Telecomunication-Full Course Slides

8/6/2019 Telecomunication-Full Course Slides

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Chapter 1

Introduction to

Telecommunications


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Agenda

Definition

Components

Importance

Requirements

History Challenge


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Definition

Communication

Telecommunication

Data & information

Data communication

Voice communication

Video communication

Multimedia communication


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Importance

Melding of information systems and

telecommunication

Information at right time and right place

Capturing instant business transaction data

Allowing geographic dispersion of facilities

and people

Internet marketing


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Requirements for Voice

Communications Systems Availability

Reliability

Response time

User friendly

Universal service

Fast Inexpensive

Others


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Requirements for Data

Communications Systems Availability

Reliability - mean time between failures (MTBF),

mean time to repair (MTTR) Online and real-timereal enough time

Responsive

User friendly interface Ergonomics

Flexibility and growth


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History

Telegraph

Telephone

Computer

Transistor

Large-Scale Integrated Circuits Satellite


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Challenge

Changing technology

Legislative & regulation

Changing business environment


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Points to Remember

Definition

Components

Importance

Requirements

History Challenge


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Discussion

What are the basic telecommunication

requirements for establishing an e-business?

How do you keep up with the changingtelecommunication environment for an e-

business?


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Chapter 2

External Influences on

Telecommunications in theEnterprise


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Chapter 3

Telecommunication

Architectures and Standard


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Agenda

Network architectures & standards

Standard-making organizations

Pros and cons of standards

Open System Interconnection Model (OSI)

TCP/IP Manufacturer architecture

Pros and cons of architecture


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Communication Standards

Rules for compatibility

Specify how


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Needs for Architectures and

Standards Complex communication systems

Maintenance and future growth

Connectivity between network devices

Distributed processing systems

Diagnostic and performance management


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Standards-Making Organizations

International Telecommunications Union-Telecommunication Standardization Section (ITU-T)

International Organization for Standardization(ISO)

American National Standard Institute (ANSI)

Electrical Industries Association (EIA)

National Institute of Standards and Technology(NIST)

Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers(IEEE)


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Standards

V.Connection of digital equipment to telephoneanalog line

X.

Connection of digital equipment to telephonedigital line

X.400 Allow communication between incompatible

electronic mail systems

X.500 Create and maintain a directory of e-mail users and

their network addresses


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Pros and Cons of Standards

Pros

Compatibility between vendors

Fewer products

Cons

Slow processing

ObsolescenceFreezing technology

Discouraging innovation


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Open System Interconnection Model

International Organization for Standardization

Interconnection of Dissimilar Network

Seven Layers

Application

Presentation

Session Control

Transport Control

Network Control

Data Link Control

Physical Link Control


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Application Layer

Determine data to be send at originating end

Process data at receiving end


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Session Control Layer

Communication rules

Rate of transmission

Accounting functions


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Transport Control Layer

Identify receiving address

Calculate and check checksum of entire

message


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Network Control Layer

Route message

Dissemble and assemble data (transmission

unit)

Accounting functions


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Data Link Control Unit

Determine line usage

Establish link between two ends

Detect and correct transmission error

Add header and trailer

Divide data unit for transmission


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Physical Link Control Layer

Hardware specification

Electrical characteristics


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TCP/IP Protocol

Transmission Control Protocol/Internet

Protocol

Advanced Research Project Agency

ARPANET


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Manufacturers Architecture

Objectives

Base for future products

Control customers

Types

IBM: Systems Network Architecture (SNA)

Digital Equipment Corporation: DigitalNetwork Architecture (DNA)


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Pros and Cons of Layered

Architectures

Pros

Modularize structure for simplify maintenance

Specify interfaces for easy change & futuregrowth

Cons

Complex RulesCost of sophisticated intelligence

Complex software


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Points to Remember

Network architectures & standards

Standard-making organizations

Pros and cons of standards

Open System Interconnection Model (OSI)

TCP/IP

Manufacturer architecture

Pros and cons of architecture


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Discussion

What are your thoughts on selecting

network equipment for an organization?


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Agenda

Regulation

Regulation agencies

Deregulation

Terminology

Transnational data flow


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Reasons for Regulation

Universality & compatibility

Protection

Interference

Duplication

Infrastructure


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Regulation Agency

Federal Communication Commission (FCC)

Public Utility Commission (PUC)

Public Service Commission (PSC)


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Regulation

Tariffs: regulated basic services

Duration

Minimum Service ChargeFlat Rate

Amount of Data

Enhanced services: not regulatedConverting speed & coding system

Call forwarding, call waiting, caller id, etc.


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Deregulation

Interconnect industry

Antitrust & deregulation Open Skies Policy

Open Network Architecture

Telecommunication Act of 1996 Offering different services

Internet crime

Manufacturing equipment Allowing concentration of ownership


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Impacts of Deregulation

Competition

Better and economical service

New and flexible products


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Transnational Data Flow (TNDF)

ImpactNational defense and secrets

Personal privacy

Export information processing (loss of job)

RegulationTax or tariff

Content monitoring

Leased lines restriction

Privacy legislation


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Terminology

Local Exchange Carriers (LECs)

Interexchange Carriers (IXCs)

Local Access and Transport Areas (LATAs)

Demarcation Point


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Points to Remember

Regulation

Regulation agencies

Deregulation

Terminology

Transnational data flow


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Discussion

What are your thoughts on the future of

telephone company?

What are your thoughts on building anextranet between countries?


