Test Bank for Administering Medications 7th Edition by ... fileTest Bank for Administering...

Test Bank for Administering Medications 7th Edition

by Donna F.Gauwitz

Chapter 02 Principles of Drug Action

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Which of the following terms describes the passage of a drug from the site of administration into the bloodstream? A. Absorption B. Distribution C. Metabolism

D. Excretion11.

2. Which of the following terms describes the transportation of a drug from the

bloodstream to the body tissues and intended site of action? A. Absorption B. Distribution C. Metabolism D. Excretion

3. Which of the following terms describes a series of chemical reactions that inactivate a

drug by converting it into a water-soluble compound? A. Absorption B. Distribution C. Metabolism D. Excretion

2-1

4. Which of the following terms describes the body's way of removing the waste products of ordinary cell processes? A. Absorption B. Distribution C. Metabolism D. Excretion

5. Which of the following statements describes the action that antihistamines have on the

body? A. Slow the body's natural reactions to irritation B. Speed up the energy-producing functions of cells C. Destroy parts of cells D. Replace natural substances that the body lacks

6. Which of the following statements describes the action that stimulants have on the body? A. Slow the body's natural reactions to irritation B. Speed up the energy-producing functions of cells C. Destroy parts of cells D. Replace natural substances that the body lacks

7. Which of the following statements describe the action that insulin has on the body? A. Slow the body's natural reactions to irritation B. Speed up the energy-producing functions of cells C. Destroy parts of cells D. Replace natural substances that the body lacks

8. Which of the following statements describes the action that antibiotics have on the body? A. Slow the body's natural reactions to irritation B. Speed up the energy-producing functions of cells C. Destroy parts of cells D. Replace natural substances that the body lacks

2-2

9. Age, size, sex, and genetics are all factors

that: A. affect drug excretion. B. affect drug metabolism. C. affect drug action. D. affect drug distribution.

10. The route of administration, and the time of day that the drug is administered, diet, and

environmental conditions are all factors that: A. Affect drug excretion. B. Affect drug metabolism. C. Affect drug action. D. Affect drug distribution.

11. Which of the following statements describes how a health care worker can create a

positive attitude in patients who are undergoing medication therapy? A. Review, with the patient, the important reasons for taking the medication. B. Treat the patient in a cheerful and caring manner. C. Maintain your own positive, confident attitude. D. All answers are correct.

12. Which of the following describes the effect of a drug that is mainly limited to the

area where it is applied or enters the body? A. Side effect B. Local effect C. Systemic effect D. Therapeutic effect

13. Which of the following describes the effect of a drug that must travel through the

bloodstream to affect cells or tissues in various parts of the body? A. Side effect B. Local effect C. Systemic effect D. Therapeutic effect

2-3

14. Which of the following describes the desired effect of a drug, or the reason the drug

is administered? A. Side effect B.

Local effect C.

Systemic effect D. Therapeutic effect

15. Which of the following describes additional effects on the body that are not a part of the

goal of drug therapy? A. Side effects B.

Local effects C.

Systemic effects D. Therapeutic effects

16. Which of the following terms describes the interaction of two drugs to inhibit or

cancel each other's effect? A. Synergism

B. Potentiation

C. Antagonism

D. Idiosyncrasy

17. Which of the following terms describes a drug interaction in which the effect of two

drugs in combination is greater than the effect of each drug given separately? A. Synergism

B. Potentiation

C. Antagonism

D. Idiosyncrasy

18. Which of the following terms describes the drug interaction that occurs when two drugs are administered at the same time, and one drug increases the effect of the other? A. Synergism

B. Potentiation

C. Antagonism

D. Idiosyncrasy

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19. Psychological drug dependence is: A. a drive or craving to take a drug to relieve discomfort. B. a physical need for the drug. C. the self-administration of a drug in chronically excessive quantities. D. a problem with people who take their own medications at home.

20. Physical drug dependence is: A. a drive or craving to take a drug to relieve discomfort. B. a physical need for the drug. C. the self-administration of a drug in chronically excessive quantities. D. a problem with people who take their own medications at home.

21. Withdrawal symptoms can occur as a result

of: A. physical drug dependence. B. psychological drug dependence.

C. drug misuse. D. drug side effects.

22. Which of the following are examples of drugs that are commonly abused?

A. Caffeine, nicotine, alcohol B. Barbiturates, depressants, stimulants

C. Anabolic steroids, sedatives, hypnotics

D. All answers are correct.

23. Which of the following statements describes the health care worker's responsibilities with

respect to the administration of drugs? A. The health care worker is expected to be aware of possible adverse drug reactions,

drug dependence, and the improper use of drugs. B. The health care worker must consult his supervisor when drug abuse is suspected.

C. The health care worker must keep medicines locked up when not in use. D. All answers are correct.

2-5

24. Which of the following is NOT one of the four processes that affect drug

action? A. Absorption B. Biotransformation

C. Distribution D. Potentiation

25. Which of the following describes why pain medications are prescribed?

B. For the systemic effect they provide C. For the side effects they provide D. For the cumulative effects they provide

26. The ability of a drug to cross the cell membrane and the rate at which it can do so affects

which of the following? A. Pharmacokinetics B. Tolerance C. Side effects D. Therapeutic effect

27. Which of the following is NOT a way that a drug interacts with the normal processes

carried on by body cells? A. The size and shape of drug molecules B. The ability of drugs to dissolve in water or fat C. The pH balance of drugs and cells D. The route of administration

28. How quickly and completely a drug is absorbed into the bloodstream affects which of the

following? A. Drug action B. Drug tolerance C. Drug toxicity D. Drug dependence

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29. Which of the following routes of administration provides the fastest and most

dependable absorption of a drug? A. Oral B. Intramuscular

C. Buccal D. Intravenous

30. Which of the following is an example of a drug that is administered through the

sublingual route? A. Ibuprofen B. Nitroglycerin

C. Epinephrine

D. Meperidine

31. Bactrim is considered a long-lasting antibiotic for which of the following reasons?

B. Bactrim is absorbed very slowly C. Bactrim is prescribed for 7 to 10 days D. Bactrim resists biotransformation

32. Enzymes that break down a drug are involved in which of the following processes? A. Absorption B. Distribution C. Metabolism D. Excretion

33. In which of the following organs does most of the metabolism and detoxification of drugs

takes place? A. Kidneys B. Stomach C. Liver D. Colon

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34. The chemical composition of a drug, the rate of metabolism, and how often a drug is

administered all effect which of the following? A. Absorption B.

