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Commutation Circuit
CHAPTER: 1
INTRODUCTION
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Commutation Circuit
1.1 INTRODUCTION OF PROJECT:-
Our Project “COMMUTATION CIRCUIT OF CLASS – A, B C! i" con"i"t o#
turn o## c$aracteri"tic o# t$e SCR% Our &roject o&erate" tota''( )a"e* on t$e
SCR% T$e main &art o# our &roject i" SCR +P-M .$ic$ i" u"e* in our &roject/%
Once SCR "tar" con*ucting, gate 'o""e" contro'% In "&ite o# remo0ing gate
"igna', SCR remain to con*ucting "tage% T$e commutation i" t$e &roce"" to turn
o## an SCR% To turn1o## an SCR i" ac$ie0e* )(
+i/ Ano*e current #a''" )e'o. t$e $o'*ing current or
+ii/ Re0er"e 0o'tage a&&'ie* to t$e SCR #or "u##icient time%
T$e SCR ma( )e turn1o## eit$er )( natura''( or )( u"ing e2terna' circuit%
In AC circuit", .$en t$e current t$e SCR goe" t$roug$ a natura' 3ero, a re0er"e
0o'tage automatica''( a&&ear" acro"" t$e SCR% T$i" i" ca''e* natura'
commutation% In 4C circuit", t$e ano*e current $a" to )e #orce* to 3ero )( an
e2terna' circuit to turn1o## t$e SCR% T$i" i" ca''e* a" #orce* commutation%
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Commutation Circuit
CHAPTER: 2
A LITERATURE SURVEY
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Commutation Circuit
Literature Reie!:
In t$i" &roject .e are "tu*( t$e c$aracteri"tic o# t$e SCR +t$(ri"tor/% In
t$i" &roject .e are u"ing SCR +t$(ri"tor/ P-M% it i" t$e genera' &ur&o"e SCR%
T$i" SCR i" u"e common'( #or t$e genera' &ur&o"e% So .e are u"e t$i" SCR in
our &roject%
For t$i" &roject .e co''ect t$e re#erence" #rom man( &'ea"e"% A" re#erence
.e are u"e 5i6i&e*ia #or co''ect t$e in#ormation a)out t$e SCR an* it"
c$aracteri"tic", etc% 5e are ta6e more re#erence" 'i6e
...%e'ectronic"$u)%org7"cr1turn1o##1met$o*"7 #rom t$i" 'in6 +.e)"ite/ .e are
"tu*( a)out t$e turn1o## met$o* o# t$e SCR +t$(ri"tor/% t$i" met$o*" are
mention in t$i" re&ort% From t$e ...%e'ectrica'-u%com7 .e are "tu*ie* a)out
t$e *etai'e* o# t(&e o# t$e commutation met$o* .$ic$ .e are u"e to turn1o## t$e
SCR in our &roject +C'a""1A, C'a""1B C'a""1C/%
5e are not ta6e re#erence" #rom on'( internet )ut .e are u"e t$e re#erence
)oo6 a'"o% For t$i" .e are ta6e more in#ormation #rom t$e )oo6 o# t$e Po.er
8'ectronic" +Secon* e*ition/ +M 4 Sing$ 9 B 9$anc$an*ani/% 5e a'"o
con"i*er B L T$eraja P S Bim)$ra )oo6 a" t$e re#erence, #rom t$i" )oo6 .e
#in* t$e *e"ign con"i*eration #or our &roject% From t$i" *e"ign con"i*eration .e
cou'* un*er"tan* t$e *ee&ne"" o# our &roject *e"ign% From t$i" .e ca'cu'ate t$e
rating" o# t$e com&onent" t$at .e are u"e in our &roject% 4ue to t$e *e"ign
con"i*eration .e &re&are t$e circuit *iagram o# our &roject #rom .$ic$ .e &re&are our actua' running circuit%
T$e actua' circuit i" mention in t$e re&ort )e'o.% For t$e #orming t$e
actua' circuit .e are u"e t$e "tee' )o2 #or t$e enc'o"ure an* t$e )oar* u"e in t$e
".itc$)oar* i" u"e #or t$e to& at .$ic$ t$e com&onent" are mount% For t$e
"$o.ing t$e circuit *iagram .e "tic6 t$e &rinte* "tic6er &a&er *ue to at t$e time
o# &ractica' .e can ea"i'( un*er"tan* an* e2&'ain to ot$er t$e .or6ing o# our
&roject%
