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Term Used Definition Category

Additional Collection/Add-Collect

An additional cost assessed, usually on an airline ticket, tocover an increase in the ticket.

Airline

Add-on FareUsed primarily for international travel, where the fare froma gateway is fixed and a fare for travel to the gateway is

added on to provide a total fare for travel.

Airline

Advance Purchase FareAn airfare which requires that the ticket be purchased aminimum period of time prior to departure date.

Airline

Advanced Purchase Excursion(APEX) Fare

An airfare published by the airlines. It is restricted byavailability, advance purchase, and minimum andmaximum stay requirements.

Airline

Airline DesignatorA 2 or 3-digit alphanumeric code for an air carrier,administered by IATA.

Airline

Airport Codes Three-letter codes used to uniquely identify all airports. Airline

Airport taxA local tax imposed on air tickets and passed along topassengers, used to fund airport maintenance, expansion,and similar expenditures.

Airline

Availability

The actual inventory of seats that are really available to besold at a certain fare. Just because a fare is presented as"available" between two cities does NOT mean seats atthat rate are available. This causes much confusion whenairfare ads are published, so you must read the "fine print"before calling your agent and asking them to get that farefor you.

Airline

Base FareThe fare, as of an airline ticket, before tax has been added.Commissions are calculated on the base fare.

Airline

Blackout PeriodSpecific dates that a discounted or promotional airfare isnot offered.

Airline

Booking Code (Class)

The alphabetic category in which an airline seat is reserved

on a CRS for a specific fare. Also called a fare code(class).

Airline

Bumping

The practice of removing a passenger with a confirmedreservation from a full flight. Each airline has its ownbumping policy, but generally, the last passengers tocheck-in and/or arrive at the departure gate are the onesmost likely to be bumped.

Airline

Business ClassOffered by many airlines and provides more amenities thanin coach, including larger seats, more legroom, bettermeals, complimentary in-flight entertainment and liquor.

Airline

Capacity-Controlled FaresA limited number of airplane seats to which a special farehas been assigned. This percentage may changedepending upon how quickly seats are selling on the flight.

Airline

Change of Equipment A change of aircraft that occurs without a change in theflight number.

Airline

Check-in timeAt airline terminals, the latest time at which a passengermay arrive for the flight without the risk of loosing theirseat.

Airline

Circle TripA routing which involves two or more stopovers, afterwhich the passenger returns to the point of origin.

Airline

City Codes3-letter codes used to uniquely identify cities and/or theirairports.

Airline

City PairIn airline bookings, the departure and arrival cities on anitinerary.

Airline

CoachThe "economy" section of an aircraft, which may have

multiple fares for the same flight.

Airline

Code SharingAn agreement whereby airlines permit the use of their CRScode in the flight schedule displays of other airlines.

Airline

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Travel Terminology Decoder

An air ticket is seldom simple. It's often subject to an "advance purchase" restrictions, change penalties, no-show

penalties, or non-refundable clauses. You may be limited by "capacity controls" or "yield management" - which means

that the same seat on an aircraft on the same day and the same flight can have up to 20 different prices. And flying

"direct" doesn't necessarily mean you're flying "nonstop".

While airline-speak may be old hat to the seasoned traveller, some people might find themselves puzzled on occasion.

Here is a decoder for some common terms that crop up in the world of travel.

For anything weve missed, just give us a call and well help you to decipher it!

2 letter codes (Two letter codes)

To simplify communication in the airline world, IATA (International Air Traffic Association) has designated all scheduled

airlines with two letter codes. These are used in reservations, tickets, timetables and fare tables.

3 letter codes (Three letter codes)

IATA designated codes for airports and cities around the world. Example LON is London, LHR is London Heathrow,

LGW is London Gatwick.

ABC Advance Booking Charter A charter that requires a minimum advance booking period. ABP Able Bodied

Passenger. May be selected to sit at the emergency exit on an aircraft.

Accompanied/Unaccompanied Baggage.

Accompanied baggage is carried in the same aircraft as the passenger (and may be checked or unchecked).

Unaccompanied baggage is carried separately as cargo. ACFT/EQT Aircraft Type

ACSA

Airports Company of South Africa

Advance purchase:

The ticket must be purchased at a specified number of daysusually three, seven, 14, or 21 daysin advance of the

flight departure. The fare generally goes down the further out from the day of departure it is purchased.

Ad Hoc ScheduleA variation, addition or cancellation from the basic schedule of one or more flights on single dates.

Administrating Carrier

The airline which controls the operation of a flight.

Airline alliance:

An agreement between a group of airlines involving the sharing of flight codes, reservation systems, airline clubs, or

frequent flyer benefits.

Alternative airport:

A secondary airport, generally smaller and/or farther away from the metropolitan center, than a major airport.

ATB

Automated Ticket and Boarding Pass. A cardboard receipt outlining your trip and fare paid. Unfortunatley is does notalways act as a boarding pass despite its name. You still need to check in via an automated kiosk, on-line, or in the

traditional join the queue manner for a check-in desk at the airport.

Air Passenger Duty

Charge payable on tickets for flights departing from the UK.

Air Passes

Designed for travelers who want to make many domestic flights in one country (ie USA). The flights all need to be on

the same airline and have to be bought outside of the country in which they will be used.

Aircraft Configuration

Planned utilisation layout of aircraft interior space.

AIRIMP

Reservations Interline Message Proceedures - Passenger (ATC/IATA)

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Airline Code

A two letter code indicating an airline, air company or air carrier - see 2 letter codes.

All-Cargo Aircraft

A version of an aircraft type which carries cargo and mail only. Alliance A term for airlines that have grouped together -

formed an alliance - to give them a stronger identity and larger market share. examples are StarAlliance, Oneworld andSkyteam.

Alliances

Where two or more airlines collaborate in for example offering loyalty rewards. examples are StarAlliance, Oneworld

and Skyteam.

AOC

Air Operators Certificate.

ARCS

Airline Routing and Connections Service

ARINC

Aeronautical Radio Incorporated

Arrival Times

All timetables give the time that the flight will arrive in local time.

ARS

Airline Reservation System

ASATA

Association of South African Travel Agents. ASATA acts as the quality assurance and representation body for the South

African Travel Industry.

ASK

Available seat kilometres. A transport measure calculated as the product of the number of aircraft seats available forsale and the kilometres flown.

ASM

Ad hoc Schedules Message (IATA)

ATA

Air Transport Association of America Available Seat Miles A transport measure calculated as the product of the number

of aircraft seats available for sale and the miles flown.

BAA

British Airports Authority

Baggage Allowance

The free luggage allowance an airline will carry for each traveller. Travellers are able to take more luggage by paying anExcess Baggage Charge. Depending on the route the allowance will either be by piece (numbers of bags or cases) or

by weight.

Baggage Hold

The part of the plane where the baggage is stored. The traveller's luggage is handed over at the Check In desk at the

departure airport.

Basing Point

A location to and from which air fares are established.

Blackout period:

A period during which the airlines won't let you fly using a frequent flyer award ticket (the term may also apply to certain

promotional fares).

Block Spacing

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An allocation by one airline to another of a number of seats on some of its flights, which the airline sells to the travelling

public through its own marketing and distribution system.

BSP

Bank Settlement Programme a system allowing the processing of multiple airline payments through one central facility

owned and operated by IATA. Budget Airlines Also known as 'No Frills' or Low Cost' Airlines. They operate schedules

(regular timetables) in the same way as the larger airlines, but with lower fares. They fly on shorthaul routes andsometimes in and out of less popular airports.

Bulkhead

A Rigid partition

CAA

Civil Aviation Authority Cabin Inside area of the aircraft. Usually there are separate cabins for First Class travellers,

Business Class travellers and one or more cabins for Economy Class travellers.

Capacity Limitation

Agreement An agreement between carriers, commonly airlines, stipulating the maximum capacity to be offered by each

carrier on a particular route.

CargoAny goods carried on an aircraft Carrier Another term for the airline or company that operates flights from one airport to

another. The term is used in many legal documents.