Distribution C.

Detoxification D.

Excretion

35. An increased risk of toxicity from exposures to high doses of a drug is not associated

with which of the following patient types? A. Older adult

B. Pediatric C. Kidney disease

D. Pregnant

36. Which of the following are used to calculate proper adult dose?

B. Body mass index and percent of body fat C. Lean body mass and height D. Body surface area and muscle mass

37. Which of the following decreases the effects of Coumadin on blood clotting? A. Milk products B. Green leafy vegetables C. Mineral oil D. Antacids

38. Which of the following is an inactive substance that has no pharmacological effect but

can make a patient feel better? A. Placebo B. Palliative drug C. Legend drug D. Supplement

2-8

39. Which of the following will cause drugs that are taken orally to be absorbed

more quickly? A. Gastrointestinal tract free of food

B. Increased fluid intake C. Exercise D. Good oral hygiene

40. Which of the following can occur with older adults who see multiple doctors and

are prescribed multiple drugs? A. Drug toxicity B. Cumulative effect

C. Drug interactions

D. Drug tolerance

41. Which of the following is a side effect of aspirin therapy?

B. Constipation C. Rash D. Urine retention

42. When observing a patient's reaction to a drug that has been administered,

determine whether you are seeing the drug's therapeutic effect or a A. Side effect B. Systemic effect C. Drug effect D. Local effect

43. Edema of the pharynx and larynx, severe wheezing, and dyspnea are symptoms of

which of the following? A. Drug overdose B. Anaphylaxis C. Enzyme deficiency D. Drug toxicity

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44. When a patient presents with an idiosyncratic response to a drug, which of the

following is the recommended treatment? A. Change medication B. If therapeutic, continue medication

C. Stop medication

45. Drugs such as opiates, nitrates, and barbiturates frequently produce which of

the following? A. Toxicity B. Potentiation

C. Tolerance

D. Synergism

46. Which of the following can be used to reverse overdose symptoms? A. Placebo B. Antidote C. Histamine D. Epi Pen

47. Patients who take sedatives are advised to avoid drinking alcohol to avoid the

possibility of which of the following? A. Antagonism B. Synergism C. Potentiation D. Toxicity

48. The process whereby antacids and iron supplements work against the absorption of

the antibiotic tetracycline is described by which of the following terms? A. Antagonism B. Synergism C. Potentiation D. Idiosyncrasy

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49. Which of the following terms refers to the self-administration of a drug in

chronically excessive quantities, resulting in a psychological or physical dependence? A. Drug abuse B.

Drug overuse C.

Drug self-use D.

Drug tolerance

Essay Questions

50. State the four basic drug actions.

51. Name the four body processes that affect drug action.

52. Identify 10 factors influencing drug actions.

53. Differentiate between systemic and local drug effects.

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54. State the difference between the therapeutic effect and side effects.

55. Define synergism.

56. Define antagonism.

57. Define potentiation.

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58. Explain the difference between psychological and physical drug dependence.

59. List five commonly abused drugs.

60. State the health care worker's responsibilities with regard to adverse reactions of

drugs, dependence, and drug abuse.

Fill in the Blank Questions

61. Insulin is an example of a drug that is taken to ___________________a substance that the

body lacks. ________________________________________

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62. Antibiotics are examples of drugs that _______________cells or parts of cells. ________________________________________

63. The energy-producing functions of cells are sped up by ____________________. ________________________________________

64. The body's natural reaction to irritation is ____________________by antihistamines. ________________________________________

65. The passage of a drug from the site of administration into the bloodstream is

called________________. ________________________________________

66. The transportation of a drug from the bloodstream to the body tissues and intended site of

action is called _________________. ________________________________________

67. The series of chemical reactions that inactivate a drug by converting it into a watersoluble

compound so that it can be excreted by the body is termed___________________. ________________________________________

68. The body's way of removing the waste products of ordinary cell processes is

termed__________________ ________________________________________

69. Smaller doses and different drugs are required in treating the young or the older adult. This is an example of how _____________is a factor that affects drug action. ________________________________________

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70. To diminish the unpleasant effects of drugs secreted through saliva, the patient should be

educated to chew ______________or suck hard candy. ________________________________________

71. Combining certain drugs with certain foods can alter the drug's effects. This is an example

of the effect that a person's ___________has on drug action. ________________________________________

72. Because some drugs may harm the fetus, ______________________women must be

extremely careful about taking any medication, and must avoid taking medications

without first consulting their physician. ________________________________________

73. Each person's individual makeup causes slight differences in basic processes like

metabolism and excretion. This is an example of the effect that ______________has on

drug action. ________________________________________

74. Diseases of the liver and kidneys can have an important effect on the processing and

elimination of drugs. This is an example of how _________________________affect

drug action. ________________________________________

75. A patient's mental state is an important factor in the success or failure of drug therapy.

This is an example of the effect __________________________________have on drug

action. ________________________________________

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76. A ______________________is an inactive substance that has no pharmacological effects

but may make a patient with a positive attitude "feel better." ________________________________________

77. As a member of the health care team, you can influence a patient's response to medication

by creating a _______________________attitude in the patient. ________________________________________

78. Drugs are absorbed, distributed, and metabolized differently when given by different _________________.

________________________________________

79. A drug will act most quickly when it is __________________into the bloodstream. ________________________________________

80. The route of administration resulting in the longest time for drugs to show their effects is

the _______________route. ________________________________________

81. When possible, drugs that make a patient sleepy are ordered to be taken at bedtime. This is an example of the effect ________________has on drug action. ________________________________________

82. Drugs that are taken orally are absorbed most quickly if the gastrointestinal tract is free of _______________.

________________________________________

83. When drugs collect in the body and produce an increased response, it is termed a ______________________effect of drug action.