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http://www.electronicshub.org/scr-turn-off-methods/http://www.electrical4u.com/http://www.electrical4u.com/http://www.electronicshub.org/scr-turn-off-methods/
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Commutation Circuit
In t$i" our &roject .e are actua''( tr( to contro' t$e o&eration o# t$e SCR
+t$(ri"tor/% B( t$e $e'&ing o# t$e e2terna' com&onent or u"ing our circuit .e are
actua''( contro' t$e time o# turn on an* o##% B( t$e contro' t$e time o# on1o## it
can )e u"e#u' at man( &'ace% In our &roject it can )e o)taine*% In our &roject one
L84 i" &'ace*, .$ic$ in*icate t$e o&eration o# t$e SCR +t$(ri"tor/% So t$e
contro' o# SCR +t$(ri"tor/ on1o## i" "$o.n )( t$e in*ication o# t$e L84
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Commutation Circuit
CHAPTER: 3
THE PROJECT ANALYSIS
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Commutation Circuit
3.1 %&at i' C())utati(*++++...
An SCR can )e turne* ON )( a&&'(ing a&&ro&riate &o"iti0e gate 0o'tage
)et.een t$e gate an* cat$o*e termina'", )ut it cannot )e turne* OFF t$roug$ t$e
gate termina'% T$e SCR can )e )roug$t )ac6 to t$e #or.ar* )'oc6ing "tate #rom
t$e #or.ar* con*uction "tate )( re*ucing t$e ano*e or #or.ar* current )e'o.
t$e $o'*ing current 'e0e'% T&e tur* OFF ,r(e'' ( a* SCR i' a//e0
())utati(*% T$e term commutation mean" t$e tran"#er o# current" #rom one
&at$ to anot$er% So t$e commutation circuit *oe" t$i" jo) )( re*ucing t$e
#or.ar* current to 3ero "o a" to turn OFF t$e SCR or T$(ri"tor%
To turn OFF t$e con*ucting SCR t$e )e'o. con*ition" mu"t )e "ati"#ie*%
T$e ano*e or #or.ar* current o# SCR mu"t )e re*uce* to 3ero or )e'o.
t$e 'e0e' o# $o'*ing current an* t$en%
A "u##icient re0er"e 0o'tage mu"t )e a&&'ie* acro"" t$e SCR to regain it"
#or.ar* )'oc6ing "tate%
5$en t$e SCR i" turne* OFF )( re*ucing #or.ar* current to 3ero% T$ere
e2i"t e2ce"" c$arge carrier" in *i##erent 'a(er"% To regain t$e #or.ar* )'oc6ing
"tate o# an SCR, t$e"e e2ce"" carrier" mu"t )e recom)ine*% T$ere#ore, t$i"
recom)ination &roce"" i" acce'erate* )( a&&'(ing a re0er"e 0o'tage acro"" t$e
SCR %
3.2 Detai/' ( ())utati(* )et&(0'
T$e re0er"e 0o'tage .$ic$ cau"e" to commutate t$e SCR i" ca''e*
commutation 0o'tage% 4e&en*ing on t$e commutation 0o'tage 'ocate*, t$e
commutation met$o*" are c'a""i#ie* into t.o major t(&e"% T$o"e are #orce*
commutation an* natura' commutation% Let u" *i"cu"" in )rie# a)out t$e"e
met$o*"%
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Commutation Circuit
3.2.1 Natura/ C())utati(*:
In natura' commutation, t$e "ource o# commutation 0o'tage i" t$e "u&&'(
"ource it"e'#% I# t$e SCR i" connecte* to an AC "u&&'(, at e0er( en* o# t$e
&o"iti0e $a'# c(c'e t$e ano*e current goe" t$roug$ t$e natura' current 3ero an*
a'"o imme*iate'( a re0er"e 0o'tage i" a&&'ie* acro"" t$e SCR% T$e"e are t$e
con*ition" to turn OFF t$e SCR% T$ere#ore, t$e SCR i" turne* OFF commutate*
natura''( or automatica''( .it$out an( e2terna' circuit an* $ence ca''e* a"
natura' commutation% T$i" met$o* o# commutation i" a'"o ca''e* a" "ource
commutation, or 'ine commutation, or c'a"" F commutation% T$i" commutation
i" &o""i)'e .it$ 'ine commutate* in0erter", contro''e* recti#ier", c(c'e