CAT

Clear Air Turbulence. The disturbance caused to an aircraft when flying through inclement weather or air pockets

Capacity controlled:

A limited number of seats on a plane available at a particular fare (might also apply to passengers flying on a frequent

flyer reward).

Change penalty:

A fee charged by the airlines in the event you change your ticket after purchasing it.

Coach, or economy class:

The cheapest, most abundant class of seats.

Code share:

An agreement between two airlines in which each shares its flight codes, which means travelers purchasing one

airline's ticket might actually be flying on the other carrier's plane. Might also include other types of agreements, such as

reciprocal frequent flyer benefits.

Curbside check-in:

A place at the curb in front of the terminalwhich might be staffed or feature an automatic kioskwhere travelers can

check in and check their baggage, rather than at the regular counter inside the terminal.

Certificate of Airworthiness

Document issued by a national civil aviation authority to certify that an aircraft satisfies its safety and other criteria.

Certificate of Seaworthiness

Document issued by a national maritime authority to certify that a ship satisfies its safety and other criteria.

Charter Airlines

An aircraft which has been hired by one or more operators, usually for the package holiday market. Most seats are sold

only as return flights for 7 or 14 night stays. The flights sometimes depart and arrive at inconvenient times and

passengers are unable to change their bookings. Seats are normally sold with accommodation.

Circle Pacific

Fare A special fare offered by some Pacific carriers which allows passengers to fly to Pacific Rim destinations

(Australia, Asia, North and South America) usually including four stopovers. Additional stopovers available at an extra

cost, one condition is that the passenger must travel in either a clockwise or anti-clockwise direction.

City Pair

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The origin and destination cities of an aircraft flight.

Class

Segregation of passengers according to the fare paid or facilities and services offered.

Class Override

Class which overrides that from a previous board point Code Share Term used when two airlines share a flightoperation. There are two flight numbers, but only one aircraft.

COM

Comment

Commercial Duplicate Flight

A flight where the operating airline allows seats/space to be sold by one or more than one airline and all participants to

such an agreement sell their seats/space on that flight under their own flight designator.

Compartment

A space designated within the aircraft for the carriage of passengers or deadload.

Configuration

See Aircraft Configuration

Conjunction Tickets

A set of two or more airline tickets to cover a single itinerary. The tickets are stapled together and issued at the same

time, which constitutes a single contract of carriage.

Connections/Connecting Services

Indicates that on a particular route, the traveller will have to change planes and flight numbers - make a transfer

connection - at an airport enroute. Also known as Transfer.

Container

See Unit Load Device

CRSComputer Reservation System

Daily Every day of the week, including Saturday and Sunday.

Data

A representation of facts, concepts or instructions in a formalised manner suitable for communication, interpretation or

processing by human beings or by automatic means.

Direct flight, versus nonstop:

A flight which involves one or more stops (however, you stay on the same plane). "Nonstop" means there are no stops

before you get to your destination.

Data Element

A data element is a sequence of alpha-numeric characters which, depending on their specific context and position, hasa unique meaning, eg Flight Designator, Days of Operation

Deadhead

Aircraft or another vehicle travelling without passengers or cargo, or airline or another carrier's employee travelling free.

DEI

Data Element Identifier

Denied Boarding Compensation

Payment by an airline to a passenger with a confirmed reservation for a specific flight not honoured by the airline.

Commonly given as a result of overbooking

Departure TimesAll timetables give the time that the plane will depart in local time.

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DES/DESI/DESIG

An Airline Designator code

Destination

The travellers final arrival city. A journey or itinerary can have many destinations but each flight sector has only one.

Direct FlightWhere the plane goes diretly from the departure city to the arrival city and the traveller does not need to change planes.

Sometimes a direct flight makes an intermediary stop where the plane lands at an airport enroute, but if the

passengerdoesn't have to change flights, its still known as a direct flight.

Domestic

A flight that takes off from one airport and lands at another airport in the same country. ie New York to Los Angeles is a

domestic flight as both airports are in the USA.

Domestic Airline

An airline operating services entirely within one country

Domestic Flight

Leg A flight between two stations to which the same ISO country code applies.

Dry Lease

Refers to the leasing of an aircraft only

Dupe/Duplicate

Leg A single, non-operational leg of a flight that, for commercial/technical reasons is displayed under more than one

flight number by the operating carrier, or is displayed by a different Airline Designator/Flight Number by an airline other

than the operating airline.

Economy Cabin

For travellers with Economy Class tickets. On an aircraft, there may be two or more Economy Class cabins (Premium

Economy and Economy).

EJT or EFTElapsed journey time or elapsed flying time. Elapsed (Journey) Time is the term used to explain 'real flying time' or

'actual journey time'. Because the flight timetables use local times for departure and arrivals, it is not easy to see how

long each flight will actually take.

Electronic ticket:

A booking made through the Internet or other electronic means, in which there is no paper ticket. This doesnt mean you

dont get any paper normally you will have printed out your booking details or will have received a receipt from the

airline or Travel Management Company.

Empty Leg

An empty flight between two consecutive scheduled stops Eg, occurs when a charter flight takes passengers in one

direction but returns empty rather than waiting for a return load.

Excess Baggage ChargeAn extra charge made by the airline if the travellers baggage exceeds the free allowance.

FAA

Federal Aviation Authority

FFP

Frequent Flyer Programme Where airlines offer rewards to regular travellers with the airline and its partners.

Flag Carrier

A carrier designated by a government to operate international services.

Flight Numbers

Letters and numbers unique to each flight. Flight numbers always begin with two letters which indicate the airline.Example, flight number MS865 is the flight number that Egyptair (MS) uses for their flight from Bangkok, Thailand to

Cairo, Egypt.

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FLT/Flight

The operation of one or more legs with the same Flight Designator Frequent Flyers Travellers who belong to airline

Frequent Flyer Programmes.

Frequent Flyers

A range of rewards and incentives that encourage business travellers or regular travellers to use the same airline for alltheir requirements. The more frequently a traveller flies with the selected airline, the better will be the rewards or

benefits.

Funnel Flight

A flight composed of two or more member flights which is identified by the Airline Designator and Flight Number of one

of the members. Only one Airline Designator/Flight Number is operational on any one leg but a leg may have multiple,

non operational Fl Also known as Complexing, Starburst, W or Y flights.

GDS

Global Distribution Systems.

Hub:

An airport in a large city through which major airlines will route their flights. (See "point-to-point" below.)

Hypothetical or Fictitious Fare Construction Points

Airline term to describe points (ie airport) included in an itinerary in order to construct a lower fare. Also known as

fictitius construction points.

IATA

International Air Transport Association, body which regulates many of the world's scheduled airlines.

ICAO

International Civil Aviation Organisation

Identifier

A character or group of characters used to identify or name an item of data and possibly to indicate certain properties of

that data. Indirect Route Principle Airline term used to describe the general rule allowing passengers paying full fares onIATA airlines to deviate from the direct route between any two points without extra payment, as long as the maximum

permitted mileage for the route listed in the tariff is not exceeded.

Infant

A child normally under the age of two.

Intermediate Stop

When the plane lands at airports between the departure city and the arrival city. The traveller does not usually have to

change planes.

International Flight

Describes a flight which takes off from one country and then lands in another. The term is used to separate International

Flights and Domestic Flights. Amsterdam, Netherlands to Athens, Greece is an example of an international flight.

Jetlag

Temporary state of feeling in ill health following a long journey across several timezones. The traveller has difficulty

adjusting to the timezone of their destination and may feel sick, lethargic and have difficulty concentrating.

Joint Operational Flight

A flight on more than one airline operates one or more of its legs.

K

When shown as 23k is the weight allowance shown on a ticket. Example, 23k is a maximum free baggage allowance of

23 kilos.

Landing Card

A document which must be completed by a passenger prior to arrival in order to gain entry to the country.

Layover

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Scheduled interruption of a journey, usually overnight, either at the passengers request or necessary because of a lack

of a connecting service.

