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Thai Tapioca’s Strategic Roadmaps: Industrial applications ...€¦ · achieved by improving root...
Transcript of Thai Tapioca’s Strategic Roadmaps: Industrial applications ...€¦ · achieved by improving root...
Kuakoon Piyachomkwan1,2
1 Cassava and Starch Technology Research Laboratory
National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), Thailand 2 Thai Tapioca Development Institute (TTDI), Bangkok, Thailand
World Tapioca Conference 2015
24 June, 2015
Dusit Thani Hotel, Pattaya, Chonburi, Thailand
Thai Tapioca’s Strategic Roadmaps:
Industrial applications of tapioca starch
- 3rd world root production after Nigeria and Brazil
- Total root production of 25-30 million tons annually
(10% of world production)
- 1st producer and exporter of tapioca-derived products
- Generate upto 1,400 million USD revenue of exported products
Thai tapioca industry
- Total planting area = 7.4 Million Rai
or 1.2 Million hectare
- Mostly grown in North eastern, eastern part
- Root productivity = 4.7 tons /Rai
or 30 tons / hectare
(World average = 12 tons / hectare)
Tapioca production in Thailand
Tapioca is a cash crop of Thai farmers
- Drought tolerance
- Easy to grow with low inputs
- All year round planting/harvesting
- High yield-improved varieties
- High root productivity
- Roots with high quantity/quality of starch
Excellent agronomic characteristics
Beyond the farmer’s cash crop, tapioca is an industrial crop
- Chips
- Pellets
- Starches
Major tapioca products
Export volume (million tons) of Thai tapioca products
Chip
Pellet
Modified starch
Native starch
Export values (million Baht) of Thai tapioca products
Chip
Pellet
Modified starch
Native starch
- Number of processors > 1,000 yards
- Total production of chips 4 - 5 million tons (or 10 M tons of roots)
- Conversion 2.00-2.50 kg fresh roots /1 kg chips
- Consumption Local market (30%, animal feed, ethanol, pellets)
Export market (70%)
Tapioca chips
1. 2.
3. 4.
Chopping into small pieces
Sun-drying on a cement floor
- Produced from dried chips only
- Conversion : 1 kg chip : 1 kg pellet
- Soft pellets vs. Hard pellets
- Export market only for animal feed uses
Tapioca pellets
Grinding chips Extrusion Cooling
Tapioca starch
- > 80 factories registered to Thai Tapioca Trade Association (TTSA)
- Production capacity ≈ 3.5-4.0 million tons per year
- Conversion 4.0 - 4.4 kg fresh roots / 1 kg starch
Typical tapioca starch manufacturing process in Thailand
Fresh roots
Sands & soils removal
Root washing
Dry peel
Wet peel Waste water Stumps
Rasping
Extraction
Separation
Dewatering
Drying
Recycled water
Waste water
Pulp
Tapioca starch
Tapioca starch
Modified starch
Tapioca pearl Pregelatinized starch
Acid thinned starch
Dextrinized starch
Oxidized starch
Crosslinked starch Di-starch phosphate Di-starch adipate
Starch ether Hydroxyalkyl/Cationic starch
Starch ester Acetylated starch Phosphate monoester starch
Native starch Starch hydrolysate
Maltodextrin
Sweeteners Glucose, Dextrose Fructose
Sugar alcohols Sorbitol/Mannitol
Amino acids MSG Lysine
Organic acid Citric acid Lactic acid
Alcohols Ethanol
Industrial applications
Noodles
Sauces Cosmetics
Uses of modified tapioca starches in food and non-food applications
- Maltodextrin
- Sweeteners & derivatives
glucose syrup
fructose syrup
sugar alcohol : sorbitol, mannitol
Starch hydrolysates and fermented products
Starch hydrolysis
Purification/
separation
Novel / Value-added
products
Fermentor
Novel / Value-added products
• Feed& food additives : MSG, lysine
• Packaging: poly (lactic acid) • Energy: Ethanol
Biorefinery/ Biobased industry
Starch hydrolysis
Hydrolysis / Fermentation
Distillation Dehydration Anhydrous ethanol Gasohol
Production process of bioethanol for fuel use
Gasoline
Hydrolysis / Fermentation
Purification Lactic acid Lactide PLA
Production process of polylactic acid (PLA)
Local consumption