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Chapter 4

Data Communication

Applications


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Agenda

Application Category

Evolution

Applications

Internet, Intranet, & Extranet

Considerations


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Application Category

Human-machine interaction Person-to-person

Person-to-machine or machine-to-person

Machine-to-machine

Type of information Voice or data

Structured or unstructured

Static image or dynamic image

Timeliness On-line

Real-time

Store-and forward

Batch


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Evolution

Telegraph

Administrative message switching

Computers


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Telegraph

Morse Code

Dots and dashes

Slow

No error correction


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Message Switching Systems

Equipment: teletypewriters

Types: torn tape message system

Point-to-pointMultipoint line

Collision, polling, address, and protocol

Control or master station and subordinate orslave station


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Computers

BenefitsInquiry

File updating

Timesharing

Other applications (TPS, MIS, DSS, EX, EC)

Types

Centralized

Distributed

Client-server


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Applications - I

Airline reservation system

American airline: Sabre system

United airline: Apollo reservation system

Automatic teller machine

Swift: Society for Worldwide Interbank

Financial Telecommunication

Sales order entry

Point of sale

Universal product code


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Applications - II

Unstructured data application

Electronic mail

Ownership of contentSimple mail transfer protocol (SMTP)

No foreign characters

No executable files

Limited size

Multipurpose Internet mail extensions (MIME)


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Applications - III

Image application

Facsimile (FAX) Simple for printed documentation

Television Purpose

Security

Information

Conference Types

Freeze-frame & full-motion

One-way & two-way


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Internet, Intranet, Extranet

Internet

Browser program

Netscapes Navigator

Microsofts Internet Explorer

Uniform Resource Locator (URL)

World Wide Web (WWW)

Hypertext transfer protocol (http)

Internet service provider (ISP): tier 1, tier 2, tier 3 Intranet

Extranet


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Discussion

What are the telecommunication systems

design considerations for a bank?


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Chapter 5

Voice Communications


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Agenda

Telephone

Central office

Public Switched Telephone Network Lines Signals

Numbering

Services Private telephone system

Wireless communication


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Telephone Set

Transmitter Analog signal

Receiver Sidetone

Switchhook On-hook and off-hook

Dialing

Rotary dial Dual-tone-multifrequency (DTMF) or touch tone

Ringing Call setup time

l ffi


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Central Office - I

Switching equipment Manual switching

Electromechanical switching Step-by-step switches

Crossbar switches Electronic switching

Reliable

One total failure in 40 years

Quite & efficient

Less Labor costs with higher skill levels

Design considerations Forecasting demand (time, duration, distance, culture)

Grade of service or blocking


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Central Office - II

End office or serving central office

Toll office or switching office

Central hub


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Public Switched Telephone Network

Line types

Local loop (pair of copper wires: tip and ring)

Drop wire

Distribution cable Feeder cable

Trunk

Copper wire

Coaxial cable Microwave radio

Fiber optic cable

Internet line usage problem


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Analog Signals - I

Signal frequencySine wave

Cycle

Hertz (Hz): frequency per second Kilohertz (kHz)

Megahertz (MHz)

Gigahertz (gHz)

Bandwidth0 to 4,000 Hz (between 300 and 3,000 Hz)

Guard channel or guard band (buffer)


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Analog Signals - II

Amplitude

Loudness

FrequencyVibration speed

Phase

Relative position of wave measured in degree

A l Si l


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Analog Signals - III

Modulation & demodulation (voice &carrier wave

Three methods Amplitude modulation (AM)

Frequency modulation (FM) Phase modulation (PM)

Multiplexers

Base group, channel group or just group (12 - 4kHz)

Supergroup (5) master group (10)

Jumbo group


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Time Assignment Speech

Interpolation (TASI) Pack multiple voice conversations onto a

single telephone line

Eliminate 10% of quite time in conversation

I t Offi Si li


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Inter Office Signaling

Direct current (DC) signals

Dial tone signal

Tone signalsRinging, busy, and congestion signals

Common channel signalsCommon channel interoffice signaling system

(CCIS) by ITU-T

Signaling system No.7 (SS7)Use separate lines to set up telephone calls

Optimizing the digital networks

Offer enhanced services


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Telephone Numbering

9 geographic zones by ITU-T

Composition

Access code, carriers code,

Zone and country code

Area/city code

Exchange codeSubscriber code


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Telephone Services - I

Types of calls

Local calling

Long distance callsInternational calls

Operator services


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Internet Telephone Calls

Voice over IP (VoIP)

Benefits

Problems

Impacts

Future


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Private Telephone Systems

Key systems: 3 to 50 telephones

Private branch exchange (PBX) / private

automatic branch exchange (PABX) /computer branch exchange (CBX): over 50

Tie line or tie trunk for lease line

Centrex Communication server

S


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PBX System Features

Data communication

Direct inward dialing (DID)

Hunt group Least cost routing

Pickup group

Station message detail recording/call detailrecording (SMDR)/(CDR)

PBX Station Features


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PBX Station Features

Automatic reminder

Call forward

Call transfer

Call waiting

Camp on (call back)

Distinctive ringing

Do not disturb

Speed dialing


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PBX Security

Block remote access

Change access code and password

Block outgoing calls during off-hours


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Centrex Service

Regulated by public utilities commission

PBX equipment in central office

S l i C i i


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Selection Criteria

Between PBX and Centrex Regulation

Maintenance

Reliability

Growth

Control

Capital investment


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Audio Teleconferencing & Voice Mail

Audio Teleconferencing

Voice mail

Automated attendantAudiotex

Interactive voice response


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Wireless Communication - I

Cordless telephone

Cellular telephone service Transmitting voice & data

Security Eavesdropping

Spread spectrum

Accident

Second generation systems Time division multiple access (TDMA)

Global system for mobile communication (GSM)

Code division multiple access (CDMA)


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Points to Remember

Telephone

Central office

Public Switched Telephone Network Lines

Signals

Numbering

Services

Private telephone system

Wireless communication


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Discussion

Design a voice communication system for

an airline


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Chapter 6

Data Terminals and Personal

Computers


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Agenda

Terminals

Cluster control units

Workstation ergonomics

Terminal selection criteria

Total cost of ownership of personal

computer


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Terminal Classification

Definition Input/output devices

Data terminal equipment (DTE)