An air ticket is seldom simple. It's often subject to an "advance purchase" restrictions, change penalties, no-show

penalties, or non-refundable clauses. You may be limited by "capacity controls" or "yield management" - which means

that the same seat on an aircraft on the same day and the same flight can have up to 20 different prices. And flying

"direct" doesn't necessarily mean you're flying "nonstop".

While airline-speak may be old hat to the seasoned traveller, some people might find themselves puzzled on occasion.

Here is a decoder for some common terms that crop up in the world of travel.

For anything weve missed, just give us a call and well help you to decipher it!

2 letter codes (Two letter codes)

To simplify communication in the airline world, IATA (International Air Traffic Association) has designated all scheduled

airlines with two letter codes. These are used in reservations, tickets, timetables and fare tables.

3 letter codes (Three letter codes)

IATA designated codes for airports and cities around the world. Example LON is London, LHR is London Heathrow,

LGW is London Gatwick.

ABC Advance Booking Charter A charter that requires a minimum advance booking period. ABP Able BodiedPassenger. May be selected to sit at the emergency exit on an aircraft.

Accompanied/Unaccompanied Baggage.

Accompanied baggage is carried in the same aircraft as the passenger (and may be checked or unchecked).

Unaccompanied baggage is carried separately as cargo. ACFT/EQT Aircraft Type

ACSA

Airports Company of South Africa

Advance purchase:

The ticket must be purchased at a specified number of daysusually three, seven, 14, or 21 daysin advance of the

flight departure. The fare generally goes down the further out from the day of departure it is purchased.

Ad Hoc Schedule

A variation, addition or cancellation from the basic schedule of one or more flights on single dates.

Administrating Carrier

The airline which controls the operation of a flight.

Airline alliance:

An agreement between a group of airlines involving the sharing of flight codes, reservation systems, airline clubs, or

frequent flyer benefits.

Alternative airport:

A secondary airport, generally smaller and/or farther away from the metropolitan center, than a major airport.

ATBAutomated Ticket and Boarding Pass. A cardboard receipt outlining your trip and fare paid. Unfortunatley is does not

always act as a boarding pass despite its name. You still need to check in via an automated kiosk, on-line, or in the

traditional join the queue manner for a check-in desk at the airport.

Air Passenger Duty

Charge payable on tickets for flights departing from the UK.

Air Passes

Designed for travelers who want to make many domestic flights in one country (ie USA). The flights all need to be on

the same airline and have to be bought outside of the country in which they will be used.

Aircraft Configuration

Planned utilisation layout of aircraft interior space.

AIRIMP

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Reservations Interline Message Proceedures - Passenger (ATC/IATA)

Airline Code

A two letter code indicating an airline, air company or air carrier - see 2 letter codes.

All-Cargo Aircraft

A version of an aircraft type which carries cargo and mail only. Alliance A term for airlines that have grouped together -formed an alliance - to give them a stronger identity and larger market share. examples are StarAlliance, Oneworld and

Skyteam.

Alliances

Where two or more airlines collaborate in for example offering loyalty rewards. examples are StarAlliance, Oneworld

and Skyteam.

AOC

Air Operators Certificate.

ARCS

Airline Routing and Connections Service

ARINCAeronautical Radio Incorporated

Arrival Times

All timetables give the time that the flight will arrive in local time.

ARS

Airline Reservation System

ASATA

Association of South African Travel Agents. ASATA acts as the quality assurance and representation body for the South

African Travel Industry.

ASKAvailable seat kilometres. A transport measure calculated as the product of the number of aircraft seats available for

sale and the kilometres flown.

ASM

Ad hoc Schedules Message (IATA)

ATA

Air Transport Association of America Available Seat Miles A transport measure calculated as the product of the number

of aircraft seats available for sale and the miles flown.

BAA

British Airports Authority

Baggage AllowanceThe free luggage allowance an airline will carry for each traveller. Travellers are able to take more luggage by paying an

Excess Baggage Charge. Depending on the route the allowance will either be by piece (numbers of bags or cases) or

by weight.

Baggage Hold

The part of the plane where the baggage is stored. The traveller's luggage is handed over at the Check In desk at the

departure airport.

Basing Point

A location to and from which air fares are established.

Blackout period:

A period during which the airlines won't let you fly using a frequent flyer award ticket (the term may also apply to certainpromotional fares).

8/22/2019 Term Used

10/35

Block Spacing

An allocation by one airline to another of a number of seats on some of its flights, which the airline sells to the travelling

public through its own marketing and distribution system.

BSP

Bank Settlement Programme a system allowing the processing of multiple airline payments through one central facility

owned and operated by IATA. Budget Airlines Also known as 'No Frills' or Low Cost' Airlines. They operate schedules(regular timetables) in the same way as the larger airlines, but with lower fares. They fly on shorthaul routes and

sometimes in and out of less popular airports.

Bulkhead

A Rigid partition

CAA

Civil Aviation Authority Cabin Inside area of the aircraft. Usually there are separate cabins for First Class travellers,

Business Class travellers and one or more cabins for Economy Class travellers.

Capacity Limitation

Agreement An agreement between carriers, commonly airlines, stipulating the maximum capacity to be offered by each

carrier on a particular route.

Cargo

Any goods carried on an aircraft Carrier Another term for the airline or company that operates flights from one airport to

another. The term is used in many legal documents.

CAT

Clear Air Turbulence. The disturbance caused to an aircraft when flying through inclement weather or air pockets

Capacity controlled:

A limited number of seats on a plane available at a particular fare (might also apply to passengers flying on a frequent

flyer reward).

Change penalty:

A fee charged by the airlines in the event you change your ticket after purchasing it.

Coach, or economy class:

The cheapest, most abundant class of seats.

Code share:

An agreement between two airlines in which each shares its flight codes, which means travelers purchasing one

airline's ticket might actually be flying on the other carrier's plane. Might also include other types of agreements, such as

reciprocal frequent flyer benefits.

Curbside check-in:

A place at the curb in front of the terminalwhich might be staffed or feature an automatic kioskwhere travelers can

check in and check their baggage, rather than at the regular counter inside the terminal.

Certificate of AirworthinessDocument issued by a national civil aviation authority to certify that an aircraft satisfies its safety and other criteria.

Certificate of Seaworthiness

Document issued by a national maritime authority to certify that a ship satisfies its safety and other criteria.

Charter Airlines

An aircraft which has been hired by one or more operators, usually for the package holiday market. Most seats are sold

only as return flights for 7 or 14 night stays. The flights sometimes depart and arrive at inconvenient times and

passengers are unable to change their bookings. Seats are normally sold with accommodation.

Circle Pacific

Fare A special fare offered by some Pacific carriers which allows passengers to fly to Pacific Rim destinations

(Australia, Asia, North and South America) usually including four stopovers. Additional stopovers available at an extracost, one condition is that the passenger must travel in either a clockwise or anti-clockwise direction.

8/22/2019 Term Used

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City Pair

The origin and destination cities of an aircraft flight.

Class

Segregation of passengers according to the fare paid or facilities and services offered.

Class OverrideClass which overrides that from a previous board point Code Share Term used when two airlines share a flight

operation. There are two flight numbers, but only one aircraft.

COM

Comment

Commercial Duplicate Flight

A flight where the operating airline allows seats/space to be sold by one or more than one airline and all participants to

such an agreement sell their seats/space on that flight under their own flight designator.

Compartment

A space designated within the aircraft for the carriage of passengers or deadload.

ConfigurationSee Aircraft Configuration

Conjunction Tickets

A set of two or more airline tickets to cover a single itinerary. The tickets are stapled together and issued at the same

time, which constitutes a single contract of carriage.

Connections/Connecting Services

Indicates that on a particular route, the traveller will have to change planes and flight numbers - make a transfer

connection - at an airport enroute. Also known as Transfer.

Container

See Unit Load Device

CRS

Computer Reservation System

Daily Every day of the week, including Saturday and Sunday.

Data

A representation of facts, concepts or instructions in a formalised manner suitable for communication, interpretation or

processing by human beings or by automatic means.

Direct flight, versus nonstop:

A flight which involves one or more stops (however, you stay on the same plane). "Nonstop" means there are no stops

before you get to your destination.