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________________________________________

84. When a patient is less responsive to a drug after repeated doses, it is termed drug__________________.

________________________________________

85. If a patient has a drug _________________, it must be clearly marked on the front of the

chart with a bright sticker. ________________________________________

86. Older adult patients often see several doctors who prescribe what is needed in a

patient's particular case. Multiple doctors and multiple drugs can lead to serious drug ____________________.

________________________________________

87. Heat relaxes the blood vessels and speeds up the circulation, so drugs act faster. This is an

example of the effect that _______________________conditions have on drug action. ________________________________________

88. The term drug __________________refers to the chemical changes the drug produces in

cells and tissues. ________________________________________

89. The combination of biological, physical, and psychological changes that takes place in

the body as a result of the drug action is termed the drug _________________. ________________________________________

90. The desired effect, or the reason a drug is administered, is termed the _____________________effect.

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________________________________________

91. Additional effects that drugs have on the body that are not part of the goal of drug therapy are termed_______________________ effects. ________________________________________

92. Aspirin, taken orally, is beneficial for the treatment of arthritis, but tends to irritate the

lining of the stomach. This side effect is controlled by giving the drug with milk or ____________.

________________________________________

93. Some drugs mainly affect the area they enter, or are applied to, the body, for example, eye

drops and sunburn creams. This is an example of the ________________effects of drugs.

________________________________________

94. Pain medications that must travel through the bloodstream to affect cells or tissues in

other parts of the body are an example drugs given for their _____________________effects. ________________________________________

95. Occasionally, the body has an unexpected or dangerous response to a drug. These

unexpected conditions are called ___________________reactions. ________________________________________

96. A drug ______________is an abnormal response that occurs because a person has

developed antibodies against a particular drug. ________________________________________

97. ___________________is a substance released by injured cells that is responsible for the

symptoms usually seen in allergic reactions.

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________________________________________

98. A substance, for example, a drug, that stimulates the production of antibodies and causes allergic reaction is termed an _________________. ________________________________________

99. An ______________________is a substance produced in the body that helps the body

fight off foreign invaders like microorganisms and antigens. ________________________________________

100. An extreme, possibly life-threatening, hypersensitivity reaction to a previously

encountered antigen is termed _____________________. ________________________________________

101. ______________________are abnormal or peculiar responses that people may have to

certain drugs. ________________________________________

102. Drug ___________________ is the need for an increasingly larger dose of a drug in

order to produce the same physiological and/or psychological effects. ________________________________________

103. When the body cannot metabolize and excrete one dose of a drug completely before

the next dose is given a ________________________effect occurs. ________________________________________

104. An __________________is a dose of a medication that is too large for a patient's age,

size, and/or physical condition. ________________________________________

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105. ___________________refers to the drug's ability to poison the body. ________________________________________

106. An ______________________is a drug that has an opposite effect and can reverse the

overdose symptoms. ________________________________________

107. When one drug modifies the action of another drug, it is termed a drug ________________________.

________________________________________

108. When two drugs administered together produce a more powerful response than the

effect of each drug given separately, it is called ___________________. ________________________________________

109. ____________________occurs when two drugs are administered at the same time,

and one drug increases the effect of the other drug. ________________________________________

110. A drug interaction in which two drugs inhibit or cancel each other's effect is called ____________________.

________________________________________

111. Drug ______________________is a strong psychological and/or physical need to take

a certain drug. ________________________________________

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112. When a person has a drive or a craving to take a certain drug for pleasure or to relieve

discomfort, they are experiencing ______________________drug dependence. ________________________________________

113. In _____________________drug dependence, the body grows so accustomed to the

drug that it needs it to function. ________________________________________

114. ___________________symptoms are a set of physical reactions that occur when a

person stops taking a drug on which they are physically dependent. ________________________________________

115. Drug ____________________refers to self-administration of a drug in chronically

excessive quantities, resulting in a psychological or physical dependence. ________________________________________

116. The overuse or careless use of any drug is termed drug ___________________. ________________________________________

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Chapter 02 Principles of Drug Action

Key

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Which of the following terms describes the passage of a drug from the site of

administration into the bloodstream?

A. Absorption B. Distribution C. Metabolism

D. Excretion11.

The passage of a drug from the site of administration into the bloodstream is

called absorption.

Bloom's: Remember Difficulty: Easy Learning Outcome: 2-2

2. Which of the following terms describes the transportation of a drug from the

bloodstream to the body tissues and intended site of action?

A. Absorption B. Distribution C. Metabolism D. Excretion

After a drug is absorbed, the transportation of that drug from the bloodstream to the

body tissues and intended site of action is called distribution.


3. 26) Which of the following terms describes a series of chemical reactions that

inactivate a drug by converting it into a water-soluble compound?

A. Absorption B. Distribution

2-22

(p. 24)

(p. 24)

(p.

C. Metabolism

D. Excretion

Metabolism is a series of chemical reactions that inactivate a drug by converting it into

a water-soluble compound.


4. Which of the following terms describes the body's way of removing the

waste

products of ordinary cell processes?

A. Absorption B. Distribution C. Metabolism D. Excretion

Excretion is the body's way of removing the waste products of ordinary cell processes.


5. (p. 24) Which of the following statements describes the action that antihistamines have on

the body?