Data circuit-terminating equipment (DCE)

Classification Teletypewriters

Video display terminals (VDTs)

Personal computers

Industry-oriented transaction terminals

Intelligent terminals

Specialized terminals

Teletypewriter Terminals


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Teletypewriter Terminals

Types Unbuffered

Buffered

Characteristics

Slow speed

Mechanical dot matrix printing

Hard copy


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Video Display Terminals (VDT) - I

TypesCathode ray tube terminal (CRT)

Flat panel displays

CharacteristicsElectronic

Reliable

BufferedHigh speed

Unintelligent - intelligent

Video Display Terminals (VDT) - II


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Video Display Terminals (VDT) II

Screen All-point-addressable (APA)

Pixels or pels

Line-by-line mode

Page or formatted mode

Intensifying, blink, or reverse video

Keyboard

Alternative input mechanisms

Touch-sensitive Joystick

Trackball

Mouse


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Video Display Terminals (VDT) - III

Selection criteria

Nonglare surface

Titled or swiveled mechanism

Color or monochrome

Image flickfree

Size

Resolution

Programmable

Graphics capability

Personal Computers


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Personal Computers

Types

Microcomputer (portable, laptop, or notebook)

Workstation

Internet computers

Characteristics Upload and download (FTP)

Terminal emulation program & hardware (DEC VT-,

IBM 3270)

Graphical user interface (GUI)

Multitasking

Virus

Others


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Others

Industry-oriented transaction terminals ATM & point of sale

Remote job entry

Facsimile machines Group I, II, III, III enhanced, super III, IV

Security problems (audio cassette recorder)

Specialized terminals Telephone

Optical recognition (bar code reader, optical characterrecognition (OCR))

Other terminals for counting, weighing, measuring, andreporting results to the computer


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Terminals Intelligence

Intelligent terminals: program & storage

capability

Smart terminals: storage capability Dumb terminals: no or limited storage

capability

Cluster Control Units


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Cluster Control Units

Characteristics

Program capability

Buffers

Functions Control terminals

Code conversion

Error checking

Share printer

Access multiple computers

Multiple sessions using hot key


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Workstation Ergonomics

Nonglare screen

Tilted back 10 to 20 degrees

Top of screen is eye level 18 inches from eyes

Adjustable chair

Movable keyboard

Proper lighting


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Terminal Selection Criteria

Special or general

Hardcopy or video display

Types of operators Compatibility with the existing equipment

Degree of intelligent

Cost

Vendor support and service


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Total Cost of Ownership

Cost

$6,400 to over $13,000 lifetime

Hardware & software cost20%

User operational cost (learning & training)46%

Technical support cost21%

Administrative cost13%

Control Centralized management

Standardizing hardware and software


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Points to Remember

Terminals

Cluster control units

Workstation ergonomics Terminal selection criteria

Total cost of ownership of personal

computer


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Discussion

Design terminal requirement for a big

manufacturing company

Design terminal requirement for a biginsurance company


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Chapter 7

Data Coding


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Agenda

Coding

Code efficiency and conversion

Compression/compaction

Code encryption/decryption


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Coding

Definition

A predetermined set of symbols having specificmeanings

TypesHuman code

Morse code (dot and dash for telegraph)

Machine code Binary states

Binary digit (bit)


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Machine Codes - I

Characteristics

Two-state code

Same number of bits

Perfectly formed

Same transmission duration

Character Assignment: unique sequence of

bits


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Machine Codes - II

Types of characters

Alphanumeric

Format effector for terminal screen or paperControl (device & transmission)


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Parity checking

Parity bit

Even or odd


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Escape mechanisms

Escape or ESC Character

Pro:

Increase codes Con:

Code and decode the data


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Specific Codes

Baudot code

American Standard Code for Information

Interchange (ASCII)

Extended Binary Coded Decimal

Interchange Code (EBCDIC)

Unicode

Binary Coded Decimal

N-out-of-M code


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Baudot Code

5 bits (32 code points)

ESC mechanism

Figure shift (uppercase)Letter shift (lowercase)

Teletypewriters before 1965

No error checking

American Standard Code for


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Information Interchange (ASCII)

By American National Standards Institute

(ANSI)

7654321 (7-bit or 128 characters)

Pros:

Easy sorting by computers

Used by microcomputers

Extended binary Coded Decimal


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Extended binary Coded Decimal

Interchange Code (EBCDIC) 8-bit code or 256 characters IBM mainframe computers

01234567

U i d


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Unicode

16-bit or 65,536 characters

By Unicode Consortium for international

languages Used by Windows NT

O h C d


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Other Codes

Binary Coded Decimal

6-bit code Hollerith code

No standard N-Out-Of-M Codes

M bits to transmit each character, n must be 1s

Error Detection IBMs 4-out-of-8

C l Ch


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Control Characters

Transmission control characters

SOH, STX, ETX, EOT, ACK, NAK, NUL

Device control charactersBEL, DC1 (X-ON), DC3 (X-OFF)

Format effect control characters

CR, LF, HT, VT

C d Effi i


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Code Efficiency

Types of bits in a character

Information bits

Noninformation bits (parity bit) Definition: No. of information bits divided

by the total no. of bits in a character

C d C i


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Code Conversion

Harder from larger no. of bits code to

smaller no. of bits code

Use ESC mechanism

Data Compression/Compaction


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Data Compression/Compaction

Types

Character compression/Huffman coding or adaptive

Huffman coding (bits assignment)

Run length coding (repetitive characters) Character stripping (heading & trailing characters)

Combination of the above three

Consideration

throughput

Storage and transmission cost

Hardware cost & software cost

Code Encryption


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Voice

Scramble and descramble Data

Symmetric key Data encryption standard (DES) by National Institute of

Standard and Technology (2 to 56)

Triple DES (2 to 112)