Data ElementA data element is a sequence of alpha-numeric characters which, depending on their specific context and position, has

a unique meaning, eg Flight Designator, Days of Operation

Deadhead

Aircraft or another vehicle travelling without passengers or cargo, or airline or another carrier's employee travelling free.

DEI

Data Element Identifier

Denied Boarding Compensation

Payment by an airline to a passenger with a confirmed reservation for a specific flight not honoured by the airline.

Commonly given as a result of overbooking

Departure Times

All timetables give the time that the plane will depart in local time.

8/22/2019 Term Used

12/35

DES/DESI/DESIG

An Airline Designator code

Destination

The travellers final arrival city. A journey or itinerary can have many destinations but each flight sector has only one.

Direct Flight

Where the plane goes diretly from the departure city to the arrival city and the traveller does not need to change planes.

Sometimes a direct flight makes an intermediary stop where the plane lands at an airport enroute, but if the

passengerdoesn't have to change flights, its still known as a direct flight.

Domestic

A flight that takes off from one airport and lands at another airport in the same country. ie New York to Los Angeles is a

domestic flight as both airports are in the USA.

Domestic Airline

An airline operating services entirely within one country

Domestic Flight

Leg A flight between two stations to which the same ISO country code applies.

Dry Lease

Refers to the leasing of an aircraft only

Dupe/Duplicate

Leg A single, non-operational leg of a flight that, for commercial/technical reasons is displayed under more than one

flight number by the operating carrier, or is displayed by a different Airline Designator/Flight Number by an airline other

than the operating airline.

Economy Cabin

For travellers with Economy Class tickets. On an aircraft, there may be two or more Economy Class cabins (Premium

Economy and Economy).

EJT or EFT

Elapsed journey time or elapsed flying time. Elapsed (Journey) Time is the term used to explain 'real flying time' or

'actual journey time'. Because the flight timetables use local times for departure and arrivals, it is not easy to see how

long each flight will actually take.

Electronic ticket:

A booking made through the Internet or other electronic means, in which there is no paper ticket. This doesnt mean you

dont get any paper normally you will have printed out your booking details or will have received a receipt from the

airline or Travel Management Company.

Empty Leg

An empty flight between two consecutive scheduled stops Eg, occurs when a charter flight takes passengers in one

direction but returns empty rather than waiting for a return load.

Excess Baggage Charge

An extra charge made by the airline if the travellers baggage exceeds the free allowance.

FAA

Federal Aviation Authority

FFP

Frequent Flyer Programme Where airlines offer rewards to regular travellers with the airline and its partners.

Flag Carrier

A carrier designated by a government to operate international services.

Flight Numbers

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Letters and numbers unique to each flight. Flight numbers always begin with two letters which indicate the airline.

Example, flight number MS865 is the flight number that Egyptair (MS) uses for their flight from Bangkok, Thailand to

Cairo, Egypt.

FLT/Flight

The operation of one or more legs with the same Flight Designator Frequent Flyers Travellers who belong to airline

Frequent Flyer Programmes.

Frequent Flyers

A range of rewards and incentives that encourage business travellers or regular travellers to use the same airline for all

their requirements. The more frequently a traveller flies with the selected airline, the better will be the rewards or

benefits.

Funnel Flight

A flight composed of two or more member flights which is identified by the Airline Designator and Flight Number of one

of the members. Only one Airline Designator/Flight Number is operational on any one leg but a leg may have multiple,

non operational Fl Also known as Complexing, Starburst, W or Y flights.

GDS

Global Distribution Systems.

Hub:

An airport in a large city through which major airlines will route their flights. (See "point-to-point" below.)

Hypothetical or Fictitious Fare Construction Points

Airline term to describe points (ie airport) included in an itinerary in order to construct a lower fare. Also known as

fictitius construction points.

IATA

International Air Transport Association, body which regulates many of the world's scheduled airlines.

ICAO

International Civil Aviation Organisation

Identifier

A character or group of characters used to identify or name an item of data and possibly to indicate certain properties of

that data. Indirect Route Principle Airline term used to describe the general rule allowing passengers paying full fares on

IATA airlines to deviate from the direct route between any two points without extra payment, as long as the maximum

permitted mileage for the route listed in the tariff is not exceeded.

Infant

A child normally under the age of two.

Intermediate Stop

When the plane lands at airports between the departure city and the arrival city. The traveller does not usually have to

change planes.

International FlightDescribes a flight which takes off from one country and then lands in another. The term is used to separate International

Flights and Domestic Flights. Amsterdam, Netherlands to Athens, Greece is an example of an international flight.

Jetlag

Temporary state of feeling in ill health following a long journey across several timezones. The traveller has difficulty

adjusting to the timezone of their destination and may feel sick, lethargic and have difficulty concentrating.

Joint Operational Flight

A flight on more than one airline operates one or more of its legs.

K

When shown as 23k is the weight allowance shown on a ticket. Example, 23k is a maximum free baggage allowance of

23 kilos.

Landing Card

8/22/2019 Term Used

14/35

A document which must be completed by a passenger prior to arrival in order to gain entry to the country.

Layover

Scheduled interruption of a journey, usually overnight, either at the passengers request or necessary because of a lack

of a connecting service.

Leased or Blocked Space FlightA flight where the operating airline leases (or blocks) some seats/space to one or more

other airlines and all participants to such an agreement sell their seats/space on that flight under their own designator

(s).

Leg

A leg is another word for 'sector', ie each section of a journey or trip. Example, a traveller could be told that the London

to Paris leg of their trip would be either by air or by Eurostar train.

Leg Room

Term used to indicate how much space there is between an aircraft seat and the one in front. The technical term is

'pitch'.

Links (OAG Links)

OAG propriety schedule update remote access system

Long Haul

A flight of more than 4 hours. On long haul fl ights the amount of space and comfort a traveller enjoys has a real effect

on their feeling of wellbeing on arrival at their destination.

Lounge Airport

Lounge/Executive Lounge/VIP Lounge A part of the airport where travellers can spend time between check in and

boarding the plane. Many airlines provide special lounges exclusively for Business and First Class passengers.

Loyalty Programmes

Reward programmes that encourage business travellers to use the same airline or hotel chain for all their travel

arrangements. These programmes are also known as 'Frequent Flyer' or 'Frequent Lodger' programmes but each has a

unique name.

Mail

All types of material communications carried on one aircraft, eg, General Post Office Mail, diplomatic mail, military mail

and company (airline) mail

MCD

Multiple Carrier Designator MCT Minimum Connecting Time Indicates whether there is enough time for a traveller to

change planes - make a transfer connection - at any airport.

Minimum stay:

The minimum time required for a traveler to stay at a destination in order to qualify for a certain fare. Some fares have

maximum stay requirements as well which generally are one month.

MovementThe arrival or departure of an aircraft Non-Operational (commercial leg). See Operational Leg Multi Sector On a journey

that includes one or more transit stops, each part of that journey is known as a sector.

Nonrefundable fare:

A fare that can't be refunded for any reason after it's purchased.

No-show penalty:

A fee charged by the airlines in the event you miss your flight and attempt to use your ticket for a different flight.

Nontransferable:

A ticket that can't be exchanged for another ticket or flight.

No FrillsAirlines Also known as 'Low Cost' or 'Budget' airlines.

8/22/2019 Term Used

15/35

No Show

Term used for a traveller who does not check in for the flight that they have a reservation for and has not cancelled the

reservation.

Non Stop Flights Flights which fly from one airport to another without landing at any airport in between. As these flights

are faster than those that make intermediate stops, they are preferred by business travellers.

Off Point

Station of disembarkation

Onboard

Inside the plane.

On-line check-in

A facility offered by airlines whereby you may check-in before you get to the airport by way of your PC.

One-way fare based on a roundtrip purchase:

The cost of an airline ticket from the point of origin to your destination (or vice versa), based on the total cost of the

roundtrip flight. That is, you'd double the one-way fare to get the roundtrip price, which is actually what you'd pay.