A. Slow the body's natural reactions to irritation

B. Speed up the energy-producing functions of cells

C. Destroy parts of cells

D. Replace natural substances that the body lacks

Antihistamines slow the body's natural reactions to irritation.


2-23

(p. 26)

(p.

6.

body?


B. Speed up the energy-producing functions of cells C. Destroy parts of cells D. Replace natural substances that the body lacks

Stimulants speed up the energy-producing functions of cells.


7. Which of the following statements describe the action that insulin has on the

body?





Insulin is taken because the pancreas is unable to produce insulin to maintain normal blood

glucose levels.

Bloom's: Understand Difficulty: Intermediate Learning Outcome: 2-3

8. (p. 24) Which of the following statements describes the action that antibiotics have on

the body?





Antibiotics kill disease microorganisms.

Bloom's: Remember Difficulty: Easy

(p. 24)

24) Which of the following statements describes the action that stimulants have on the

(p. Learning Outcome: 2-3

9. 28) Age, size, sex, and genetics are all factors that:

A. affect drug excretion.

B. affect drug metabolism. C. affect drug action. D. affect drug distribution.

Responses to drug action differ according to age, size, sex, and genetics.


10. The route of administration, and the time of day that the drug is

administered, diet,

and environmental conditions are all factors that:

A. Affect drug excretion.

B. Affect drug metabolism. C. Affect drug action. D. Affect drug distribution.

The route of administration, and the time of day that the drug is administered, diet, and

environmental conditions all play a role in drug action.


2-25

(p. 28)

(p.

11. 28) Which of the following statements describes how a health care worker can create a

positive attitude in patients who are undergoing medication therapy? A. Review, with the patient, the important reasons for taking the medication. B. Treat the patient in a cheerful and caring manner. C. Maintain your own positive, confident attitude. D. All answers are correct.

As a member of the health care team, you can do much to create a positive attitude in the

patient. One way is to review, with the patient, the important reasons for taking the

medication. Another, is to treat the patient in a cheerful and caring manner. Also, your

own positive, confident attitude toward the drugs you administer can influence the patient's

response to the medication.


12. (p. 30) Which of the following describes the effect of a drug that is mainly limited to

the area where it is applied or enters the body? A. Side effect B. Local effect C. Systemic effect D. Therapeutic effect

Some drugs mainly affect the area where they enter, or are applied to, the body. These

drugs are given for their local effect.

Bloom's: Remember Bloom's: Understand Difficulty: Easy Difficulty: Intermediate Learning Outcome: 2-4 Learning Outcome: 2-5

13. 30) Which of the following describes the effect of a drug that must travel through the

bloodstream to affect cells or tissues in various parts of the body? A. Side effect B. Local effect C. Systemic effect D. Therapeutic effect

2-26

(p.

Pain medications must travel through the bloodstream to affect cells or tissues in various

parts of the body. These types of drugs are given for their systemic effects.


14. (p. 30) Which of the following describes the desired effect of a drug, or the reason the

drug is administered? A. Side effect B. Local effect C. Systemic effect D. Therapeutic effect

A drug is usually prescribed on the basis of its therapeutic effect. This is the desired effect,

or reason the drug is administered.


15. 30) Which of the following describes additional effects on the body that are not a part of the goal of drug therapy? A. Side effects B. Local effects C. Systemic effects D. Therapeutic effects

Most drugs have additional effects on the body that are not part of the goal of drug therapy. These are called side effects.


16. (p. 33) Which of the following terms describes the interaction of two drugs to inhibit

or cancel each other's effect?

2-27

(p.

A. Synergism B. Potentiation C. Antagonism D. Idiosyncrasy

Antagonism is the interaction of two drugs to inhibit or cancel each other's effect.


17. (p. 33) Which of the following terms describes a drug interaction in which the effect of

two drugs in combination is greater than the effect of each drug given separately?

A. Synergism B. Potentiation C. Antagonism D. Idiosyncrasy

Synergism is a drug interaction in which the effect of two drugs in combination is greater

than the effect of each drug given separately.

Bloom's: Remember Difficulty: Intermediate Learning Outcome: 2-7

18. 33) Which of the following terms describes the drug interaction that occurs when two

drugs are administered at the same time, and one drug increases the effect of the other? A. Synergism B. Potentiation C. Antagonism D. Idiosyncrasy

Potentiation occurs when two drugs are administered at the same time, and one drug

increases the effect of the other.


2-28

(p.

19. (p. 34) Psychological drug dependence is: A. a drive or craving to take a drug to relieve discomfort. B. a physical need for the drug. C. the self-administration of a drug in chronically excessive quantities. D. a problem with people who take their own medications at home.

In psychological dependence, a person has a drive or craving to take a drug for pleasure or to relieve discomfort.


20. (p. 34) Physical drug dependence is: A. a drive or craving to take a drug to relieve discomfort.

B. a physical need for the drug. C. the self-administration of a drug in chronically excessive quantities. D. a problem with people who take their own medications at home.

In physical drug dependence, the body grows so accustomed to the drug that it needs it to

function.


21. 34) Withdrawal symptoms can occur as a result of: A. physical drug dependence. B. psychological drug dependence. C. drug misuse. D. drug side effects.

In physical drug dependence, the body grows so accustomed to the drug that it needs it to function. When the drug is taken away, the person develops withdrawal symptoms.

2-29

(p.

Bloom's: Remember Learning Outcome: 2-8

22. Which of the following are examples of drugs that are commonly abused?

A. Caffeine, nicotine, alcohol

B. Barbiturates, depressants, stimulants

C. Anabolic steroids,

sedatives, hypnotics


The most commonly abused drugs are alcohol, nicotine, anabolic steroids,

barbiturates, sedatives, hypnotics, depressants, and stimulants.


23. 35) Which of the following statements describes the health care worker's

responsibilities with respect to the administration of drugs?

A. The health care worker is expected to be aware of possible adverse drug reactions, drug dependence, and the improper use of drugs.