Key security

Asymmetric key or RSA encryption

Public key & private key

Consideration Hardware and/or software cost

Time delay

Security management cost

Example of Encryption - I


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Divide text into groups of 8 characters. Pad with

blank at end as necessary Select an 8-characters key

Rearrange text by interchanging adjacent

characters

Translate each character into an ordinal number

with blank as 0, A as 1, B as 2

Add the ordinal number of the key to the results

Divide the total by 27 and retain the remainder Translate the remainder back into a character to

yield the cipher text

Example of Encryption - II


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Message: DATA COM

Key: PROTOCOL

A D A T C M O

01 04 01 20 03 00 13 15

01 04 01 20 03 00 13 15

16 18 15 20 15 03 15 12

17 22 16 40 18 03 28 27 17 22 16 13 18 03 01 00

Q V P M R C A SPACE

Example of Decryption - I

Di id i h i f i h h


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Divide cipher text into groups of eight characters.

Pad with blanks at end as necessary

Translate each cipher text alphabetic character and

the encryption key into an ordinal number

For each group, subtract the ordinal number of the

key value from the ordinal number of the ciphertext

Add 27 to any negative number

Translate the number back to alphabeticequivalents

Rearrange the text by interchanging adjacent

characters

Example of Decryption - II


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Q V P M R C A SPACE

17 22 16 13 18 03 01 00

17 22 16 13 18 03 01 00

16 18 15 20 15 03 15 12 01 04 01 -7 01 00 -14 -12

plus 27 27 27 27

01 04 01 20 01 00 13 15 A D A T C M O

D A T A C O M

P i t t R b


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Points to Remember

Coding

Code efficiency and conversion

Compression/compaction

Code encryption/decryption

Di i


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Discussion

Design the efficient and secure coding

system for an international company

Assignment


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Assignment

Review chapters 1-7

Read chapters 8-9


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Chapter 8

Data Transmission and Modems

Agenda


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Agenda

Circuit

Mode of transmission

Digital transmission

Analog transmission for digital signals - modems

Methods

Classification

Interfaces Functions

Selection Criteria


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Mode of Transmission


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Mode of Transmission

Data flow

Physical connection

Timing

Data Flow US


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Data Flow - US

Simplex transmission

Television and radio

Half-duplex (HDX) transmissionCB radio, terminal

Full-duplex (FDX) transmission

Telephone, computer to computer

Physical Connection


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Physical Connection

Parallel transmission

Fast

SimpleLine cost

Serial transmission

Complicated transmitter and receiveDecomposing and reconstructing

Timing


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Asynchronous transmission

Start/stop bits for character synchronization

Mark (1or stop) /space (0 or start ) bits for bit

synchronization

Simple, inexpensive, slow speed transmission

For personal computer

Synchronous transmission

Clock circuitry

One to four synchronization characters for each blockof data

Large amount of data on dedicated line

Digital Signals


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Digital Signals

Unipolar (positive voltage for 1, no voltage for 0)

Bipolar, nonreturn-to zero (NRZ)

Manchester coding (low-to-high is 1, high-to- low is 0)

Differential Manchester (no transition at the beginning

of the bit period is 1, second transition at the beginning

of the bit period is 0)

Benefits: self-clocking, and error detection

Bipolar, return-to-zero

Benefits of Digital Transmission


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Benefits of Digital Transmission

Better data integrity (detect & correct error)

Higher capacity cables (fiber-optic)

Easier integration (voice, data, video, etc.) Better security and privacy (encrypt data)

Lower cost (large-scale integrated circuitry)

Digital Transmission of Analog


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Signals

Quantization Quantizing noise or digitizing distortion

Codec (coder/decoder): analog-to-digital (A/D)converter & digital-to-analog (D/A) converter

Methods Pulse code modulation (256 integers, 8000 per second)

Adaptive differential pulse code modulation(difference)

Delta modulation (1 for +, 0 for -)

Digital Transmission of Digital


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Signals

Digital transmitter/receiver (data service

unit/channel service unit (DSU/CSU))

Simpler & cheaper Transmitter for shaping & timing the signal,

interface between DTE and line

Receiver for protection of excessivevoltage, diagnostic and testing

Analog Transmission of Digitalsignals (ModemsI)


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g ( )

Modulation and Demodulation Receiver (modulation), control unit (auto dial & auto

answer), transmitter (demodulation), & power supply

Equalizer in transmitter & adaptive equalizer inreceiver (adjust to fit the characteristics of the telephoneline)

Methods Frequency shift keying (FSK)

Phase shift keying (PSK): 180 degree (1 bit), 90 degree(2 bits), 45 degree (3 bits)

Differential phase shift keying (DPSK)

Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM): combinationof 8 phases & 4 relative amplitudes

Modems - II


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Modems - II

Methods

Trellis code modulation: signal processor, errorcorrection for error free transmission, high

speed Standards by ITU-T

V.32 for 9.6 kbps & V.32bis for 14.4 kbps

V.34 for 28.8 kbps & V.34+ or V.34bis for 33.6kbps

V.90 for 56 kbps

Modems - III


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HandshakingExchange signals between modems

Test the characteristics of circuit and quality

determine baud rate, modulation technique anderror control

Data compressionV.42bis by ITU-T

Microcom Networking Protocol (MNP 7 or 10)by Microcom, Inc.