Starch factories Small/Medium scale entrepreneur
Pellet companies
(Pelletization)
Traders
Modification/hydrolysis
Tapioca roots
Tapioca starch Tapioca chips
Export market
Export market
Modified starch/ Sweetener Pellets
Ethanol and feed
Farmers
Local consumption
Industrialization and marketing structure of tapioca in Thailand
1. Root production
2. Marketing and trading
3. Policy and management
4. Conversion, process and value added products
5. R & D
Thai Tapioca’s Strategic Roadmaps
Variety diversification Improved processing
technology
Novel / value- added products
Application Commodity & Specialty
R & D
Increased root productivity
- Normal starch
- Amylose-free/waxy starch
- High amylose starch
- High phosphate starch
- Small granule starch
Amylose-free Normal High-amylose
Normal Waxy
Variety diversification of starches
Improved varieties + Cost-effective cultivation practices = High productivity
Increased root productivity
Native, modified, hydrolyzate
- Mechanized process
- Energy- and water- saving process
- Clean technology
- Zero-discharge
- Waste treatment / Reduction
- Environmentally friendly
Improved processing technology
Specific functionality
From Commodity to Specialty starch products
• Convenience with quality
• Healthy eating / Nutrition
• Aging society
• Cost reduction
• Environmental sustainability
Novel / value- added products
- Food modified starch (more than 1 type of modification) - Custom-made
- Health food products
Clean label products (non-GMO, non-chemically food modified starch)
Gluten-free products
Low glycemic food products
- Biomaterial for biomedical applications
Drug delivery system
Wound healing
Tissue engineering scaffolds/ implants
Potential value added products from tapioca
Tapioca flour for gluten-free products
- Gluten is wheat flour protein, also found in barley, rye and triticale
- Some people cannot eat gluten because it will damage their small intestine, called celiac disease.
- At least 1% of total population have celiac disease with a rapid increase in the number of people having celiac disease.
- No cure, only strict adherence to a GLUTEN-FREE DIET
- The market of gluten-free diet has continuously increased and expected to exceed more than 5 billion USD by 2015.
- Bread, cookie, cracker, pasta, cereal
Gliadin (viscous)
+
Glutenin (elastic)
Gluten (viscoelastic)
UNLESS LABELED “GLUTEN -FREE”
Amaranth
Arrowroot
Bean
Buckwheat
Corn
Millet
Potato
Quinoa
Rice
Sorghum
Tapioca / Cassava
Teff
grains and starches can be part of a gluten-free diet:
- Use as staple foods in many countries in various forms
- Mostly produced from sweet type: low cyanide content at the household level
- According to FAO Codex, cyanide content of flour < 10 mg HCN equivalent.kg-1
Cassava flour
Household production of cassava flour
Technology development
Large-scaled production of Low-cyanide cassava flour
(10 mg HCN equivalent.kg-1)
Cassava roots (High cyanide varieties)
Development of low-cyanide cassava flour from high-cyanide varieties
- Gluten free product (high value market): 100% cassava flour
(Under “ Gratitude” FP7 project supported by European Commission)
- Wheat flour substitute (high volume market): Bakery, snack
Application
CONCLUSIONS
- Tapioca serves not only as a staple food in many regions, it also serves as an important raw material for food, non-food and bio-based industry.
- To meet an increasing demand of tapioca for industry use, the sustainable production of tapioca roots with increasing farmer’s income must be achieved by improving root productivity, lower production cost, e.g. soil conservation, farm mechanization.
- As health and wellness continues to influence consumer and market
trends, there is a great opportunities for developing health products from tapioca starch (non-GMO, non-chemically, non-gluten, low GI food) as well as biodegradable materials for biomedical uses.
Thank you for your attention