con0erter" an* AC 0o'tage regu'ator" )ecau"e t$e "u&&'( i" t$e AC "ource in a''
t$e"e con0erter"%
3.2.2 F(re0 C())utati(*:
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Commutation Circuit
In ca"e o# 4C circuit", t$ere i" no natura' current 3ero to turn OFF t$e
SCR% In "uc$ circuit", #or.ar* current mu"t )e #orce* to 3ero .it$ an e2terna'
circuit to commutate t$e SCR $ence name* a" #orce* commutation% T$i"
commutating circuit con"i"t" o# com&onent" 'i6e in*uctor" an* ca&acitor" ca''e*
a" commutating com&onent"% T$e"e commutating com&onent" cau"e to a&&'( a
re0er"e 0o'tage acro"" t$e SCR t$at imme*iate'( )ring t$e current in t$e SCR to
3ero% Ba"e* on t$e manner in .$ic$ t$e 3ero current ac$ie0e* an* arrangement
o# t$e commutating com&onent", #orce* commutation i" c'a""i#ie* into *i##erent
t(&e" "uc$ a" c'a"" A, B, C, 4, an* 8% T$i" commutation i" main'( u"e* in
c$o&&er an* in0erter circuit"%
T$ere are #o''o.ing #orce* commutation met$o*" to turn1o## t$e SCR:1
i% C'a"" A 1 "e'# commutation )( re"onating t$e 'oa*%
ii% C'a"" B 1 "e'# commutation )( LC circuit%
iii% C'a"" C 1 com&'ementar( commutation%
i0% C'a"" 4 1 au2i'iar( commutation% Au2i'iar( SCR ".itc$ing C or
LC%
0% C'a"" 8 1 e2terna' &u'"e commutation%
0i% C'a"" F 1 AC 'ine commutation%
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Commutation Circuit
CHAPTER: "
THE OUTLINE OF THE PROJECT
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Commutation Circuit
".1 5LOC6 DIA7RA8
".2 5LOC6 DIA7RA8 DESCRIPTION
T$e )'oc6 *iagram o# t$e commutation circuit i" a" "$o.n in t$e #igure%
In t$i" #ir"t )'oc6 i" "$o.n #or t$e &o.er "u&&'(% T$i" "u&&'( ma( )e AC or 4C%
T$i" "u&&'( i" gi0en to t$e SCR% T$i" i" "$o.n in t$e "econ* )'oc6% 5it$ t$e
)'oc6 o# t$e SCR t$e )'oc6 o# commutation circuit i" "$o.n% T$i" commutation
circuit i" connecte* .it$ t$e SCR, *ue to t$i" t$e turn1o## o# t$e SCR can )e
*one% At 'a"t )'oc6 i" "$o.n o# t$e 'oa*% T$i" 'oa* i" connecte* .it$ t$e SCR%
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Commutation Circuit
".3 CIRCUIT DIA7RA8
".3.1 C/a'' A C())utati(* 9'e/-())utati(*:
T$i" i" a'"o 6no.n a" re"onant commutation% T$i" t(&e o# commutation
circuit u"ing L1C com&onent" in "erie" .it$ t$e 'oa* are "$o.n in Fig % In Fig,
'oa* R L i" in "erie" .it$ t$e L1C circuit% In t$i" &roce"" o# commutation t$e
#or.ar* current &a""ing t$roug$ t$e *e0ice i" re*uce* to 'e"" t$an t$e 'e0e' o#
$o'*ing current o# t$e *e0ice% ;ence, t$i" met$o* i" a'"o 6no.n a" t$e current
commutation met$o*% T$i" .a0e#orm o# t$e t$(ri"tor 0o'tage, current an*
ca&acitor 0o'tage are "$o.n in Fig%
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Commutation Circuit
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Commutation Circuit
T$e 'oa* re"i"tance RL an* t$e commutating com&onent" are "o "e'ecte*
t$at t$eir com)ination #orm" an un*er*am&e* re"onant circuit% 5$en "uc$ a
circuit i" e2cite* )( a 4%C% "ource, a current o# t$e nature "$o.n in #ig +/ .i'' )e
o)taine* acro"" t$e *e0ice% T$i" current, a" e0i*ent #rom it" "$a&e, $a" 3ero
0a'ue at t$e &oint 9 .$ere t$e *e0ice automatica''( turne* OFF% Be(on* &oint
9, t$e current i" re0er"e* in nature .$ic$ a""ure" *e#inite commutation o# t$e