Modem Classification


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Simplex, half-duplex, full-duplextransmission modems

Asynchronous or synchronous transmission

modems Acoustically coupled modems (portable)

Limited distance modems/short haul

modems (less than 20 miles)

Modem eliminators/null modems (cable less

than several thousand feet)

Modem Classification - II


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Facsimile modemsError correction and data compression

Modem for fiber-optics circuits

Digital-electrical to digital-optical Cable modems

DTE to cable television system cable

Data Over Cable Service InterfaceSpecification (DOCSIS) by CableLabs

For large files and not logon process


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Modem Interfaces


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Modem Interfaces

Between modem and line

Between DTE and modem

Between Modem and Line


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Between Modem and Line

Two- to four-wire cable

RJ-11 plug

Between Modem and DTE


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Between Modem and DTE

RS-232-C interface

V.24 interface

RS-232-D interface

RS-449 interface

RS-336 interface

X.21 interface

X.21bis interface

Current loop interface

RS-232-C Interface

B EIA and ITU T V 24


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By EIA and ITU-T V.24

Characteristics25-pin connector at both end

digital and serial

Female for DCE and male for DTEPins 2 and 3 to pass data, other for signaling

Limitations

50 -100 feet cable length2,400 - 9,600 bps

Hard to difference 0 and 1 when speed is high

and cable is long

RS-232-D Interface


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RS 232 D Interface

Specifications for the 25-pin connector

Addition of a shield on the cable

Redefinition of protective ground and somepins

RS-449 Interface


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RS 449 Interface

37 pins

4,000 feet cable

Not well accepted

RS-336 Interface


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RS 336 Interface

Automatic dialing from computer to remote

terminals for data collection

Not for high speed transmission

X. Interfaces


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X. Interfaces

X.21 interfaceDigital connection to a digital public telephone

network

X.21bis interfaceTerminal to packet switch network via analog

line

Current Loop Interface


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Current Loop Interface

Represent 1 and 0 by presence or absence of

an electrical current

Simple and inexpensive Nonstandard

Teletywriter system

Other Modem Functions


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Other Modem Functions

Reverse channel for signal one another to

determine the speed

Auto dial/auto answer Modem diagnostics

Loop back for accuracy checking

Modem Selection Criteria


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Modem Selection Criteria

Digital or analog signals

Asynchronous or synchronous

Speed Distance

Type of line

Cost

Functions

Spread Spectrum


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Sp a Sp

Analog signal for analog or digital data

Frequency hopping ad direct sequence

Generated by Pseudo random numbergenerator

Points to Remember


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Circuit

Mode of transmission

Digital transmission

Analog transmission for digital signals - modems Methods

Classification

Interfaces Functions

Selection Criteria


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Chapter 9

Communication Circuits

Agenda


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g

Definition

Types

Media Ownership

Error conditions, prevention, and correction

Definitions


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Telecommunication circuit Link

Data link

Channel Data circuit

Forward channel (high speed for data)

Reverse channel (low speed for control)

Node

Type of Circuits


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yp

Point-to-point circuits

Multipoint circuits or multidrop circuits

Two-wire circuits and four-wire circuits Analog

Digital circuits

ISDN T-carrier systems

Point-to-Point Circuits


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Only two points or nodes

Between two telephones or terminal to

computer More expense

Necessary & high volume of traffic

Multipoint circuits


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p

Multidrop circuit or a network

Low volume of traffic

Less expensive


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Analog Circuits


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Voice grade circuits

Low speed but up to 56,00bps

Noise

Error

Low-speed circuits or subvoice-grade circuits Subdivide voice grade circuit to 12 or 24 circuits

Speed ranges between 45 to 200 bps

Burglar alarm, fire alarm, telegraph, & Teletypewriter

usage

Use Amplifier for long distance

Digital Circuits


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g

Low error rate, noise, & high speed

Data service unit/channel service unit

(DSU/CSU)Shape and time the pulses

Less complicated

Less expensive

Need repeater for long distance


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Integrated Services Digital Network

(ISDN) II


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(ISDN) - II

Benefits Efficient

Integrated voice and data

Programmable to meet users need

Robust signaling channel for network management International defined open system interface

Problems in USDifficulty in agreeing on precise standards

High cost

Not active marketed service

T-carrier Systems

T1 T2 T3 T4


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T1, T2, T3, T4

T2 and T4 for carriers T1 and T3 for carriers and customers

T1 Line Repeater for every mile

24 circuits of 64,000 bps

Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) or Adaptive DifferentialPulse Code Modulation (ADPCM)

Multiplexing equipment needed

Flexible to reconfiguration, low cost for high qualityand volume

Fractional T1 (any multiple of 64kbps)

Switched Multimegabit Data

Service (SMDS)


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Service (SMDS) High-speed switched digital service from carrier

Two speeds T1 speed (1.544 Mbps)

T3 speed (44.736 Mbps) Configuration

Lease line from organization to central office

Normal, shared communication facilities between

central offices Benefit: less expensive

Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) - I


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Deliver digitized signals over telephone lines

Higher data communication speed for Internet

usage xDSL for dedicated, point-to-point, public

network access over twisted pair copper wire

More bandwidth downstream than upstream

More for individual customer than businessorganization

Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) - II


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Asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL) Standard voice band

Medium speed upstream band

High speed downstream band

New offerings G.Lite ADSL: lower bandwidths for less cost

SDSL (symmetric digital subscriber line): equal speedin both direction

VDSL (very-high-rate digital subscriber line): highspeed over short twisted pair telephone lines up to1,000 feet

Circuit Media


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Conducted or guided mediaTwisted pair or unshielded twisted pair (UTP)

Shield twisted pair

Coaxial cableOptical fiber

Radiated or unguided media (wireless)Microwave radio

Satellite

Infrared

Twisted Pair


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22, 24, 26 gauge

Twisted pair or unshielded twisted pair(UTP)

Electrical noise & other interference

Electrical Industries Association (EIA):Category 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,5E (extended), 6, and

7 (data grade starting Cat 3) Punchdown block

Shielded Twisted Pair


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Pros:

Less interference

Faster speed

Cons:

More expensive

Physically larger and difficult to connect to a

terminating block

Coaxial Cable


185/408

Pros:

Large bandwidth (400 - 600 MHz)

High capacity

Less interference

Good for noise environment

Cons:

Tapped easy (security problem)

