Thandi Presentation

8/6/2019 Thandi Presentation

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CAREER

CAREER DEVELOPMENT

CAREER COUNSELLING


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Postmodernism emerged beyond modernism Postmodernism values personal experiences

and various forms ofknowledge(Savickas,1993).

Interpretation of a situation is seen asimportant.

Language and culture are seen as ways ofconstituting meaning.


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Postmodernism has affected numerous partsof counselling ,including family, careeretc(Savickas,1993).

Postmodern era departs from traditionalapproaches used in counselling

These approaches emphasize interpretivism Savickas (1993) identifies five innovations of

the postmodern era ,in career counsellingand development


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No more experts Enable rather than fit Rewrite the grand narrative Career as personal Stories rather than scores


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Constructivism emerged as an importantframework

Was seen as able to meet the demands of thepostmodern era.

Constructivism, a departure from thetraditional logical positivist world view whichinfluenced most career assessments

An individual constructs their own realitythrough cognitive processes.

The central point of constructivism ismeaning


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The purpose of constructivism is to constructa working narrative.

Based on 5 assumptionsActive agency Order Social-Symbolic relatednessLifespan Development

Counselors using the constructivist approach arerequired to enter into the psychosocial sphere ofa persons career system (McIlveen, 2004).


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Constructivism has directed careerpractitioners toward the holistic experienceof a persons career within their

environmental context Provides a broad view of career and

positions the individual, and his or herunique characteristics

The STF has 2 functions in careerdevelopment and counseling

a meta-theory of career and career developmentpractices from a range of theoretical traditions


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As a vehicle to operationalise constructivisttheories of career development (McIlveen,2004)


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Emerged from the influences ofpostmodernism.

Social constructionists question the nature

of social reality (Mkhize, 2005) Takes a critical stance towards one truth And contends that the world cannot be

divided into categories and dichotomies(Burr, 1995).


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Places great emphasis on culture and history Social constructionism also values language,

where language is seen as an active process

by means of which we construct ourunderstanding (Mkhize, 2005).

Social constructionism rejects both natureand nurture when providing explanations

about a person.


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Theoretically based interventions, groundedin constructivism.

Hence, the use of stories and narratives is

the only approach to qualitative careerassessments.

Qualitative approach tend to foster a moreactive role for the client rather than the

passive interpretation of results by theclinician.


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Qualitative approach reduces the distinctionbetween assessment and counselingespecially in the issues of race and ethnicity.

Therefore the clinician attends the issues ofculture while understanding the meaning ofwork in an individuals life.

Assessments are a change-generating

process, when a clinician uses aconstructivist approach the process facilitatepersonal reconstruction of a client.


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Process whereby a client narrates his/her lifestory to a counselor

Explores the clients world through story

development Also referred to as a storied approach Client is regarded as an expert and authors

his/her own story Counselor just listens, facilitates and clarify A collaborative process between the client

and a counselor


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The way people construct and foresee theirfuture experience depends on how theyactually construct their past experience

The persons story must be considered ashis/her interpretation of the meaning andsense of his/her self


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o Translating postmodern theory into practice hasbeen challenging (Campbel & Ungar, 2004)

o A question explored by the postmodernapproach is What is my preferred future?

o This question focuses on the evolving story linethe client tells about him/herself and thathe/she sees as the next chapter in the story.

o Narrative therapy provides opportunities to lookcritically at how these stories re privilege and bywhom.


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7 aspects of life/work design Intervention framework by Campbel & Ungar (2004) Clients are engaged in the process of working through 7

aspects, each aspect may be implemented in the formof an episode.

It is important to start where the client is and with whathe/she is motivated to do


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The 7 aspects include the following:1) Know what you want

2) Know what you have3) Know what you hear4) Know what constrains you5) Map your preferred story6) Grow into your story7 ) Grow out of your story The challenge of this approach is that it promote the

idea of self-disruption. Below are the intervention methods, these are the

qualitative methods in career counseling.


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1. The Life Line Method Developed by Brott (2001), a foundation of the narrative

approach for revealing (co-construction); unpacking(construction) and building (deconstruction) a clientsstory.

In this process, a Client is asked to draw a line on thepiece of paper.

This activity opens the door for the career counselingprocess to move the client beyond finding a job tofinding ones self from which decisions can be made topursue each life role in satisfying ways


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2. The Card Sorts method Involve the client in sorting or prioritizing information

that appears on the cards. On the front of each card isthe job title and on the back is the job description.

The client is asked to divide cards into 3 piles- jobs Iwould consider; not consider and those uncertainabout.

This activity validates for client the importance ofvarious personal traits.

3. The Life Roles Circles method A way of looking at a client holistically This intervention help clients in identifying life roles

and in understanding the part that these-


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Integrated one stop centres Virtual career guidance Brief counselling Mentorship Coaching

Social enterprise: Counselling on the fringe


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Increased research on multiculturalcareer development (minority groups andwomen).

Increased focus on training needs forcareer counsellors. Lack of scholarship on process and

outcomes of career counselling.

Need to broaden scope of interventions toreach wider audience Availability and importance attributed to

career guidance counselling (S.A. Schools)


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Globalisation- negative impacts Move towards qualitative and postmodern

approaches to career counselling But, many African countries still favour Western

psychometric methods (logical and scientificmeasurement)

Should take lesson from international practitioners-

combine qualitative and quantitative approaches Not only consider scores Factors favouring qualitative approach


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Multi-cultural factors that influence thedecision-making of the client

Counselors must explore the influence of familyculture and context through the narrative

process Counselors need to consider factors such as the

clients: Cultural persona Attitudes about work Rules in the family system Gender stereo-types Cultural context Religion


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Challenges in diverse career counseling setting The extent to which postmodern narrative

counseling can be utilized to addresscomplexities in career counseling characterizedby diversity

Complex socio-cultural factors need to beconsidered

Language can become one of the main

prohibitive factors in facilitating careercounseling Adequate language usage in narrative therapy= A

challenge in African countries Not enough vernacular-speaking counselors


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The problem of language can be overcome byencouraging students representative of SAdiversity to study in the field of educational

psychology Most people are used to being taught and

spoken to in groups Therefore clients may find it difficult to open

up and participate in a face-to-face session Life experiences are regarded as confidential

and most people do not like sharing themwith just anybody


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Despite recognition of the benefits of thePostmodern approach

Many African countries, including South

Africa, continue to favour the Positivistapproach

However, a worthwhile endeavour would beto invest in the training for and

implementation of programmes adoptingPostmodern approaches to careercounselling.

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