TEMPERATURE AND HEAT

Thermal Energy

TEMPERATURE VS. HEAT

What is the difference between temperature and heat?

TEMPERATURE VS. HEAT Early scientists thought that heat was an

invisible fluid, which they called caloric. They thought this fluid flowed from hot

materials to cold materials, producing a temperature change.

Daniel Bernoulli proposed that gases consist of great numbers of particles moving in all directions, and that what we experience as heat is simply the kinetic energy of their motion.

TEMPERATURE VS. HEAT

The temperature of a substance is the average kinetic energy of its particles. The greater the average kinetic energy of all of an

object’s particles, the higher the object’s temperature.

Heat is the energy transferred from a warmer object to a cooler object heat, like work, is energy transferred between

substances or objects

KINETIC MOLECULAR THEORYThe kinetic molecular theory of matter states that matter is made up of particles (molecules, atoms, or ions) that are in constant random motion.

These particles are continually vibrating and rotating.

KINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY Thermal energy is the total internal

kinetic and potential energy of the particles within an object.

KINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY

THE KELVIN SCALE The Kelvin Scale connects temperature to

the kinetic molecular theory of matter.

The Kelvin Scale report temperatures based directly on the substances kinetic energy

ABSOLUTE ZERO Absolute zero is the lowest temperature that

is theoretically possible.

At Absolute zero, molecular motion and energy would be minimal, though there would still be at least some small quantity of energy.

Absolute zero cannot be reached on Earth or in a laboratory, but cooling can cool atoms to temperatures within a billionth of a degree of absolute zero.

HEAT

THERMAL ENERGY TRANSFERS Thermal Energy can be transferred in 3

ways

1. Conduction

2. Convection

3. Radiation

CONDUCTIONConduction is the transfer of thermal energy through direct contact between the particles of two substances, without the particles moving to a new location.

CONVECTION Convection is the transfer of thermal

energy through the bulk movement of particles from one location to another. Convection occurs in fluids(liquids and

gases), where the particles have freedom of movement

RADIATION Radiation is the transfer of energy as

electromagnetic waves or fast-moving particles.

The energy transferred in these waves or particles is called radiant energy.

The most common types of radiant energy are visible light and other sorts of electromagnetic radiation, such as infrared and ultraviolet radiation.

THERMAL ENERGY TRANSFER

THERMAL ENERGY TRANSFER