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The ability of birch to adapt to climateadapt to climate ...Mikko Anttonen (post doc) and Boy Possen...
Transcript of The ability of birch to adapt to climateadapt to climate ...Mikko Anttonen (post doc) and Boy Possen...
12.9.2012
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The ability of birch to adapt to climateadapt to climate
changeMikko Anttonen
Metsäntutkimuslaitos Skogsforskningsinstitutet Finnish Forest Research Institute www.metla.fi
METLASuonenjoki
Contents
Climate change in FinlandHow will forests adaptAdaptability of Silver birch
How to take changing climate into account today?
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Climate Change
Climate is changing globally and it will affect everything. Major changes affecting tree growth include warming and changes in precipitation patterns
2010 – 2039 2070 - 2099CO2, ppm 434 655t change global, ˚ C 0.9 2.6t change FIN ˚ C 1 6 4 4
Looks good (?)
t change FIN, C 1.6 4.4Rainfall change FIN, % 5 17
averages, A1B scenario, reference 1971 – 2000
Effect of Climate Change on Forests
Longer growing season may increase forest productivity Some species like birch ma benefit moreSome species like birch may benefit moreMany risks related to climate change which can affect productivity.
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Challenges Caused by the Climate Change in Finland
What is expected in more details1. Temperature
Winter temperature will rise more than summerHeat spells during summer
2. RainfallIncrease especially during winterHeavy rains and uneven precipitation during summersummer
Water logging, heat stress, droughtFast changes: how will trees adapt?
Adaptability of Silver birch to Climate Change
Finnish Forest Research InstituteFinnish Academy of Sciences2010 20132010 – 2013Leader dos. Elina Vapaavuori
Mikko Anttonen (post doc) and Boy Possen (graduate student)
CollaboratorsProf. Elina Oksanen, University of Eastern FinlandProf. Toini Holopainen, University of Eastern FinlandProf. Ülo Niinemets, Estonian University of Life Sciences
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Aims of The Project
How will trees be able to adapt the fast changes caused by the climate change?Genetic ariation and phenot pic plasticit areGenetic variation and phenotypic plasticity are key factors for species survivalIncrease the understanding of genetic variation in adaptability of silver birch to changing climate1. Level of variation within a naturally regenerated y g
birch stand (Punkaharju, Finland)2. Variation in relation to adaptability to elevated
temperature and different soil moisture levels (controlled pot experiment)
Experiment 1: Within Population Variation
Common garden experiment , 1999, Punkaharju22 genotypes were randomly selected and clonedfrom a naturally regenerated birch stand nearbyfrom a naturally regenerated birch stand nearby15 genotypes in 4 blocks were selected based on above-ground biomass 2008Variation in relation to adaptability
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Experiment 2: Adaptability
Controlled experiment with same genotypesAmbient and Ambient + 1 temperaturesAmbient and Ambient + 1 temperaturesLimiting, optimal and excess waterHow do genotypes adapt?
Measurements
Several campaign during the growing season and continuous measurementsMan ph siological parametersMany physiological parameters
Photosynthesis Water useMorphologyGrowthStressStressPhenology
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Exp 1: Within Population Variation
Big differences in biomass production during 10 years of growthO tcome of gro th in ariable conditionsOutcome of growth in variable conditions
Higher biomass more adaptable?Traits explaining higher biomass
15 genotypes selected from a naturally regenerated birch stand were compared during 2 growing season (phenology 3 seasons) 4 and 3 times per season
Exp 1: Biomass Differences
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Exp 1: Photosynthesis• Differences between genotypes in Pn generally small
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Exp 1: Water Use Efficiency
• Genotypic differences in water use may be related to volume growth.
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Exp 1: Leaves
• Small and light leaves may result in higher biomass– Small differences on leaf level may be important on a
canopy scale.