B. The health care worker must consult his supervisor when drug abuse is suspected.

C. The health care worker must keep medicines locked up when not in use.


In a case of suspected drug abuse, the health care worker's main responsibility is to consult

the nurse in charge. Health care workers must keep medicines locked up when not in use,

administer only prescribed medications, and watch for signs of drug dependence and the

improper use of drugs. As a person giving medications, health care workers are expected to

be aware of possible reactions and to notify their supervisor as soon as they notice any

signs of an adverse reaction.

Bloom's: Understand Difficulty: Easy Learning Outcome: 2-10

24. (p. 24) Which of the following is NOT one of the four processes that affect drug action?

2-30

(p. 34)

(p.

A. Absorption B. Biotransformation C. Distribution D. Potentiation

The four basic body processes that affect drug action are absorption,

distribution, metabolism/biotransformation, and excretion.


25. 30) Which of the following describes why pain medications are prescribed?

A. For the local effect they provide

B. For the systemic effect they provide

C. For the side effects they provide

D. For the cumulative effects they provide

Pain medications must travel through the bloodstream to affect cells or tissues in various

parts of the body. These types of drugs are given for their systemic effects.


26. The ability of a drug to cross the cell membrane and the rate at which it

can do so

affects which of the following?

A. Pharmacokinetics B. Tolerance C. Side effects D. Therapeutic effect

Pharmacokinetics is the study of a drug during absorption, distribution, metabolism and

excretion. The extent to which a drug completes the processes of absorption, distribution,

metabolism, and excretion depends on its ability to cross the cell membrane and the rate at

which it can do so.

2-31

(p. 24)

(p.


27. 24) Which of the following is NOT a way that a drug interacts with the normal

processes carried on by body cells? A. The size and shape of drug molecules B. The ability of drugs to dissolve in water or fat C. The pH balance of drugs and cells D. The route of administration

The way a drug interacts with the normal processes carried on by body cells is determined by

many things: the size and shape of the drug molecules, their ability to dissolve in water or fat,

the pH balance of drugs and cells, and the electrical charges of molecules.


28. (p. 27) How quickly and completely a drug is absorbed into the bloodstream affects which

of the following? A. Drug action B. Drug tolerance C. Drug toxicity D. Drug dependence

Drug action depends on how quickly and completely a drug is absorbed.


29. 29) Which of the following routes of administration provides the fastest and most

dependable absorption of a drug? A. Oral B. Intramuscular C. Buccal D. Intravenous

2-32

(p.

Intravenous drugs are administered directly into the bloodstream and have the fastest

and most dependable absorption.

Bloom's: Analyze Difficulty: Easy Learning Outcome: 2-4

30. (p. 29) Which of the following is an example of a drug that is administered through

the sublingual route? A. Ibuprofen B. Nitroglycerin C. Epinephrine

D. Meperidine

An example of a drug that is administered using the sublingual route is Nitroglycerin.


31. (p. 26) Bactrim is considered a long-lasting antibiotic for which of the following

reasons? A. Bactrim collects in drug reservoirs B. Bactrim is absorbed very slowly C. Bactrim is prescribed for 7 to 10 days D. Bactrim resists biotransformation

Some drugs tend to collect in certain organs or tissues, called drug reservoirs which cause

them to be released into the body more slowly. Bactrim is released slowly from tissues and

are therefore considered a long-lasting antibiotic.

Bloom's: Analyze Difficulty: Difficult Learning Outcome: 2-4

32. 24) Enzymes that break down a drug are involved in which of the following processes? A. Absorption B. Distribution

2-33

(p.

C. Metabolism D. Excretion

The process of metabolism occurs under the influence of enzymes which break down the

drug.


33. In which of the following organs does most of the metabolism and

detoxification of

drugs takes place?

A. Kidneys B. Stomach C. Liver D. Colon

Most of the metabolism and detoxification of drugs takes place in the liver.


34. The chemical composition of a drug, the rate of metabolism, and how often a

drug is

administered all effect which of the following?

A. Absorption B. Distribution C. Detoxification D. Excretion

The rate of excretion depends on the chemical composition of the drug, the rate of

metabolism, and how often the drug is administered.


2-34

(p. 24)

(p. 24)

(p. 28)

35. An increased risk of toxicity from exposures to high doses of a drug is not associated

with which of the following patient types? A. Older adult

B. Pediatric C. Kidney disease

D. Pregnant

When a person is an older adult, is pediatric, or has kidney disease, there is an increased

risk of toxicity from exposures to high doses of a drug.

Bloom's: Analyze Difficulty: Intermediate Learning Outcome: 2-4

36. (p. 28) Which of the following are used to calculate proper adult dose?

A. Age and body weight

B. Body mass index and percent of body fat C. Lean body mass and height D. Body surface area and muscle mass

The proper adult dose is calculated according to a specific formula based on age and body

weight.


37. Which of the following decreases the effects of Coumadin on blood

clotting?

A. Milk products

B. Green leafy vegetables

C. Mineral oil

D. Antacids

Foods rich in vitamin K, such as green leafy vegetables, decrease the effects of Coumadin on

blood clotting.

2-35

(p. 28)

(p. 28)


38. Which of the following is an inactive substance that has no pharmacological effect

but can make a patient feel better? A. Placebo B. Palliative drug

C. Legend drug

D. Supplement

A patient with a positive attitude may feel better after taking a placebo, an inactive

substance that has no pharmacological effect.

Bloom's: Analyze Difficulty: Intermediate Learning Outcome: 2-4

39. Which of the following will cause drugs that are taken orally to be

absorbed more

quickly?

A. Gastrointestinal tract free of food

B. Increased fluid intake

C. Exercise D. Good oral hygiene

Drugs taken orally are absorbed most quickly if the gastrointestinal tract is free of food.