OperationThe act of a transport vehicle travelling from point to point

Operational Leg

A flight leg which is physically operated and identified by its Airline Designator and Flight Number

Originating Flight

A flight designated by a Flight Designator, commencing at the station in question

Outbound/Outward

The first part of an itinerary or journey from the point of origin.

Overbooking

Some airlines sell more tickets than there are seats on the plane. If every traveller tries to check in, some will be askedto travel on another flight in exchange for financial compensation.

PAX

Passengers

Peak, off-peak flights:

"Peak" refers to flights scheduled for times when demand is heavy, hence the fares tend to be higher. Off-peak fares

are lower because they are scheduled for flights when demand is light.

Point-to-point:

A nonstop flight between two cities, one or both of which may be smaller destinations. Rather than fly lots of nonstop

flights between two smaller city pairs, the larger airlines have tended to route their flights from smaller cities through a

major airport, called a hub.

Piece System

One of the ways that airlines describe baggage allowances, the other term used is Weight System. The letters PC are

shown on the ticket ie 2PC, indicating that the traveller can check in two cases or bags. These is a maximum size for

these 'pieces'.

Pitch

The distance between a plane seat and the seat in front. The higher the figure, the more leg space the traveller will

have.

PNR

Passenger Name Record

A unique code used by airlines to recognise a booking

Preclearance

8/22/2019 Term Used

16/35

Provision of customs and immigration proceedures in a foreign country of departure to ease the demand for such

facilities in the country of arrival. Such arrangements exist for example between the USA and Caribbean.

PTA

Pre-paid Ticket Advice.

Notification by an agent or carrier that a person has paid for another person's transportation, usually from a place other

than the one in which the fare was paid, thereby authorising the issue of an airline ticket by the recipient.

Recline

The measurement of how far a plane seat will push back. Some airlines measure the recline by inches, others by

degrees. The higher the figure, the further the seat back can recline.

Red Eye

A phrase referring to lack of sleep, usually when the traveller lands at the arrival airport early in the morning following an

overnight flight.

RES/RESTN

Restriction Re-validation Sticker An amendment attached to the flight coupon of an airline ticket showing a change such

as change of flight made to the original reservation.

RewardsThe benefits that a business traveller gets for frequently using the same airline or hotel chain as part of a 'Frequent

Fkyer' or Frequent Lodger' program. Rewards include free flights, discounts on holidays, gift certificates, tickets to

leisure parts, hotel accommodation and more.

Rotation

The operation of consecutive legs in operational sequence between the station or origin and the station of destination of

any flight

Routing

A list of consecutive legs in operational sequence between the station of origin and the station of destination of any flight

RSD

Release for Sale Date

SAD

Shared Airline Designator

Scheduled Airline/Flights

A scheduled airline operates on advertised routes, this may be several times a day and/or several days a week. The

routes are fixed and each route is linked to a flight number.

SCR

A multi-volume set of documents which describe the protocols, standards and implementation issues related to inter-

system communications for the airline and aeronautical communities.

Seat Plans

Diagrams of the inside of an aircraft showing seat locations etc.

Seat pitch:

A guide to leg room, pitch measures the distance between seats at the level of your knees. The industry standard in

economy is 3132 inches.

Sector

On a journey that includes one or more transit stops, each part of that journey is known as a sector.

Self Booking Tools

Systems that allow travel bookers within a corporation to view flight, hotel, car rental availability and process and

request specific itineraries through their Travel Management Company. Not to be confused with booking on-line

through the internet, which process has no management element attached.

Short Haul

A flight of less than 4 hours.

8/22/2019 Term Used

17/35

SISC

Schedules Information Standards Committee (IATA)

SKD/SKED/SKEDS

Schedule

SLOT

The scheduled time of arrival or departure available or allocated to an aircraft movement on a specific date at an airport.

Solari Boards

The large signs in airports that display flight times and boarding gates.

SPC

Scheduling Procedures Committee (IATA)

SSIM

Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA)

SSM

Standard Schedules Message (IATA)

Stacking

Describes aircraft flying in large circles at two or more levels awaiting for permission to land Occurs at busy airports

Standby fare:

A ticket sold at a discount but which doesn't guarantee you a seat on the plane. Standby passengers are usually

boarded on a first-come, first-served basis.

Standby

Term used for a traveller who does not have a firm reservation for a particular flight. (Firm reservations are indicated on

the ticket by the letters 'OK'). These tickets are often held by airline staff who can only travel if there is space available.

The passenger is asked to report to the gate or check-in desk at a specific time - shortly before departure.

Station

A place or airport to which a Location Identifier has been assigned example JNB for Johannesburg.

Stopover

When a traveller leaves the airport at which they have arrived. The passenger must complete arrival formalities and

when they return to the airport they must check in again. In this way, a stopover is different from a stop where the

passenger stays 'in transit' and doesn't leave the 'airside' of the airport.

Taxi

The journey taken by an aircraft between its loading point and takeoff point. The aircraft also 'taxis' from its landing

position to its unloading point.

TC's

Transfer Connections

Technical Landing/stop

A landing for non-traffic purposes eg, refuelling. Passengers cannot board or disembark at this point.

Terminating Flight

A flight, designated by a Flight Designator, ending at the station in question.

THRU FLT

Direct Flight

TIACA

The International Air Cargo Association

TIMATIC

8/22/2019 Term Used

18/35

An automated service used by Travel Management Companies to check VISA and Passport requirements for your

destination/s and transit points relative to your nationality.

Traffic Conference

IATA's classification of the world's major airline routes. Area's (TCA's): TCA1=North and South America, TCA2=Europe

and Africa, TCA3=Asia and Australasia

Transfer

See Connection

Transfer Connection

When a traveller must change flights at an airport enroute to their destination. OAG publishes details of single and

double transferconnections in various products.

Transit Flight

A flight, designated by a Flight Designator, during an en route landing at the station in question

Transit Stop

An intermediate stop on a flight where the plane will only be on the ground for an hour or so. Sometimes passengers

are invited to leave the aircraft, but usually they remain on board.

Transit Time

The time an aircraft remains in transit at the station in question

Travel Management Company

A company that specializes in corporate and business travel, with emphasis on the management components of travel.

These would include Management information, accounting, Travel Policy, Service Level Agreements, Payment systems

and so-on.

TTB

Timetable Turnaround time The time spent by an aircraft between landing and taking off.

UN/ECE

United Nations Economic Commission for Europe

Unit Load Device

A load carrying device which interfaces directly with aircraft loading and restraint systems and meets all restraint

requirements without the use of supplementary equipment. As such, it becomes a component part of the aircraft. These

are the metal containers you see at airports.

Upgrade:

Switching your ticket from economy class to business or first class (or from business to first).

UTC

Universal Time Coordinates (same as GMT)

VAT

Charged on South African Domestic airfares, but not on International flights.May be applicable to domestic flights within other countries consult your Travel Management Company for a

breakdown of prices on your tickets within other countries.

Wait-Listing/Wait List

When all seats on a flight have been sold, a traveller may ask to be 'waitlisted' or 'put on the wait list'. They would then

be notified if a seat becomes available.

Warsaw Convention

An agreement approved in 1928 that restricts the liability of airlines on international flights.

Weight System

One of the ways that airlines describe baggage allowances.

Wet Lease

Refers to the leasing of an aircraft and includes the provision of crew & supporting services.

8/22/2019 Term Used

19/35

Wide body

A type of aircraft which has two aisles in the passenger cabin.

Yield management:

A system of calculating fares based on the supply of available seats versus the demand. As planes fill up and the supply

of seats dwindles, fares increase. Conversely, if seats are not selling, the system will reduce fares in order to attractpassengers.

Zulu

Same as GMT

A flight where the operating airline leases (or blocks) some seats/space to one or more

other airlines and all participants to such an agreement sell their seats/space on that flight under their own designator

(s).

Leg

A leg is another word for 'sector', ie each section of a journey or trip. Example, a traveller could be told that the London

to Paris leg of their trip would be either by air or by Eurostar train.

Leg Room

Term used to indicate how much space there is between an aircraft seat and the one in front. The technical term is'pitch'.

