TH1.T04.2_MULTI-FREQUENCY MICROWAVE EMISSION OF THE EAST ANTARCTIC...
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MULTI-FREQUENCY MICROWAVE EMISSION OF
THE EAST ANTARCTIC PLATEAU
IGARSS- Vancouver – July 24-29 2011
Marco Brogioni G.Macelloni, S. Pettinato CNR-IFAC
R. Zasso, A. Crepaz CVA-ARPAV
B. Padovan, J. Zaccaria PNRA
M. Drinkwater ESA-ESTEC
IGARSS- Vancouver – July 24-29 2011
Outline
Objectives and background
The Domex experiment
Satellite (SMOS- AMSR-E) and ground data
The e.m. model
Model comparison
Conclusions and Perspectives
IGARSS- Vancouver – July 24-29 2011
Objectives
Verify the applicability of the East Antarctic plateau as an extended target for calibrating and monitoring low frequency microwave radiometers using ground based (the Domex-2 experiment) and satellite data (SMOS)
Understanding the multi-frequency microwave emission of the Antarctic plateau by using satellite and ground data in combination to e.m. model
IGARSS- Vancouver – July 24-29 2011
Dome C and the Antarctic Plateau • The site is view on a sub-daily
frequency by polar-orbiting satellites, at a variety of incidence and azimuth angles.
• Homogeneity of snow surface at the 100 km scale.
• Small surface roughness relative to other ice sheets.
• Low snow accumulation rate (around 3.7cm/yr).
• Clear sky, and extremely dry and stable atmosphere.
• Well known topography and environmental condition
Concordia Station (Dome C): 75.125 S, 123.25 E
3270 a.s.l
Dome C
© CSA
IGARSS- Vancouver – July 24-29 2011
The Domex-2 experiment With a view to the launching of the ESA’s SMOS satellite, an
experimental activity called DOMEX, supported by ESA and PNRA, was started at Dome-C, Antarctica in 2005 with a first pilot project (Domex-I, duration one month) and continue with Domex-2.
The main scientific objective is to demonstrate the stability of the site in order to provide L-band microwave data for SMOS calibration.
DOMEX-2 experiment consisted in an L-band and an infrared (8-14 µm) radiometers (RADOMEX) installed at Concordia base on an observation tower at a height of 15 m respect to the ice sheet. Data were collected continuously (24/24 h) over two entire Austral annual cycle, starting from December 2008. Snow measurements (including snow stratigraphy, density, grains size and shape, temperature) and meteorological data, were also collected during the experiment.
IGARSS- Vancouver – July 24-29 2011
The DOMEX Campaign
Concordia base
Air temperature Mean: - 53 degs Max: - 23 degs Min: - 78 degs
TOWER VIEW
IGARSS- Vancouver – July 24-29 2011
Complementary Snow measurements
Winter
Summer
Snow layers:
Temperature
Hardness
Density
Grains shape and Size
Dielectric Constant
Snow deposition:
Grains shape and Size
Classification(precipitati
on, hoar,wind, etc.)
IGARSS- Vancouver – July 24-29 2011
170
180
190
200
210
220
230
240
250
01/12/08 01/01/09 01/02/09 04/03/09 04/04/09 05/05/09 05/06/09 06/07/09 06/08/09 06/09/09 07/10/09
Bri
ghtn
ess
Te
mp
erat
ure
[K
]
Time
Tv
Th
Domex -2 – 2009 campaign
Power Failure > 10 days
Radomex Temperature < -60°C !!!
No temperature control
Low temperature /High fluctuation
Theta = 42° SMOS angle
IGARSS- Vancouver – July 24-29 2011
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
170
175
180
185
190
195
200
205
210
215
220
01/12/08 01/01/09 01/02/09 04/03/09 04/04/09 05/05/09
Sky
Bri
ghtn
ess
Te
mp
era
ture
[K
]
Sno
w B
righ
tne
ss T
em
pe
ratu
re [
K]
Time
Tv
Th
TvTbv = 186.3 K - Dev.st = 0.6 K
Tbv = 209 K - Dev.st = 0.3 K
Temporal Stability – corrected values
6 Months Scale = December 2008 – May 2009
IGARSS- Vancouver – July 24-29 2011
Domex-2 : 2010 campaign
Power Failure
PC crash April 10 Problem
Solved –July 2010
11 months data
IGARSS- Vancouver – July 24-29 2011
SMOS comparison - Temporal Trends
some jumps: surface effect (?)