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g)20102011
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Growth group
Exp 1: Other Measured Parameters
No other evident differences that would correlate with biomass production (pending analyses)Phenolog meas rements ill be finished thisPhenology measurements will be finished this autumn
Does the length of the growing season have an effect (bud burst versus senescence)
Statistics models need still some fine tuning and all data together might reveal g g gsomething more
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Exp 2: Adaptability
Are genotypes with higher productivity (biomass) able to adapt better?
Controlled pot e perimentControlled pot experimentElevated temperature (+1 ˚C)Tree water levels (low, optimal, excess)Preliminary results support those from Exp 1
• All measured parameter and genotypes (no interactions) followed basically the same trend
Exp 2: Biomass 2011
interactions) followed basically the same trend• In ambient temperature conditions watering did not
have strong effect and in heated conditions normal watering led to higher biomass
Water Temp W x TTotal DW * (N > L = E) ns ***Stem DW ns ns ***Branch DW * (N > L = E) ns ***Leaf DW * (N > L = E) * (H > A) ***
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Exp 2: Genotype Differences
Category Parameter Min Max Max/MinPhotosynthesis Pn Ambient CO2 9.7 12.6 1.3
Pn Saturating CO2 12.64 15.72 1.2P A b / P S t 0 71 0 84 1 2Pn Amb / Pn Sat 0.71 0.84 1.2Fluorescence Yield 778 810 1.0
Water Leaf water potential -0.68 -0.89 1.3Conductance 0.35 0.64 1.9WUE 2.3 4.0 1.7Leaf water content 0.61 0.69 1.1
Morphology Single leaf area 42 71 1.7Single leaf DW 0.21 0.37 1.8Single leaf FW 0.60 1.08 1.8SLA 166 206 1.2Stomata 152 203 1 3Stomata 152 203 1.3Trichomes lower 203 514 2.5Trichomes upper 143 318 2.2Leaf thickness 0.09 0.12 1.2
Growth Diameter 12.6 14.1 1.1Height 122 161 1.3
Stress Ascorbic acid 0.14 0.18 1.3Lipid peroxidation 21.9 28.8 1.3
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Exp 2: Photosynthesis
• Net photosynthesis in ambient or saturating CO2 conditions or fluorescence yield parameter were y pnot affected by the treatments
• Total chlorophyll measurements show an interesting trend which will be further investigated
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• WUE– Low > Normal = Excess, P < 0.001, L/N = 1.55
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Exp 2: Water use
Low Normal Excess, P 0.001, L/N 1.55– Heated > Ambient, P < 0.05, H/A = 1.12
• Conductance– Ambient > Heated, P < 0.001, A/H= 1.11– Normal > Excess > Low, P < 0.001, N/E = 1.11, N/L = 1.55
• Leaf water potential– Pressure bomb 1
1.2WP, MPa
Ambient Heated
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– Temperature * Water P < 0.001– Normal plants had highest leaf WC
Low keeps up with biomass productionwith efficient water control
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• Single leaf area– Normal watering and heating led to largest leaves
Exp 2: Leaf Morphology
g g g– Temperature, P < 0.05, H/A = 1.06– Water, P < 0.01, N/E = 1.08, N/L = 1.28
• Single leaf DW– Limited water led to lowest DW– Heating emphasised the differencebetween L and other treatments 0.15
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• SLA– L < N=E, P < 0.001, L/N = 1.16
Smaller leaves in low: protective adaptation?
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Exp 2: Other Measured Parameters
No differences between treatmentsSeveral analyses pendingData not ready from 2012Development of statistics models
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Conclusions
Changing climate challenges tree growth unlessthey are able to adaptThis porject aims to find mechanisms forThis porject aims to find mechanisms for adaptationThe focus has been in temperature and precipitationPreliminary results suggest that the ability to control water use and some leaf morphologicalcontrol water use and some leaf morphologicaltraits are important for adaptationIn general Silver birch seems to be growing welleven in challenging conditions
Mikko [email protected]
Elina [email protected]