*e0ice% T$e t$(ri"tor .$en ON carrie" on'( t$e c$arging current o# ca&acitor C
.$ic$ .i'' "oon *eca( to a 0a'ue'e"" t$an t$e $o'*ing current o# t$e *e0ice,
.$en ca&acitor C i" c$arge* u& to t$e "u&&'( 0o'tage 8*c% T$i" "imu'taneou"'(
".itc$e" o## t$e t$(ri"tor% T$e time #or ".itc$ing o## t$e *e0ice i" *etermine* )(
t$e re"onant #re
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Commutation Circuit
An* I+"/V ( s) R
+¿ S%C%@+"/ +=%/
From e
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Commutation Circuit
5n 1
√ LC
ω=ωn√ 1−ε2
or, ω= 1
√ LC √1− L
4 R2C =√
1
LC −
1
4 R2C
2
∅=tan−1 2 RCω
−ε − tan−1 √ 1−ε
2
−ε = tan−12 RCω
i ( t )=0at t =0
∅=−sin−1 1 A
i ( t )= Edc
R ⌊1+ A e
−t /2 RC sin (ωt −sin−1 1 A ) ⌋ +=%G/
No., 'oa* 0o'tage #rom e
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Commutation Circuit
On *i##erentiating an* *i0i*ing )( L, .e get
d2t
dt 2 + R
L
di
dt +
i
LC = 1
L
d
dt E dc +=%=>/
T$e corre"&on*ing $omogeneou" e
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Commutation Circuit
No.,di
dt =−e
πR
2ωL( E dc I ) +=%=J/T$ere#ore t$e ca&acitor 0o'tage at en* o# con*uction, V C = E dc – V L
5$ere V
L= L
di
dt
V C = E
dc[1+e
−πR2ωL ] +=%=K/
No., i# V 0 i" t$e initia'1"tate 0o'tage o# t$e ca&acitor t$en e
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Commutation Circuit
Initia''(, a" "oon a" t$e "u&&'( 0o'tage 84C i" a&&'ie*, t$e ca&acitor C "tart"
getting c$arge* .it$ it" u&&er &'ate &o"iti0e an* t$e 'o.er &'ate negati0e, an* it
c$arge" u& to t$e 0o'tage 84C% 5$en t$(ri"tor T i" triggere*, t$e circuit current
#'o." in t.o *irection":
+=/ T$e 'oa* current IL #'o." t$roug$ t$e &at$ 84C T RL 84C1,
an*
+/ Commutating current Ic%
T$e moment t$(ri"tor T i" turne* ON, ca&acitor C "tart" *i"c$arging
t$roug$ t$e &at$ C ?L ? T? C1% 5$en t$e ca&acitor C )ecome" com&'ete'(
*i"c$arge*, it "tart" getting c$arge* .it$ re0er"e &o'arit(% 4ue to t$e re0er"e
0o'tage, a commutating current IC "tart" #'o.ing .$ic$ o&&o"e" t$e 'oa* current
IL% 5$en t$e commutating current IC i" greater t$an t$e 'oa* current I L, t$(ri"tor
T )ecome" turne* OFF% 5$en t$e t$(ri"tor T i" turne* OFF, ca&acitor C again
"tart" getting c$arge* to it" origina' &o'arit( t$roug$ L an* t$e 'oa*% T$u", .$en
it i" #u''( c$arge*, t$e t$(ri"tor .i'' )e ON again%
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Commutation Circuit
;ence, #rom t$e a)o0e *i"cu""ion it )ecome" c'ear t$at t$e t$(ri"tor a#ter
getting ON #or "ometime automatica''( get" OFF an* a#ter remaining in OFF
"tate #or "ometime, it again get" turne* ON% T$i" &roce"" o# ".itc$ing ON an*
OFF i" a continuou" &roce""% T$e *e"ire* #re
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Commutation Circuit
De'i;* (*'i0erati(*:
T$e circuit e
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Commutation Circuit
T$e c'a"" C commutation circuit i" "$o.n in Fig% In t$i" met$o*, t$e main
t$(ri"tor +SCR T=/ t$at i" to )e commutate* i" connecte* in "erie" .it$ t$e 'oa*%
An a**itiona' t$(ri"tor +SCR T/ ca''e* t$e com&'ementar( t$(ri"tor i"
connecte* in &ara''e' .it$ t$e main t$(ri"tor%
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Commutation Circuit
Ciruit O,erati(*
8(0e 4: >I*itia/-'tate ( iruit?