Links (OAG Links)

OAG propriety schedule update remote access system

Long Haul

A flight of more than 4 hours. On long haul fl ights the amount of space and comfort a traveller enjoys has a real effect

on their feeling of wellbeing on arrival at their destination.

Lounge Airport

Lounge/Executive Lounge/VIP Lounge A part of the airport where travellers can spend time between check in and

boarding the plane. Many airlines provide special lounges exclusively for Business and First Class passengers.

Loyalty Programmes

Reward programmes that encourage business travellers to use the same airline or hotel chain for all their travel

arrangements. These programmes are also known as 'Frequent Flyer' or 'Frequent Lodger' programmes but each has a

unique name.

Mail

All types of material communications carried on one aircraft, eg, General Post Office Mail, diplomatic mail, military mail

and company (airline) mail

MCD

Multiple Carrier Designator MCT Minimum Connecting Time Indicates whether there is enough time for a traveller to

change planes - make a transfer connection - at any airport.

Minimum stay:The minimum time required for a traveler to stay at a destination in order to qualify for a certain fare. Some fares have

maximum stay requirements as well which generally are one month.

Movement

The arrival or departure of an aircraft Non-Operational (commercial leg). See Operational Leg Multi Sector On a journey

that includes one or more transit stops, each part of that journey is known as a sector.

Nonrefundable fare:

A fare that can't be refunded for any reason after it's purchased.

No-show penalty:

A fee charged by the airlines in the event you miss your flight and attempt to use your ticket for a different flight.

Nontransferable:

A ticket that can't be exchanged for another ticket or flight.

8/22/2019 Term Used

20/35

No Frills

Airlines Also known as 'Low Cost' or 'Budget' airlines.

No Show

Term used for a traveller who does not check in for the flight that they have a reservation for and has not cancelled the

reservation.

Non Stop Flights Flights which fly from one airport to another without landing at any airport in between. As these flights

are faster than those that make intermediate stops, they are preferred by business travellers.

Off Point

Station of disembarkation

Onboard

Inside the plane.

On-line check-in

A facility offered by airlines whereby you may check-in before you get to the airport by way of your PC.

One-way fare based on a roundtrip purchase:The cost of an airline ticket from the point of origin to your destination (or vice versa), based on the total cost of the

roundtrip flight. That is, you'd double the one-way fare to get the roundtrip price, which is actually what you'd pay.

Operation

The act of a transport vehicle travelling from point to point

Operational Leg

A flight leg which is physically operated and identified by its Airline Designator and Flight Number

Originating Flight

A flight designated by a Flight Designator, commencing at the station in question

Outbound/OutwardThe first part of an itinerary or journey from the point of origin.

Overbooking

Some airlines sell more tickets than there are seats on the plane. If every traveller tries to check in, some will be asked

to travel on another flight in exchange for financial compensation.

PAX

Passengers

Peak, off-peak flights:

"Peak" refers to flights scheduled for times when demand is heavy, hence the fares tend to be higher. Off-peak fares

are lower because they are scheduled for flights when demand is light.

Point-to-point:A nonstop flight between two cities, one or both of which may be smaller destinations. Rather than fly lots of nonstop

flights between two smaller city pairs, the larger airlines have tended to route their flights from smaller cities through a

major airport, called a hub.

Piece System

One of the ways that airlines describe baggage allowances, the other term used is Weight System. The letters PC are

shown on the ticket ie 2PC, indicating that the traveller can check in two cases or bags. These is a maximum size for

these 'pieces'.

Pitch

The distance between a plane seat and the seat in front. The higher the figure, the more leg space the traveller will

have.

PNR

Passenger Name Record

8/22/2019 Term Used

21/35

A unique code used by airlines to recognise a booking

Preclearance

Provision of customs and immigration proceedures in a foreign country of departure to ease the demand for such

facilities in the country of arrival. Such arrangements exist for example between the USA and Caribbean.

PTAPre-paid Ticket Advice.

Notification by an agent or carrier that a person has paid for another person's transportation, usually from a place other

than the one in which the fare was paid, thereby authorising the issue of an airline ticket by the recipient.

Recline

The measurement of how far a plane seat will push back. Some airlines measure the recline by inches, others by

degrees. The higher the figure, the further the seat back can recline.

Red Eye

A phrase referring to lack of sleep, usually when the traveller lands at the arrival airport early in the morning following an

overnight flight.

RES/RESTN

Restriction Re-validation Sticker An amendment attached to the flight coupon of an airline ticket showing a change suchas change of flight made to the original reservation.

Rewards

The benefits that a business traveller gets for frequently using the same airline or hotel chain as part of a 'Frequent

Fkyer' or Frequent Lodger' program. Rewards include free flights, discounts on holidays, gift certificates, tickets to

leisure parts, hotel accommodation and more.

Rotation

The operation of consecutive legs in operational sequence between the station or origin and the station of destination of

any flight

Routing

A list of consecutive legs in operational sequence between the station of origin and the station of destination of any flight

RSD

Release for Sale Date

SAD

Shared Airline Designator

Scheduled Airline/Flights

A scheduled airline operates on advertised routes, this may be several times a day and/or several days a week. The

routes are fixed and each route is linked to a flight number.

SCR

A multi-volume set of documents which describe the protocols, standards and implementation issues related to inter-

system communications for the airline and aeronautical communities.

Seat Plans

Diagrams of the inside of an aircraft showing seat locations etc.

Seat pitch:

A guide to leg room, pitch measures the distance between seats at the level of your knees. The industry standard in

economy is 3132 inches.

Sector

On a journey that includes one or more transit stops, each part of that journey is known as a sector.

Self Booking Tools

Systems that allow travel bookers within a corporation to view flight, hotel, car rental availability and process andrequest specific itineraries through their Travel Management Company. Not to be confused with booking on-line

through the internet, which process has no management element attached.

8/22/2019 Term Used

22/35

Short Haul

A flight of less than 4 hours.

SISC

Schedules Information Standards Committee (IATA)

SKD/SKED/SKEDS

Schedule

SLOT

The scheduled time of arrival or departure available or allocated to an aircraft movement on a specific date at an airport.

Solari Boards

The large signs in airports that display flight times and boarding gates.

SPC

Scheduling Procedures Committee (IATA)

SSIM

Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA)

SSM

Standard Schedules Message (IATA)

Stacking

Describes aircraft flying in large circles at two or more levels awaiting for permission to land Occurs at busy airports

Standby fare:

A ticket sold at a discount but which doesn't guarantee you a seat on the plane. Standby passengers are usually

boarded on a first-come, first-served basis.

Standby

Term used for a traveller who does not have a firm reservation for a particular flight. (Firm reservations are indicated onthe ticket by the letters 'OK'). These tickets are often held by airline staff who can only travel if there is space available.

The passenger is asked to report to the gate or check-in desk at a specific time - shortly before departure.

Station

A place or airport to which a Location Identifier has been assigned example JNB for Johannesburg.

Stopover

When a traveller leaves the airport at which they have arrived. The passenger must complete arrival formalities and

when they return to the airport they must check in again. In this way, a stopover is different from a stop where the

passenger stays 'in transit' and doesn't leave the 'airside' of the airport.

Taxi

The journey taken by an aircraft between its loading point and takeoff point. The aircraft also 'taxis' from its landing

position to its unloading point.

TC's

Transfer Connections

Technical Landing/stop

A landing for non-traffic purposes eg, refuelling. Passengers cannot board or disembark at this point.

Terminating Flight

A flight, designated by a Flight Designator, ending at the station in question.

THRU FLT

Direct Flight

TIACA

The International Air Cargo Association

8/22/2019 Term Used

23/35

TIMATIC

An automated service used by Travel Management Companies to check VISA and Passport requirements for your

destination/s and transit points relative to your nationality.

Traffic Conference

IATA's classification of the world's major airline routes. Area's (TCA's): TCA1=North and South America, TCA2=Europeand Africa, TCA3=Asia and Australasia

Transfer

See Connection

Transfer Connection

When a traveller must change flights at an airport enroute to their destination. OAG publishes details of single and

double transferconnections in various products.