Bulky to install

Optical Fiber - I


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Types: Single mode: more expensive & high capacity

Multimode: less expensive and less capacity

Inexpensive plastic

Expensive glass

Standard

Synchronous optical network (SONET) in US

Optical Fiber - II


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Pros:

High bandwidth

No interference

No crosstalk Small physical size and light weight for installation

Very secure

Cons:

Repeater for long distance

Expansive

Microwave Radio - I


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Characteristics

Long distance

Straight line transmission

20-30 miles between transmission towers

Radio license by FCC

Private microwave links connecting office

in a city

Microwave Radio - II

Pros:


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Pros:

Analog or digital signals

For voice, data and television signals

Long distance

Cons: Interference by heavy rain

Straight line transmission

Security

Vendors Motorola

Rockwell Communication Systems

Satellite - I


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Characteristics:

Geosynchronous orbit

Microwave radio transmission

Uplink and downlink

Types

Geosynchronous satellites (22,300 m)

Medium earth orbit (MEO) satellites (6,000 m)

Low earth orbit (LEO) satellite (3001,000 m)

Usages

Direct broadcast satellite (DBS) system for TV broadcasting Digital satellite service (DSS) for high speed Internet receive-only

access

Global telephone systems

Satellite - II


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Pros:

Analog or digital signals

For voice, data and television signals

Long distance

Cons:

Security and encryption

Propagation delay

Infrared


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Light waves

Line of sight

Wireless communication between nearbyequipment

Circuit Ownership


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Private circuits

Leased circuits

Bypass

Switched (dial-up) circuits

Selection criteriaCost, speed, availability, reliability,

maintenance, users requirementsOthers?

Circuit Identification


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Blue prints and document circuit and

equipment

Circuit number to each circuit for

identification

Multiplexing and Concentrating


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Time division multiplexing (TDM) Bit, character, or entire message

Statistical time division multiplexing (STDM)

using address field

Frequency division multiplexing (FDM)

Concentrator using buffering and intelligence

Circuit multiplexer

Concentration

Inverse concentration

Circuit Error Conditions


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Background noise (electrical phenomenon) Impulse Noise (spike)

Attenuation

Attenuation distortion

Envelope delay distortion (different propagationdelay)

Phase jitter (by carrier signal)

Echo Crosstalk

Dropouts

Error Prevention


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Line conditioning for leased lines reduce Attenuation (class C) Envelope delay distortion (class C)

Noise (class D)

Distortion (class D) Methods

Shielding

Improving connection for cables and connectors

Electronic versus mechanical equipment Quality

Trouble-free

Error Detection


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Echo checking every character

Vertical redundancy checking (VRC) or

parity checking

Longitudinal redundancy checking (LRC)

or block check character (BCC)

Cyclic redundancy checking (CRC-16) ofpolynomial error checking

Parity Check Example


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Parity BCC 1 1 1 1 1 1 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0

1 0 1 0 1 1 0

0 0 0 1 0 1 0

0 0 0 0 1 0 1

0 0 1 0 0 0 1

0 1 0 1 0 1 1

0 0 1 1 1 0 1 VRC

Error Correction Equipment and circuit requirement

B ff


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Buffer

Reverse channel or channel turn around

Retransmission - automatic repeat request (ARQ)

Methods

Stop and wait ARQ - ACK and NAK: long data block ,low error rate, & having a reverse channel

Continuous ARQ: long propagation time

Forward error correction (FEC): simplex transmission

using Hamming code, Hagelbarger code, Bose-Chaudhuri

code

High cost (extra bits & codes)


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Future


202/408

High-speed digital service

Bandwidth-on-demand

Points to Remember


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Definition

Types

Media

Ownership

Error conditions, prevention, and correction

Discussion


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Design the communications circuits needs

for a bank and state you reasons to insure

the security and accuracy


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Chapter 10

Data Link Control Protocols

Agenda


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Definition

Functions

Attributes Concepts

Types

Conversion

Definition


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Protocols: set of rules or guidelines for

communication between DTEs

Data link protocol: rules for operating the

circuit and sending message over it


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Data Link Protocols Attributes


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Transparency (DTEany bit pattern as

data)

Code independence

Efficiency (control codes)

Protocol Concepts


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Line Access

Contention

Polling

Token passing

Message format


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Polling

Characteristics


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Characteristics

One master and slavers

Special polling character

Types

Roll call polling (polling list)

Fast select polling (several terminals)

Hub polling (station to station)

Token passing (token)

Token (particular sequence of bits, Free or busy)

Message Format


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Start of header (SOH)Header (Address, sequence, date and time)

Start of text (STX)

Text

End of text (ETX) or text length

Trailer

Block check character (BCC)

Synchronization character (SYN)

Asynchronous Data Link Control Protocols -

Characteristics


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Start/stop bits

Parity checking

Character oriented Less expensive and less complicated

equipment

For personal computers

Asynchronous Data Link Control Protocols - I

XMODEM (simple, less reliable error


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( p ,

checking)

XMODEM-CRC (more reliable)

XMODEM-1K (more efficient)

YMODEM (reliable, multiple files transfer)

YMODEM-G (fast)

ZMODEM (fast, good failure recovery) X.PC (pack switching network, multiple

sessions on one circuit)

Asynchronous Data Link Control Protocols - II


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KERMIT (reliable, fast file transfer, PC &mainframe)

Serial Line Internet Protocol (SLIP) Full-duplex

IP over asynchronous dial-up or leased lines No error correction

Point-to-point Protocol (PPP) PC to a TCP/IP network

Full-duplex for synchronous and asynchronoustransmission

Authentication, compression, error correction, & packetsequencing

Synchronous Data Link Protocols - Classification

Character-oriented protocols


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Special character for start and end of message Binary Synchronous Communication Protocol (BSC or

BISYNC)

