,
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ROM
• MROM• PROM(27xx)
– EPROM (OTP)
• EPROM (UV)(27xx)• EEPROM (E2PROM)(28xx)• FE2PROM(28Fxx, 29xx)
– Charge Pump– SD/ MMC/ Sony’s Magic Gate/ …– Solid State HardDisks
• Size, Price, Life Time, …
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ROM Contents
• POST• INIT• Configuration
– Ascii Table & font– Plug & Play
• Boot Strap• Setup Program• BIOS
• Dual Bios12The Abstract Titles of Computer
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RAM• SRAM (61xx,62xx)
– Cache Memory (L1/L2/L3)– NVRAM– VRAM (Dual Port RAM) (Samsung’s WRAM)
• DRAM(41xx)• FPM• EDO• SDRAM/PBSRAM/RDRAM/SGRAM• DDR/DDR2/DDR3/
– Double Data Rate-Double Pumped-Dual Pumped-Double Transition
• QDR/GDDR2/GDDR3/GDDR4/GDDR5• PS3’s XDR = DDR2 = GDDR4• MDDR• CAS Latency/t RAS to CAS Delay/t RAS Precharge/t Row Access Stroke
• Packaging– DIP/SIP– SIMM/DIMM/EBDIMM
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Interface Parts
• Direct Memory Access (8237)• Programmable Interval Timer (8253,8254)• Programmable Interrupt Controller (8259)
– IRQs• Real Time Clock (M48T86PC1)• Programmable Peripheral Interface (8255)• USART, UART (8250/8251/16450/16550)• Floppy Controller (8271)• ChipSet (82284, … , 82371,82439, PC87306B)
– Above Chips + Glue Circuits + Appropriate Buffers + Bridges• PCI Chipsets
– 430HX, TX, …
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Peripheral Devices
• Keyboard• Mouse• Joy-Sticks• Printers
– Laser Jet/ Bubble Jet/ Ink Jet
• Plotters• Digitizers• Scanners• Touch Screens• …
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Peripheral Devices
• Serial Port– Start Bit– Stop Bit (1, 1.5, 2)– Parity Bit– Speed– Byte Wide
• Example– 8n1, 7e2, …
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Peripheral Devices
• Parallel Port
• IEEE1284– SPP– PS/2– EPP– ECP
• DMA
• Hand Shaking
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Peripheral Devices
• RS232C– Carrier Detect– Rxd– Txd– Data Terminal Ready– Ground– Data Set Ready– Request To Send– Clear To Send– Ring Indicator
• 0,1 +12v, -12v• D type connector
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Peripheral Devices
• Modems– Half Duplex, Full Duplex– MNP1,2,3,4,5
• Error Correction Codes and Error Detection Codes• Data Compression
– Asymmetric Transition in 56.7Kbps Modems• E1 Lines
– ADSL– ITU: V standards
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Peripheral Devices
• Fax– V.17 14400bps, V.29, V.27, V21– Fax Groups I, II, III, IV– Class I, Class II (binary file transfers, and
unattended fax transmission)
• Voice Modems• AT Commands Summary
– ATZ, ATH, ATL, ATS, ATD, ATX, ATU, ATO, +Fclass, +++, …
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Peripheral Devices
• Sound Card– Frequency Modulation Synthesizer– DSP– Mixer– Wave Tables– PCM, ADPCM– Sound Parameters
• Mono, Stereo• Sampling Rate• Sampling Size• Sampling Time
– Sound Volume on Disk– File Formats
• MID, Wav, MP3, …
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Peripheral Devices
• Microphones– Piezo Electric– Electro Magnetic– Carbon
• Speakers– Tweeters– Ordinaries– Sub Woofers
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Peripheral Devices
• Cathodic Ray Tubes (CRTs)
• Liquid Crystal Displays (LCDs)
• Plasma Display Panel (PDPs)
• Electro Luminescence Display (ELDs)
• Vacuum Fluorescence Displays (VFDs)
• Field Emission Displays (FEDs)
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Peripheral Devices
• Cathodic Ray Tubes (CRTs)– Horizontal Signal and Vertical Signal– Interlacing and non Interlacing– Coloring– Canonic Rays– Calibrated Colors– X-Ray– Dot Pitch– Refresh Rate, …– Resolution– Flat Screens
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Peripheral Devices
• Liquid Crystal Displays (LCDs)– Active and Passive– Polarization– Coloring– View Angle– Speed– Power Consumption– Weight
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Peripheral Devices
• Graphic Card– Controller– DDC Line and PnP– α Channel– Text and Graphic Modes (AN, APA)– Screen Size and its Memory Requirement– Accelerators (MPEG,3D, …)– MultiMonitoring
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USB• Half Duplex• USB 1, 1.1, 2, 3
– Transfer Rate, 1.5 (Low Speed,1K5D-), 12(Full Speed, 1K5D+), 480(High Speed), 4800 Mbps (Super Speed, 2010)
• Host/Device/OTG– OHCI/ UHCI/ EHCI
• Classes– MSD, CDC, Style Image, Printer, HID, HUB, . . .