Transit Flight

A flight, designated by a Flight Designator, during an en route landing at the station in question

Transit Stop

An intermediate stop on a flight where the plane will only be on the ground for an hour or so. Sometimes passengersare invited to leave the aircraft, but usually they remain on board.

Transit Time

The time an aircraft remains in transit at the station in question

Travel Management Company

A company that specializes in corporate and business travel, with emphasis on the management components of travel.

These would include Management information, accounting, Travel Policy, Service Level Agreements, Payment systems

and so-on.

TTB

Timetable Turnaround time The time spent by an aircraft between landing and taking off.

UN/ECE

United Nations Economic Commission for Europe

Unit Load Device

A load carrying device which interfaces directly with aircraft loading and restraint systems and meets all restraint

requirements without the use of supplementary equipment. As such, it becomes a component part of the aircraft. These

are the metal containers you see at airports.

Upgrade:

Switching your ticket from economy class to business or first class (or from business to first).

UTC

Universal Time Coordinates (same as GMT)

VAT

Charged on South African Domestic airfares, but not on International flights.

May be applicable to domestic flights within other countries consult your Travel Management Company for a

breakdown of prices on your tickets within other countries.

Wait-Listing/Wait List

When all seats on a flight have been sold, a traveller may ask to be 'waitlisted' or 'put on the wait list'. They would then

be notified if a seat becomes available.

Warsaw Convention

An agreement approved in 1928 that restricts the liability of airlines on international flights.

Weight SystemOne of the ways that airlines describe baggage allowances.

8/22/2019 Term Used

24/35

Wet Lease

Refers to the leasing of an aircraft and includes the provision of crew & supporting services.

Wide body

A type of aircraft which has two aisles in the passenger cabin.

Yield management:A system of calculating fares based on the supply of available seats versus the demand. As planes fill up and the supply

of seats dwindles, fares increase. Conversely, if seats are not selling, the system will reduce fares in order to attract

passengers.

Zulu

Same as GMT

Tourism Glossary

ABCDEFGHIJ KLMNOPQRSTUVWX Y Z

AAccreditation is a process of qualifying, endorsing, and "licensing" entities that performcertification of businesses, products, processes, or services.

Attraction: Any visitor service or product which tourists would enjoy visiting or using.An attraction may not be an attractor but can still be an attraction. To be considered an

attraction, a product must be: a. Findable (clearly located on maps and street addresses, and

directions provided). If tourists cant find the facility, it is not a tourist attraction.

Attractor: A significant tourist attraction, which compels visitation. The primary must

sees in an area. The top reasons a tourist would choose to visit this area.B

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8/22/2019 Term Used

25/35

Back to back: A term used to describe tours operating on a consistent, continuing basis.For instance, a motorcoach arriving in a city from a cross-country tour may conclude the first

tour upon arrival, then transport a second group back along the same route to the origination

city of the first tour

Bed and breakfast (B&B): Overnight accommodations usually in a private home or

boarding house, often with a full American-style or Continental breakfast included in onerate.

Bell captain: The person in charge of luggage at a hotel.Benchmarking: The process of comparing performance and processes within anindustry to assess relative position against either a set industry standard or against those who

are best in class (Synergy, 2000).

Best practice(s): Used to designate highest quality, excellence, or superior practices ina particular field by a tourism operator.

Block: A number of rooms, seats, or space reserved in advance, usually by wholesalers, touroperators, or receptive operators who intend to sell them as components of tour packages.

Booking form: A document which purchasers of tours must complete to give theoperator full particulars about who is buying the tour. It states exactly what is beingpurchased (including options) and must be signed as acknowledgment that the liability clause

has been read and understood.

BPA: Blanket Purchase Agreement. These are agreements with vendors that allow buyers tomake repetitive types of purchases over a period of time with a summarized bill sent by the

vendor once a month.

Breakage: Expenses budgeted for a tour but not used or expended, thus resulting inadditional profit to the tour operator. Examples include meals budgeted but not consumed,

currency fluctuations in favor of the tour operator, or the tour selling to much larger numbers

of passengers than expected.

Break-even point (BEP): The point at which revenues and expenses are the same.For example, the BEP is the number of products (or seats, cabins, tickets, etc.) that must be

sold for a company to break even. The BEP is calculated as fixed costs divided by the selling

price less variable costs. See reasonable number.

Break-even pricing: Pricing a product based on a forecast of the break-even point andthe cost of achieving the break-even point.

Budgeted balance sheet: A budget that measures total assets and liabilities.Budgeted income statement: A budget that tracks revenues and expenses. Alsocalled the profit and loss statement.

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CCarrier: A company that provides transportation services, such as motorcoach companies,airlines, cruise lines, and rental car agencies.

Carrying Capacity: Carrying capacity refers to the number of visitors that canadequately be accommodated with existing infrastructure including lodging, dining, public

bathrooms, roads, parking, etc.

Certification: A voluntary procedure that assesses, monitors, and gives writtenassurance that a business, product, process, service, or management system conforms to

specific requirements.

Chain-ratio method: A method for forecasting market demand by multiplying a base

market figure by a series of consumption constraints.

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Chamber of commerce: A DMO that operates at the local level and is comprised ofbusinesses that are not necessarily associated with the tourism industry.

Charter: To hire the exclusive use of any aircraft, motorcoach, or other vehicle.Community is people living in one place, district, state, or country (NEAP, 2000).Confidential tariff: A schedule of wholesale rates distributed in confidence to travel

wholesalers and travel agents.Consolidator: A person or company which forms groups to travel on air charters or atgroup fares on scheduled flights to increase sales, earn override commissions or reduce the

possibility of tour cancellations.

Consumer show: A product showcase for the general public. Differs from a tradeshow as a trade show generally targets industry professionals.

Conversion: Getting heads in beds or otherwise closing the sale. Differs fromhospitality. Hospitality is being warm, friendly and helpful. Conversion is active selling.

Cooperative Agreement: A cooperative agreement is a written legal instrumentreflecting a relationship between a Federal agency and a state or local government, tribal

government, or other non-federal recipient in which the principle purpose is to transfermoney, property, services, or anything of value to the state or local government or other

recipient to stimulate or support a public purpose authorized by federal statute. Substantial

involvement is anticipated between the federal agency and the recipient during performance

of the contemplated activity.

Cultural tourism: Travel for the purpose of learning about cultures or aspects ofcultures (NEAP, 2000).

Culture: The sum total of ways of living by a group of human beings that is transmittedfrom one generation to another (NEAP, 2000).

CVB: Convention and Visitors Bureau. (See also DMO).back to top

DDay rate: Also called a day room. A reduced rate granted for the use of a guest roomduring the daytime, not overnight occupancy. Usually provided on a tour when a very late-

night departure is scheduled.

Day tour: An escorted or unescorted tour that lasts less than 24 hours and usually departsand returns on the same day. See sightseeing tour.

Deadheading: Making a trip or a segment of a trip without passengers, such as drivingan empty.

motorcoach somewhere.

Degradation: Any decline in the quality of natural or cultural resources, or the viability

of ecosystems that is caused directly or indirectly by humans (NEAP, 2000).Demand generators: Strategies and programs developed by DMOs and suppliers togenerate destination demand. Examples include festivals, events, cultural tours, and consumer

promotion.

Demands: A consumers wants backed by the ability to purchase.Demographics: Population measures, such as age, gender, income, education,race/ethnicity, religion, marital status, household size, and occupation.

Departure point: The location or destination from which a tour officially begins.Departure tax: Fee collected from a traveler by the host country at the time ofdeparture.

Deposit policy: A specified amount or a percentage of the total bill due on a specifieddate prior to arrival.

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Deposit: An advance payment required to obtain and confirm space.Descriptive research: A form of marketing research that is used to provide detailedanswers about customer markets.

Destination: The end point of a trip. This can be a town, a resort, or a stand-alongattraction. The place to which a traveler is going; or any city, area, region or country be

marketed as a single entity to tourists.Destination alliance: A DMO that operates as a for-profit association of selectsuppliers who form a paid membership network to promote their services to travelers.