Byte-count-oriented protocols

Special character for start of the header, count field,message, block check character (BCC)

DECs Digital Data Communication Message Protocol(DDCMP)

Bit-oriented protocols Use flag character for start and end of message

IBMs Synchronous Data Link Control (SDLC)

ISOs High-Level Data Link control (HDLC)

Binary Synchronous Communications

By IBM

For 6-bit transcode (SBT) ASCII EBCDIC


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For 6 bit transcode (SBT), ASCII, EBCDIC

SYN at start and middle of transmission

Point to point and multipoint (polling)

ARQ approach for error checking (ACK1, ACK0, NAK)

Pros: Transparency and non-transparency modes

Efficient, understandable, and widely used

Point-to-point & multipoint operations

Cons:

Code dependent Half-duplex protocol

Cumbersome for transparency mode

Digital Data Communications MessageProtocol (DDCMP)

Usage Digital Network Architecture (DNA)


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Digital Network Architecture (DNA)

High-bandwidth and high-latency (satellite) links

Data message and control message

Error checking Use block check character

Unique and increasing sequence number for sending message ACK indicates the last message received

Pro: Efficient at transparency mode

Variable length of data

Only one control character: SOH

Easy implement for full-duplex and message sequence

High-level Data Link Control (HDLC) - I

Operating modes


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Normal response mode (NRM) for a primary node andone or more secondary modes on a circuit (polling)

Asynchronous balanced mode (ABM) for nodes withpeers (most used for efficiency with no polling in fullduplex)

Asynchronous response mode (ARM) for primary andsecondary nodes with same transmission right (rarelyused)

Frames Supervisory or S format: control acknowledge

Unnumbered or U format: (operation mode, start, termination) Information or I format: (data)


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Other Data Link Control Protocols

Link access procedure, balanced (LAPB)


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Link access procedure, balanced (LAPB) Full-duplex, point-to-point mode

For X.25 DTE and packet switching network

Link access procedure, D-channel (LAPD)

ISDN network Link access procedure for framemode bearer

service (LAPF) High-speed packet switching network on low error rate

digital circuits Asynchronous transfer mode

Data transfer on high s-speed, digital, error freenetwork

Protocol Conversion


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MethodsDedicated hardware protocol converters

Add-in circuit board protocol converters

Software protocol convertersGateway

Functions

Code translationControl characters, format, and error checking

Points to Remember


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Definition

Functions

Attributes Concepts

Types

Conversion

Discussion


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Select proper protocol for the network of a

bank state you reasons


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Chapter 11

Network Fundamentals


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Agenda

LAN


231/408

Characteristics

Topologies

Cables

Wireless

Transmission techniques Standards

Systems

Connecting Equipment

Performance Factors Management Issues

Characteristics


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Limited distance within a few miles

High data rate - 2 to 100 Mbps

Low error rate Good response time

Private owned

No regulation Share hardware, software, and data files

Reasons for having LANs


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Sharing

Local control

Service - response time and reliability

Information distribution systems

Protocol

Physical


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y

Data link control Media access control (MAC)

logic to access shared medium (token passing protocols orcarrier sense multiple access with collision detection or

CSMA/CD) Logical link control

assembling and disassembling frames

Error control

Flow control

Interface with higher layers

Frame (protocol data unit or PDU)

Topologies


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Bus

Ring as star

Media & Cables


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Unshielded twisted pair (inexpensive) Coaxial cable (faster, expensive)

Optical fiber (fastest, expensive)

Balun (inexpensive transformer for different typesof media)

Hub Connect wires and cables

Routing Repeater

Error detection

Wiring Cost and Documentation


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Cost considerations

Wires

Labor

Place with future requirements with spare

Documentation

Tags

Up-to-date documentation


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Types of Transmission Techniques


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Basedband transmission

Broadband transmission

Baseband Transmission


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Digital signal or digitized signals for voice

or video

1Mbps or higher

Simple and easy

Broadband Transmission


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Analog form

Frequency division multiplexing

Simultaneously transmitting data, voice and

video

Expensive, difficult to install, and needs

modems

Standards


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IEEE 802.2: LLC protocol IEEE 802.3: CSMA/CD baseband bus

IEEE 802.4: token passing bus

IEEE 802.5 token passing ring Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI)

Standard


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Ethernet


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Coaxial or twisted pair wire or fiber optic

Baseband, high speed, & limited distance

Xeroxs Ethernet

Segment

Types

10BaseT, 10Base2 (Thin Ethernet, or Cheapernet), &

10Base5 (Thick Ethernet)

100BaseTX, 100BaseFX, & 100BaseT4

Gigabit Ethernet as 1000BaseT

Token Ring


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Twisted pair wiring - 72 stations4Mbps

Shielded twisted pair wiring - 260 stations -16bMbps

Differential Manchester coding Predictable response time

Longer response time than CSMA/CD in

light traffic IBM

100VG-AnyLAN


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Ethernet and token ring packets

Demand priority or demand priority access

method similar to roll call polling

Unshielded twisted pair, shielded twisted

pair, and fiber-optic cable

100 Mbps

Fiber Distributed Data Interface -I

i i l S d d i ( S )


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American National Standard Institute (ANSI) High speed backbone between LANs

Primary ring and secondary ring - 100Mbps token

ring

Maximum 500 stations

Maximum length of 200 kilometers (rings)

Maximum 2 kilometers between stations

Fiber Distributed Data Interface-II

k i h d ffi


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Packet-switched traffic

FDDI-II for circuit-switched traffic

Constant data rate for video and voice

100 Mbps Fault tolerance

High-priority station having longer access time

MAP


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Manufacturing Automation Protocol (MAP)

By GM

Characteristics

Token ring on a boardband bus

Connection of dissimilar devices

Guaranteed response time

Ease of maintenance

High reliability

Appletalk

S ll l h (32 i i h


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Small close together groups (32 stations with

1,000 feet)