Initia''(, )ot$ t$e t$(ri"tor" are OFF% T$ere#ore, t$e "tate" o# t$e *e0ice" are
T= OFF,T OFF,∴ EC
1
8(0e /: 5$en a triggering &u'"e i" a&&'ie* to t$e gate o# T=, t$e t$(ri"tor T= i"
triggere*% T$ere#ore, t.o circuit current, name'(, 'oa* current IL an* c$arging
current IC "tart #'o.ing% T$eir &at$" are:
Loa* current ILH
8*c R = T= 8*c
C$arging current ICH8*c R C C1 T= 8*c
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Commutation Circuit
Ca&acitor C .i'' get c$arge* )( t$e "u&&'( 0o'tage 8*c .it$ t$e &o'arit( "$o.n
in Fig% T$e "tate" o# circuit com&onent" )ecome"
T= ON, T OFF, 8C= 84C
8(0e 2: 5$en a triggering &u'"e i" a&&'ie* to t$e gate o# T, T .i'' )e turne*
on% A" "oon a" T i" ON, t$e negati0e &o'arit( o# t$e ca&acitor C i" a&&'ie* to
t$e ano*e o# T= an* "imu'taneou"'(, t$e &o"iti0e &o'arit( o# ca&acitor C i"
a&&'ie* to t$e cat$o*e% T$i" cau"e" t$e re0er"e 0o'tage acro"" t$e main t$(ri"tor
T= an* imme*iate'( turn" it o##%
C$arging o# ca&acitor C no. ta6e" &'ace t$roug$ t$e 'oa* an* it" &o'arit(
)ecome" re0er"e% T$ere#ore, c$arging &at$ o# ca&acitor C )ecome"
84C R C C1 T+a16/ 84C1
;ence, at t$e en* o# Mo*e , t$e "tate" o# t$e *e0ice" are
T= OFF, T ON, 8C= 184C
8(0e 3: No., .$en t$(ri"tor T= i" triggere*, t$e *i"c$arging current o#
ca&acitor turn" t$e com&'ementar( t$(ri"tor T OFF% T$e "tate o# t$e circuit at
t$e en* o# t$i" Mo*e )ecome"
T= ON, T OFF, 8C= 84C
T$ere#ore, t$i" Mo*e o&eration i" e
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Commutation Circuit
".3.# Atua/ Ciruit :
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Commutation Circuit
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Commutation Circuit
"." LIST OF CO8PONENTS USED IN PROJECT
T$ere are #o''o.ing com&onent" are u"e* #or t$e &roject:
SCR +Si'icon Contro''e* Recti#ier/ Re"i"tance In*uctor" Ca&acitor" L84 +Lig$t 8mitte* 4io*e/ Pu"$ )utton ".itc$ Tran"#ormer
".# CO8PONENTS DESCRIPTION @ FI7URES
".#.1 SCR 9Si/i(* C(*tr(//e0 Retiier:
It i" t$e main com&onent o# t$i" &roject .$ic$ $a" to turn OFF )(
&ro0i*ing t$e e2terna' circuit%
It $a" t$ree termina' ano*e, cat$o*e gate% 5$en .e &ro0i*e t$e "u&&'(
at t$e gate termina' t$e SCR )ecome ON eit$er it i" in t$e OFF &o"ition%
Rating" : P-M ->>@, Am&%
uantit( : -
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Commutation Circuit
".#.2 Re'i'ta*e:
Re"i"tance i" o&&o"ing t$e #'o. o# e'ectron"% It i" u"e to 'imit t$e current
in t$e circuit% A'"o 0o'tage *ro& i" occur" in t$i" re"i"tance% It i" mea"ure in
o$m%
Rating" : =9
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Commutation Circuit
".#.3 I*0ut(r:
An in*uctor can )e *e#ine* a" an energ( "torage *e0ice .$ic$ "tore"