40. Which of the following can occur with older adults who see multiple doctors and are

prescribed multiple drugs? A. Drug toxicity B. Cumulative effect

C. Drug interactions

D. Drug tolerance

2-36

(p. 28)

(p. 28)

Drug combinations can be a problem for the older adult. They often see several doctors

who may be unaware of the medications other doctors have prescribed. Multiple doctors

and multiple drugs can lead to serious interactions.


41. (p. 30) Which of the following is a side effect of aspirin therapy? A. Stomach irritation B. Constipation C. Rash D. Urine retention

Aspirin tends to irritate the lining of the stomach.


2-37

(p.

42. 30) When observing a patient's reaction to a drug that has been administered, determine

whether you are seeing the drug's therapeutic effect or a

A. Side effect

B. Systemic effect C. Drug effect D. Local effect

When you give medications, consider whether the drug is given for a local or a systemic

effect. Then, while observing the patient's reaction, determine whether you are seeing

the drug's therapeutic effect or a side effect.


43. Edema of the pharynx and larynx, severe wheezing, and dyspnea are

symptoms of

which of the following?

A. Drug overdose

B. Anaphylaxis C. Enzyme deficiency

D. Drug toxicity

Certain drugs may cause a systemic anaphylaxis characterized by constriction of the

bronchial muscle, edema of the pharynx and larynx, severe wheezing and dyspnea.


44. (p. 35) When a patient presents with an idiosyncratic response to a drug, which of

the following is the recommended treatment?

A. Change medication

B. If therapeutic, continue medication

C. Stop medication

The treatment for the adverse effect idiosyncrasy is to stop medication.

2-38

(p. 30)

(p.


45. 35) Drugs such as opiates, nitrates, and barbiturates frequently produce which of the

following?

A. Toxicity B. Potentiation C. Tolerance

D. Synergism

Drug tolerance is the need for increasingly larger doses of a drug to produce the same effects.

Drugs that frequently produce tolerance are opiates, nitrates, and barbiturates.


46. Which of the following can be used to reverse overdose symptoms?

A. Placebo B. Antidote C. Histamine

D. Epi Pen

An antidote is a drug that has the opposite effect and can reverse the overdose symptoms.


47. (p. 24) Patients who take sedatives are advised to avoid drinking alcohol to avoid

the possibility of which of the following?

A. Antagonism B. Synergism C. Potentiation

2-39

(p. 35)

(p.

D. Toxicity

Potentiation refers to the administration of two drugs at the same time wherein one drug

increases the effect of the other drug. Alcohol causes sedatives to have a much stronger,

possibly fatal, effect.


48. 24) The process whereby antacids and iron supplements work against the absorption of the

antibiotic tetracycline is described by which of the following terms?

A. Antagonism B. Synergism C. Potentiation D. Idiosyncrasy

A drug interaction in which two drugs inhibit or cancel each other's effect is

called antagonism.


49. Which of the following terms refers to the self-administration of a drug in

chronically

excessive quantities, resulting in a psychological or physical dependence?

A. Drug abuse

B. Drug overuse C. Drug self-use D. Drug tolerance

Drug abuse refers to self-administration of a drug in chronically excessive quantities

resulting in a psychological or physical dependence.


2-40

(p. 31)

(p.

Essay Questions

50. (p. 24) State the four basic drug actions.

The four basic drug actions are depressing or stimulating cell function, destroying cells,

and replacing substances.


51. 24) Name the four body processes that affect drug action.

The four body processes that affect drug action are absorption,

distribution, metabolism/biotransformation, and excretion.


52. (p. 27) Identify 10 factors influencing drug actions.

Factors influencing drug actions are age, size, sex, genetics, physiological and pathological

conditions, and psychological factors. The route of administration, the time of day that the

drug is administered, the number and size of doses, diet, and environmental conditions also

play a role in drug action.


53. (p. 30) Differentiate between systemic and local drug effects.

2-41

(p.

Some drugs mainly affect the area where they enter, or are applied to, the body. These drugs

are given for their local effects. Other drugs must travel through the bloodstream to affect

cells or tissues in various parts of the body. These types of drugs are given for their systemic

effects.


54. 30) State the difference between the therapeutic effect and side effects.

A drug is usually prescribed on the basis of its therapeutic effect. This is the desired effect, or

the reason the drug is administered. However, most drugs have additional effects on the body

that are not part of the goal of drug therapy. These are called side effects.


55. (p. 31) Define synergism.

Synergism is a drug interaction in which the effect of two drugs in combination is greater

than the effect of each drug given separately.


56. (p. 31) Define antagonism.



2-42

(p.

57. (p. 31) Define potentiation.




58. 34) Explain the difference between psychological and physical drug dependence.

In psychological or emotional drug dependence, a person has a drive or a craving to take a

certain drug for pleasure or to relieve discomfort. There are no physical symptoms if the drug

is taken away, but the person may feel anxious about not having the psychological crutch. In

physical drug dependence, the body grows so accustomed to the drug that it needs it to

function. When the drug is taken away, the person develops withdrawal symptoms involving

extreme physical discomfort.


59. (p. 35) List five commonly abused drugs.

The most commonly abused drugs are alcohol, nicotine, anabolic steroids, barbiturates,

sedatives or hypnotics, depressants, marijuana, amphetamines, LSD, narcotics, opium,

and cocaine.


60. (p. 35) State the health care worker's responsibilities with regard to adverse reactions of

drugs, dependence, and drug abuse.

As a person giving medications, health care workers are expected to be aware of possible

reactions and to notify their supervisor as soon as they notice any sign of an adverse reaction.

2-43

(p.

In a situation where drug abuse is suspected, their main responsibility is to consult the nurse

in charge. As health care workers, they must keep medicines locked up when not in use,

administer only prescribed medications, and watch for signs of drug dependence and

improper use of drugs.