The target
response is very
stable.
Fluctuation are
typical of the
SMOS data.
Domex Tb could
be used as a
benchmark for
improve SMOS
data?
IGARSS- Vancouver – July 24-29 2011
Possible Explaination: wind effect
Lines= High Wind Speed (> 7 m/s)
IGARSS- Vancouver – July 24-29 2011
DOMEX- Angular Trend
IGARSS- Vancouver – July 24-29 2011
SMOS – comparison: Angular Trend
SMOS data provided by CESBIO
dots – SMOS lines - DOMEX
IGARSS- Vancouver – July 24-29 2011
Multi-frequency Tb data: temporal trends
L C X Ku Ka
175 153.16 152.84 154.70 150.36
- 1.15 1.29 1.65 2.12
L C X Ku Ka
218 200.23 194.93 184.83 169.88
- 0.50 0.57 0.81 1.80
Obs. angle 55 deg
Mean
Std Dev
V pol H pol
almost a Black Body
V pol fluctuates less because of the Brewster angle!
IGARSS- Vancouver – July 24-29 2011
Tb – StdDev vs Frequency (AMSR-E & DOMEX)
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
1 10 100
Frequency [GHz]
TB
Sd
ev
[K
] .
LC
X
Ku
Ka
Tbh
Tbv
Tb sdev decreases when frequency decreases
The site is stable at L band
IGARSS- Vancouver – July 24-29 2011
The snowpack is modeled as a stack of n layers with planar boundaries over
a half-space medium.
Each layer is characterize by:
temperature Tl,
grain radius rl,
depth dl,
density rl,
fractional volume fl,
permittivity eeff l.
All the parameters used in the model are derived from Dome C snowpack
measurements (EPICA, Drinkwater et al.,2003).
The electromagnetic model
d1
d2
d3
dn-1
dn
d0
qi
z
.
.
.
n layers
Half-space
IGARSS- Vancouver – July 24-29 2011
The permittivity of the layers is modeled by using the SFT.
The model is based on the wave approach which accounted
for the reflection and transmission between the layers by
means of the propagating matrix (Kong,1990).
The vertical and horizontal brightness temperatures are
expressed by adding the contributions of the snow layers by
means of the fluctuation dissipation theorem (Jin,1984).
The electromagnetic model
IGARSS- Vancouver – July 24-29 2011
Comparison of temporal trends
Model Results
37 GHz
19 GHz
10 GHz
6.8 GHz
1.4 GHz The model is
able to
estimate the
e.m. data with
a good
accuracy
Some
discrepancy
are present
at Ku- and
Ka-band
IGARSS- Vancouver – July 24-29 2011
Penetration depths
Model Results
Pe
ne
tratio
n D
ep
th
Frequency
(GHz)
Penetration
depth (m)
1.4 165
6.8 22
10 12
19 3.5
37 1.5
IGARSS- Vancouver – July 24-29 2011
Conclusions The DOMEX-2 experiment started in November 2008 and ended
in December 2010.
The high temporal stability of Tb at V polarization is confirmed in both 2009 and 2010. Tb at H polarization exhibits a high fluctuation due to the surface and sub-surface effect (as expected).
The angular and temporal trends exhibit a very good agreement with SMOS data
Multi-frequency data emphasize the mechanisms that dominate the emission of the ice sheet
A e.m. was developed and validated using satellite and ground data
The e.m. is able to explain the jumps observed in H pol. data
IGARSS- Vancouver – July 24-29 2011 RADOMEX looking in the Antarctic night
Thanks for the attention!