Destination management company (DMC): A for-profit company thatoperates similar to a CVB by providing planning and execution services for the convention

and meeting market.

Destination Marketing Organization (DMO): A company or other entityinvolved in the business of increasing tourism to a destination or improving its public image.

Destination: The geographic place to which a traveler is going.Direct flight: A flight that stops one or more times on the way to a destination, but does

not require travelers to change planes.Direct marketing: Sales and marketing communication that feature direct interaction

between a company and its customers without any distribution intermediaries.

Directors: An industry council of the Travel Industry Association ofAmerica www.tourstates.comDistance Learning: Any activity in which the learner participates in a resourceeducation experience from a location remote from the resource in question and without the

personal presence of a agency representative, i.e. internet, interactive CD teleconferencing.

DMC (Destination Management Company): A local company that handlesarrangements for tours, meetings, transportation, etc. for groups originating elsewhere.

DMO (Destination Marketing Organization): A company or other entityinvolved in the business of increasing tourism to a destination or improving its public

image(such as a convention and visitor bureau).

Docent: A tour guide who works free of charge at a museum.Double double: A room with two double beds.Double-occupancy rate: The price per person for a room to be shared with another

person; the rate most frequently quoted in tour brochures.

Double-room rate: The full price of a room for two people (twice the double-occupancy rate.)

Downgrade: To move to a lesser level of accommodations or a lower class of service.Driver-guide: A tour guide who does double duty by driving a vehicle while narrating.

Duty-free imports: Item amounts and categories specified by a government that are feeof tax or duty charges when brought into the country.

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EEconomic impact study: Research into the dollars generated by an industry and howthese dollars impact the economy through direct spending and the indirect impact of

additional job creation and the generation of income and tax revenue.

Ecotour: A tour designed to focus on preserving the environment, or to environmentallysensitive areas.

Ecotourism certification: Programs that cover businesses, services, and products

that describe themselves as involved in ecotourism.

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Ecotourism: Tourism responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environmentand improves the welfare of local people, according to The International Ecotourism

Society.

Educational programming: Activities conducted in partnership with formaleducation institutions and which seek to meet both the institutions specific education

outcomes and the agencys resource stewardship goals.Educational tour: A tour designed around an educational activity, such as studying art.Educational/interpretive signage: Simple sign or label that provides basicinformation to aid visitor in orientation to or understanding of the location.

Errors and omissions insurance: Insurance coverage equivalent to malpracticeinsurance, protecting an agents or operators staff if an act of negligence, an error, or an

omission occurs that causes a client great hardship or expense.

Escort: A person, usually employed by a tour operator, who accompanies a tour fromdeparture to return as guide or trouble-shooter, or a person who performs such functions only

at the destination. The terms hostescort or host are often used, and are preferred, to describe

this service.Escorted group tour: A group tour that features a tour director who travels with thegroup throughout the trip to provide sightseeing commentary and coordinate all group

movement and activities.

Escorted service: A prearranged travel program, usually for a group, with escortservice. Fully escorted tours may also use local guide services.

Escrow accounts: Funds placed in the custody of licensed financial institutions forsafekeeping. Many contracts in travel require that agents and tour operators maintain

customers deposits and prepayments in escrow accounts.

ESSTO: Educational Seminar for State Travel Officials.Extension: A fully arranged sub-tour offered optionally at extra cost to buyers of a tour orcruise. Extensions may occur before, during, or after the basic travel program.

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FFAM (familiarization) tour: A free or reduced-rate trip offered to travel

professionals to acquaint them with what a destination, attraction, or supplier has to offer.

Familiarization Trip: A complimentary or reduced-rate travel program for travelagents, airline or rail employees or other travel buyers, designed to acquaint participants with

specific destinations or suppliers and to stimulate the sale of travel. Familiarization tours, also

called fam tours, are sometimes offered to journalists as research trips for the purpose of

cultivating media coverage of specific travel products.

FIT: Acronym with multiple meanings. RTM has seen it used to mean the following:-Foreign individual traveler -Frequent individual traveler -Fully independent traveler -

Usually a FIT Package will include lodging, meals, and attractions.

Fixed costs: Costs that dont change with sales or production levels.Fly/drive tour: A F.I.T. package that always includes air travel and a rental car andsometimes other travel components.

Folio: An itemized record of a guests charges and credits which is maintained in the frontoffice until departure. Also referred to as a guest bill or guest statement.

Foreign Independent Travel or Foreign Individual Travel - FIT: Aninternational pre-paid unescorted tour that includes several travel elements such as

accommodations, rental cars and sightseeing. An FIT operator specializes in preparing FITs

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documents at the request of retail travel agents. FITs usually receive travel vouchers to

present to on-site services as verification of prepayment.

Frequent Independent Travel (F.I.T.): A custom-designed, prepaid travelpackage with many individualized arrangements. F.I.T. are unescorted and usually have no

formal itinerary.

Fulfillment piece: Promotional literature, video, or other material that is sent inresponse to an inquiry. Usually contains full trip planning information.

Full house: A hotel with all guest rooms occupied.Function room: A special room that is used primarily for private parties, banquets, andmeetings. Also called banquet rooms.

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GGateway city: City with an international airport.Gateway: City, airport, or area from which a flight or tour departs.Geotourism (1998): Tourism that sustains or enhances the geographic character of the

place being visited--its environment, culture, aesthetics, heritage, and the well-being of itsresidents

GLAMER: Group Leaders of America Travel Show www.glamer.comGPS: A Global Positioning System is a satellite-based radio navigation system developedand operated by the U.S. Department of Defense (DOD). GPS permits land, sea, and airborne

users to determine their three dimensional position, velocity, and time 24 hours a day, in all

weather, anywhere in the world with a precision and accuracy far better than other radio

navigation systems available today or in the foreseeable future.

Ground operator: A company that provides local travel services, includingtransportation or guide services.

Group leader: An individual who has been given the responsibility of coordinating tourand travel arrangements for a group. The group leader may act as a liaison to a tour operatoror may develop a tour independently (and sometimes serve as the tour director).

Group rate: A special discounted rate charged by suppliers to groups. Also called tourrate.

Group tour and group leader: Group Tour: A travel agent type company whichplans motorcoach trips. Group Leader: A small, informal group, such as a church group,

scout troop, or social group. Usually one person plans the activities for the group. Some

travel shows target these planners such as GLAMER.

Group tour: A travel package for an assembly of travelers that has a common itinerary,travel date, and transportation. Group tours are usually prearranged, prepaid, and include

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HHospitality: A general term used in travel & tourism describing the hospitalityindustry; refers to the general greeting, welcoming, food service, etc.

Hotel Package: A package offered by a hotel, sometimes consisting of no more than aroom and breakfast; sometimes, especially at resort hotels, consisting of (ground)

transportation, room, meals, sports facilities and other components.

HSMAI: Hospitality Sales and Marketing AssociationInternational www.hsmai.org ,www.abt-travel.com

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Incentive tour: A trip offered as a prize, usually by a company to stimulate employeesales or productivity.

Inquiry: A request for more information about an attraction or destination.International Association of Convention & Visitors Bureaus(IACVB): Worldwide association of convention and visitors bureaus, based in Washington,

DC. www.iacvb.orgInterpretation: Print materials, signage, narration, guided tours, and anything thatinterprets the site for the visitor. Interpretation helps the customer interpret the

experience and explains why a particular product is valuable. Interpretation adds value and

meaning to the experience. Common interpretation techniques used in ecotourism include

commentary on guided tours, presentations and discussions, drama performance, musical

performance, brochures, signs, displays, and audiovisual presentations (NEAP, 2000).

Interpretative Programming: Activities conducted in a recreational environmentwhich seek to connect the participants to the meanings and values of the resource being

experienced.

Itinerary: Travel schedule provided by a travel agent for his/her customer. A proposed orpreliminary itinerary may be rather vague or specific. A final itinerary however provides alldetails (flight numbers, departure times, rese