2-44

Fill in the Blank Questions

61. Insulin is an example of a drug that is taken to

___________________a

substance that the body lacks. replace

Drugs can be taken to replace natural substances that the body lacks because of an organ

malfunction or poor nutrition. Insulin is a drug taken, in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus,

because the pancreas is unable to produce insulin to maintain normal blood glucose levels.


62. (p. 24) Antibiotics are examples of drugs that _______________cells or parts of cells.

destroy

Some drugs destroy certain cells or parts of cells. For example, some antibiotics kill

disease microorganisms.


63. (p. 24) The energy-producing functions of cells are sped up by

____________________. stimulants

Stimulants speed up the energy-producing functions of cells.

2-45

(p. 24)

(p.


64. 24) The body's natural reaction to irritation is ____________________by

antihistamines. depressed

Antihistamines slow the body's natural reactions to irritation.


65. (p. 24) The passage of a drug from the site of administration into the bloodstream is

called________________. absorption

Absorption is the passage of a substance into the bloodstream from the site of administration.


66. The transportation of a drug from the bloodstream to the body

tissues and

intended site of action is called _________________. distribution

Distribution is the transport of drugs to body cells and spaces between cells.


2-46

(p. 24)

(p.

67. 24) The series of chemical reactions that inactivate a drug by converting it into a

watersoluble compound so that it can be excreted by the body is

termed___________________. metabolism

Metabolism is a series of chemical reactions that inactivate a drug by converting it into

a water-soluble compound so that it can be excreted by the body.


68. The body's way of removing the waste products of ordinary cell

processes is

termed__________________ excretion

Excretion is the removal of waste substances from the body.


69. (p. 27) Smaller doses and different drugs are required in treating the young or the older

adult. This is an example of how _____________is a factor that affects drug action.

age

Responses to drug action differ according to age.


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(p. 24)

(p. 27)

70. To diminish the unpleasant effects of drugs secreted through saliva, the

patient should be educated to chew ______________or suck hard candy. gum

To diminish the unpleasant effects of drugs secreted through saliva, the patient should be

educated to chew gum or suck hard candy.


71. Combining certain drugs with certain foods can alter the drug's

effects. This is

an example of the effect that a person's ___________has on drug action. diet

Diet is a factor that may cause differences in a person's response to a drug.


72. (p. 27) Because some drugs may harm the fetus, ______________________women

must be extremely careful about taking any medication, and must avoid taking

medications without first consulting their physician. pregnant

Because some drugs may harm the fetus, pregnant women must be extremely careful about

taking any medication, and must avoid taking medications without first consulting their

physician.


73. Each person's individual makeup causes slight differences in basic processes like metabolism and excretion. This is an example of the effect that

______________has on drug action. genetics

Responses to drug action differ according to genetics.

2-48

(p. 27)

(p. 27)


74. Diseases of the liver and kidneys can have an important effect on

the

processing and elimination of drugs. This is an example of how

_________________________affect drug action. pathological conditions

Disease can strongly affect how patients respond to drugs.


75. A patient's mental state is an important factor in the success or

failure of drug

therapy. This is an example of the effect __________________________________have

on drug action. psychological factors

Responses to drug action differ according to psychological factors.


76. A ______________________is an inactive substance that has no pharmacological

effects but may make a patient with a positive attitude "feel better." placebo

A placebo is an inactive substance that has no pharmacological effect.


2-49

(p. 27)

(p. 27)

77. As a member of the health care team, you can influence a patient's

response to

medication by creating a _______________________attitude in the patient. positive

A patient with a positive attitude is likely to respond well to medication.


78. Drugs are absorbed, distributed, and metabolized differently when

given by

different _________________. routes

The route of administration affects drug action.


79. A drug will act most quickly when it is __________________into the

bloodstream. injected

A drug acts most quickly when injected into the bloodstream.


2-50

(p. 24)

(p. 24)

(p. 27)

(p. 27)

(p.

80. 24) The route of administration resulting in the longest time for drugs to show

their effects is the _______________route. oral

Medications administered by mouth take the longest time to show their effects.


81. When possible, drugs that make a patient sleepy are ordered to be

taken at

bedtime. This is an example of the effect ________________has on drug action. time

of administration

Care must be taken to give drugs at the time of day ordered by the physician.


82. Drugs that are taken orally are absorbed most quickly if the

gastrointestinal

tract is free of _______________. food

Diet plays a role in drug action.


2-51

(p. 27)

(p. 27)

(p. 30)

83. 30) When drugs collect in the body and produce an increased response, it is termed a

______________________effect of drug action. cumulative

A cumulative effect occurs when the body does not metabolize and excrete one dose of a

drug completely before the next dose is given.


84. When a patient is less responsive to a drug after repeated doses, it

is

termed drug__________________. tolerance

Tolerance is the need for increasingly higher doses of a drug to produce the same physical and

psychological effects.


85. If a patient has a drug _________________, it must be clearly

marked on

the front of the chart with a bright sticker. allergy

The chart of a patient with a drug allergy must be clearly marked. This is usually done on

the front of the chart with a bright sticker.


2-52

(p. 30)

(p. 30)

(p.

86. Older adult patients often see several doctors who prescribe what is needed in

a patient's particular case. Multiple doctors and multiple drugs can lead to serious drug ____________________. interactions

Drug combinations can be a problem for older adults.


87. (p. 29) Heat relaxes the blood vessels and speeds up the circulation, so drugs act

faster. This is an example of the effect that _______________________conditions

have on drug action. environmental

Extremes of weather affect the action of drugs because body functions are influenced by heat

and cold.


88. The term drug __________________refers to the chemical

changes the

drug produces in cells and tissues. action

The action of a drug refers to a drug's chemical effects on body cells.


2-53

(p. 24)

(p. 30)

Learning Outcome: 2-2

89. 27) The combination of biological, physical, and psychological changes that

takes place in the body as a result of the drug action is termed the drug

_________________. effect

A drug's effect is defined as a physical or psychological change in a patient brought about by

a drug.