energ( in #orm o# magnetic #ie'*% T$e in*uctance o# an in*uctor i" mea"ure* in
;enner( ;%
Rating" : - m;
uantit( :
".#." Ca,ait(r:
A a,ait(r +origina''( 6no.n a" a con*en"er/ i" a &a""i0e t.o1termina'
e'ectrica' com&onent u"e* to "tore e'ectrica' energ( tem&orari'( in an e'ectric#ie'*% It i" mea"ure in Fara*a( F%
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http://www.electrical4u.com/what-is-inductor-and-inductance-theory-of-inductor/http://www.electrical4u.com/what-is-magnetic-field/http://www.electrical4u.com/what-is-inductor-and-inductance-theory-of-inductor/http://www.electrical4u.com/what-is-magnetic-field/
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Commutation Circuit
Rating": %QF
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".#.# LED 9Li;&t E)itte0 Di(0e:
It i" u"e to 0eri#( t$at t$e current i" #'o.ing to t$at &at$%
uantit(: -
".#.$ Tra*'(r)er :
Tran"#ormer i" u"e* to "te& *o.n t$e 0o'tage #rom >@ to =@
Rating" : >@ 7 =1>1=
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Commutation Circuit
".#. Pu'& 5utt(* S!it& :
It i" u"e* to &ro0i*e t$e gate "igna' to t$e SCR%
uantit( : -
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Commutation Circuit
CHAPTER: # ADVANTA7ES LI8ITATIONS APPLICATIONS
CONCLUSION @ REFERENCEB
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Commutation Circuit
#.1 A0a*ta;e':
5i*e range o# out&ut 0o'tage" an* #re
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Commutation Circuit
#.2.3 F(r t&e C/a'' C C())utati(*
In t$i" circuit t.o SCR" are u"e* "o t$e co"t o# circuit i" more com&are*
to C'a"" – A C'a"" – B%
C'a"" – C commutation circuit re> ;3/ a&&'ication )ecau"e at 'o.
#re
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Commutation Circuit
SCR +t$(ri"tor/ $a" 'e"" &o.er 'o"" t$en t$e ot$er *e0ice" 'i6e t$e IBT
"o )( u"e o# t$i" commutation circuit it can )e u"e* #or t$e *i##erent &'ace
in in*u"trie" to contro' t$e &o.er
4ue to t$i" circuit it can )e u"e* a" t$e e'ectronic ".itc$ #or t$e $ig$
&o.er%
T$ere "$ou'* )e *e0e'o& t$e more e##icient circuit )( t$e mo*i#( t$e our
)a"ic circuit%
#.# CONCLUSION :
In t$i" our &roject .e "tu*ie* t$e c$aracteri"tic" o# t$e SCR +t$(ri"tor/
an* contro' t$e turn on1o## c$aracteri"tic" o# t$e SCR +t$(ri"tor/, "o t$e .e can
contro' t$e time to turn on an* o## o# t$e SCR +t$(ri"tor/%
#.$ REFERENCE :
...%.i6i&e*ia%org ...%e'ectronic"$u)%org7"cr1turn1o##1met$o*"7 ...%e'ectrica'-u%com Po.er 8'ectronic" +Secon* 8*ition/
M 4 Sing$
9 B 9$anc$an*ani B%L% T$eraja
P%S% Bim)$ra
http://www.wikipedia.org/http://www.electronicshub.org/scr-turn-off-methods/http://www.electrical4u.com/http://www.wikipedia.org/http://www.electronicshub.org/scr-turn-off-methods/http://www.electrical4u.com/