• SCSI Stack• Hot Plug• Plug & Play• Power Consumption• Cable Length, D+/D-, Vcc, GND
– NRZ, JK States
• 126 Devices• Signaling
– Enumeration, Configuration
– Transactions: Control, Isochronous, Interrupt, Bulk
– End Points, Pipes, Frames
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FireWire
• iLink, IEEE 1394• 400 Mbps, 800 Mbps, 3.2 Gbps• Master/Slave• Read
– 5000 files, 300 MB 30% better than USB– 160 files, 650 MB 70% better than USB
• Write– 5000 files, 300 MB 16% better than USB– 160 files, 650 MB 48% better than USB
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Wireless Technologies
• Infra Red (Line of Sight)
• Blue Tooth 802.15
• GSM, UMTS, EUMTS(Mobile 4G)
• WiFi/WLAN 802.11
• WiMAX 802.16
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Infra Red
• Straight• P2P• Remote Control• Far (10um, warm), Near (0.5 um, cold)• IrdA• Serial Port Stack• TxD & RxD• SIR up to 115kbps• MIR up to 1.152 mbps• FIR up to 4mbps• VFIR up to 16 mbps• XP Support: IrLPT, IrOBEX, ImageIrTran_P, IrCOMM, IrNET
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Blue Tooth• Ericson Company, Sony, IBM, Nokia, Intel, Toshiba, …• Peer To Peer• Spread spectrum 2.402 to 2.480• Piconet PAN• Dane King• Privacy Issues• Classes:
– 100 m, 10m, 1m
• 768 kbps• Security
– W/O– Before Connection– After Connection– Symmetric Encryption by 128 bits key
• 48 bits address• IEEE 802.15
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WiMAX
• Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access 802.16.d
• IEEE 802.11 a,b,g• Up to 70 Mbps • Up to 70 miles• Line of Sight 10 - 66 GHz• Non Line of Sight 2-11 GHz• Video on LAN• Wireless MAN• Ad hoc Networks
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Storage Devices
• Floppy Disk– 5¼ , 3½ – FAT
• Hard Disk– ESDI, ST506– Drive Geometry CHS
• Large / LBA
– Zone Bit/ Landing Zone/ Interleaving/ Pre Comp/ Auto Park– One Sided Buffer/2 Sided Buffers– ANSI X396.2 Committee– IDE/ EIDE
• Access Time, Data Transfer Rate
– SCSI• SCSI2,WideSCSI, Fast SCSI, Ultra SCSI, Ultra 2
– PCB Assembly, HAD, Clean Room
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Optical Drives
• AT Attachment– PATA, SATA
– SATA, SATA II, SATA III• Hot Plug, Driver, RAID, Low Cost, Air Cond., Cable Length
• CD Silver/Gold• Double Sided/Single Sided• WORM• Super CD• DVD +/-• DVD Ram• Blu Ray• M/O Disks
– Magnetism / Polarization / Warm Laser34The Abstract Titles of Computer
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Disk Partitioning
• FDISK
• Format /S /U
• Active Partitioning
• Disk Assignment
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Network
• Topologies– Start, Bus, Ring
• IP vs X.25• Telnet, Ftp, Web, Gopher, Mail, Trackle, …• VRML• RFS, NFS,IPC, RPC• File Servers, Print Servers• Daemons• PPP
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Operating Systems
• Script Programming
• History– Unix, VMS, DOS, PCMOS, Windows, NT, Linux
• Important Commands– Help, CD, Mkdir, Cat, Time, …
• Protected Mode
• OS Installation
• Script Programming
• Multi Task, Multi User, Real Time OS
• Remote Control– Windows, Linux, DOS
• Multi Boot• Hypervisors
– Type I, Type II
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Script Porgramming
• Linux Shell Script
• Windows Script Programming
• DOS Batch Files
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