90. (p. 30) The desired effect, or the reason a drug is administered, is termed

the _____________________effect. therapeutic

A therapeutic effect is a desired or predicted physiological response caused by a drug.


91. Additional effects that drugs have on the body that are not part of

the goal of

drug therapy are termed_______________________ effects. side

Side effects are desirable or undesirable effects of a drug apart from the primary purpose

for giving the drug.

Bloom's: Remember

2-54

(p. 30)

(p.

Difficulty: Easy Learning Outcome: 2-6

92. Aspirin, taken orally, is beneficial for the treatment of arthritis, but tends to irritate the

lining of the stomach. This side effect is controlled by giving the drug with milk or ____________. food

Many side effects can be controlled by using special procedures.


93. Some drugs mainly affect the area they enter, or are applied to, the

body, for

example, eye drops and sunburn creams. This is an example of the ________________effects of drugs. local

Local effect refers to having an effect in the immediate area of administration.


94. (p. 30) Pain medications that must travel through the bloodstream to affect cells or

tissues in other parts of the body are an example drugs given for their

_____________________effects. systemic

Systemic effect refers to having an effect throughout the body.

2-55

(p. 30)

(p. 30)


2-56

(p. 30)

95. Occasionally, the body has an unexpected or dangerous response to a drug.

These unexpected conditions are called ___________________reactions. adverse

Adverse reactions are unintended and undesirable effects of a drug.


96. A drug ______________is an abnormal response that occurs

because a

person has developed antibodies against a particular drug. allergy

An allergy is a reaction of the body cell to a foreign substance (antigen) to which it

has previously developed antibodies.


97. ___________________is a substance released by injured cells

that is

responsible for the symptoms usually seen in allergic reactions. Histamine

Histamine is a substance released from injured cells during an allergic reaction that is

responsible for allergic symptoms.


2-57

(p. 30)

(p. 30)

(p. 30)


98. A substance, for example, a drug, that stimulates the production of antibodies and

causes allergic reaction is termed an _________________. antigen

An antigen is a substance that stimulates production of antibodies and causes

allergic reactions.


99. An ______________________is a substance produced in the

body that helps

the body fight off foreign invaders like microorganisms and antigens. antibody

An antibody is a substance produced in the body that helps the body fight off foreign invaders

like microorganisms and antigens.


100. An extreme, possibly life-threatening, hypersensitivity reaction to

a

previously encountered antigen is termed _____________________.

anaphylaxis

Anaphylaxis is a severe allergic reaction that may be fatal.

2-58

(p. 30)

(p. 30)

(p. 30)


101. ______________________are abnormal or peculiar responses that people may

have to certain drugs. Idiosyncrasies

An idiosyncrasy is a peculiar, unusual, individual response to a drug.


102. Drug ___________________ is the need for an increasingly larger

dose of a

drug in order to produce the same physiological and/or psychological effects. tolerance

Tolerance is the need for an increasingly larger dose of a drug to produce the same

physical and or psychological effect.


103. When the body cannot metabolize and excrete one dose of a drug

completely

before the next dose is given a ________________________effect occurs. cumulative

A cumulative effect occurs when the body does not metabolize and excrete one dose of a

drug completely before the next dose is given.

2-59

(p. 30)

(p. 30)

(p. 30)


2-60

(p. 30)

104. An __________________is a dose of a medication that is too large for a

patient's age, size, and/or physical condition. overdose

An overdose is a drug dose that is too large for a person's age, size, or physical condition.


105. (p. 30) ___________________refers to the drug's ability to poison the body. Toxicity

Toxicity refers to the poisonous effect of prolonged exposure to high doses or too-

frequent administration of a drug.


106. An ______________________is a drug that has an opposite effect

and can

reverse the overdose symptoms. antidote

An antidote is a drug that has an opposite effect and can reverse the overdose symptoms.


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(p. 30)

(p.

107. When one drug modifies the action of another drug, it is termed a drug ________________________. interaction

Drug interactions occur when one drug modifies the action of another drug.


108. When two drugs administered together produce a more powerful

response than

the effect of each drug given separately, it is called ___________________. synergism

Synergism refers to a drug interaction in which the effect of two drugs in combination is greater than the effect of each drug given separately.


109. ____________________occurs when two drugs are administered

at the same

time, and one drug increases the effect of the other drug. potentiation




2-62

(p. 31)

(p. 31)

(p. 30)

110. 31) A drug interaction in which two drugs inhibit or cancel each other's effect is

called ____________________. antagonism



111. Drug ______________________is a strong psychological and/or

physical need

to take a certain drug. dependence

Dependence is a compulsion to continue taking a drug; it can be physical or psychological.


112. (p. 34) When a person has a drive or a craving to take a certain drug for pleasure or to

relieve discomfort, they are experiencing ______________________drug dependence.

psychological

In psychological drug dependence, a person has a drive or a craving to take a certain drug

for pleasure or to relieve discomfort.

Bloom's: Understand Difficulty: Easy

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(p. 34)

(p.


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(p.

113. 34) In _____________________drug dependence, the body grows so accustomed to

the drug that it needs it to function. physical

In physical drug dependence, the body grows so accustomed to the drug that it needs it to

function.


114. ___________________symptoms are a set of physical reactions

that occur

when a person stops taking a drug on which they are physically dependent. Withdrawal

In physical dependence, the body grows so accustomed to the drug that it needs it to function.

When the drug is taken away, the person develops withdrawal symptoms.


115. Drug ____________________refers to self-administration of a

drug in

chronically excessive quantities, resulting in a psychological or physical

dependence. abuse

Drug abuse is defined as taking drugs for their mood-altering effects, or taking too

many drugs or too much of a drug.

Bloom's: Understand Difficulty: Easy

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(p. 34)

(p. 34)

(p.


116. 34) The overuse or careless use of any drug is termed drug ___________________.

misuse

Drug misuse is the overuse or careless use of any drug.


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