Nonstandard CSMA/CD medium access protocol

Bus or star topology using LocalTalk cablingsystem

Twisted pair, coaxial cable, fiber-optic cable

Inexpensive, easy to install and expand

Arcnet

D i C i


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Datapoint Corporation Characteristics

Baseband

Bus or star topologyUnshield twisted pair, coaxial cable, or optical

fiber cable

Repeater (active hub)

Passive hub (connection)

Low cost and ease of installation in late 70s

LAN Connection

LAN interconnection factors

T h l i ( l)


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Technologies (protocol)

Distance

Volume of communication

Equipment typesBridges

Switches

RoutersBrouters

Gateways

Bridges

C k i h l


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Connects networks with same rules or

protocol

OSI layer 2

Simple and high speed

Combination of hardware and software

Switches

F t th b id


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Faster than bridges

OSI layer 2

No routing function

TypesCut-through switch (fast with collision and

error)

Store-and-forward switch (slow, moreexpensive, fewer errors)

Routers

P i d t l ti d ti ti dd


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Passing and translating destination address

OSI layer 3

Inter network address, routing table &

routing algorithm ( cost, number of links,

bandwidth, delay, & traffic load)

Brouters

C bi ti f b id d t


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Combination of a bridge and router

Gateways

C t t k ith diff t t l


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Connects networks with different protocols

OSI layer 4 and up

Translate different data codes

Combination of hardware and software

Workstation and Server

Cli t ti


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Client-server computing Thin client or fat client

Server types File servers (disk servers)

Printer servers (spooling)

Communication servers (bridges, routers, etc.)

Application servers

Network attachment: network interface card(NIC)

LAN Software

orkstation


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workstation

IBM NetBIOS (Network Basic Input Output System)

Window 98, 2000, & XP

TCP/IP Server

Microsoft Window NT Server (NTS)

Novell Netware

Banyan VINES (Virtual Integrated Network Services)

Performance Factors

P t l (CSMA/CD t k i )


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Protocol (CSMA/CD, token ring)

Speed of transmission (line)

Amount of traffic

Error rate

LAN Software

Speed of hardware(CPU or disk)

Selection Process

Long range thinking planning and


261/408

Long range thinking, planning and

forecasting

Selection team

Checklist of criteria

Cost & benefit analysis

Technical alternatives

Management and Maintenance

Selection Criteria - I

Number of user


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Number of user

Geographic spread

Applications

Performance

Cost

Security Wiring

Selection Criteria - II

Installation


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Installation

Maintenance

Vendor support and training

Future expansion

Workstations

Compatibility to existing LANs Interface to other networks

Costs

Workstations

Servers


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Servers Printers

Cabling

Bridges, routers, brouters, gateways, switches Training

People (consultant, administrator etc.)

Maintenance

Space & Environment

Installation

Choices


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Choices Suppliers or dealers

In house

Tasks (project management)

Install hardware and software

Test access and capability

Trouble shoot

Document Train user

Help center

Management & Maintenance

Organization: LAN administrator

M li i d d


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Management: policies and procedures

Documentation

Hardware and software control

Change control

Back up (hardware and software)

Security (logical and physical)

Application (compatibility, integrity, & efficiency)

Performance monitoring

Security

Password

Sign off


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Sign off Encryption

Backup

Downloading Viruses protection

Dial-up access

Legal software

Internal and external auditing

Written policy and procedure

Points to Remember

LAN

Characteristics


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Characteristics Topologies

Cables

Wireless

Transmission techniques Standards

Systems

Connecting Equipment

Performance Factors Management Issues

Discussion

Design and implement an LAN or LANs for


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Design and implement an LAN or LANs forSchool of Business in terms of topology,

media, transmission technique, hardware,

software, and management issues.


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Chapter 13

Network Management and

Operations

Agenda

Objectives


272/408

Objectives

Scope

Functions

Software

Security

Physical Facility Staffing

Objectives

Availability


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Availability

Reliability

Response time

Real time problem solving

Other?

Scope Data Network

Voice network

Wireless network


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Wireless network

Communication hardware Workstations

Cluster controllers Communication lines

Line concentrators

Multiplexers

Front-end processors Communication software

Security

Importance

Asset


275/408

Asset

Resources

Growth

Functions

Network operations


276/408

Network operations

Problem management

Performance measurement and tuning

Configuration control

Change management

Management reporting

Network Operations

Starting and stopping


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Starting and stopping

Monitoring

Problem identification

Problem solution

Collecting statistics

Performance

Usage trend

Problem Management Help desk: list of standard questions

Problem logD d i


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Problem log Date and time

User name

Problem

Symptoms Trouble ticket

Date and time

Action

Auto trouble tracking systems (artificial

intelligence or expert systems)


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Problem Solving

Reconfiguration


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ReconfigurationBackup hardware & lines (alternatives)

Diagnosis and repair

Hardware testing equipmentProtocol analyzer

In house or vendor

Performance Measurement

Service level agreementA il bili (h )


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g Availability (hours)

Reliability (percentage of hours, mean time between failure, meantime between repair)

Response time (percentage of seconds)

Performance history Management information database (MIB): response time, circuitutilization, circuit errors, transaction mix, routing, bufferutilization, queue lengths, processing time

Network management protocol for exchange information betweencentral network management computer and end stattions : Simple

Network Management Protocol (SMP), Common ManagementInformation Protocol (CMIP)

Voice network: carrier or PBX.


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Change Management

Request


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Request

Coordination

Weekly change coordination meeting

Scheduled weekend changes

Documentation updates

Management Reporting

Short, daily, morning meeting


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Short, daily, morning meeting

Monthly performance & utilization report

Management summary for different levels

Network management Software

Simple Network Management Protocol (TCP/IP) Oldest, Limited security, widely use, standard for multi-vendors

Managed devices, agents, network management systems (NMS),


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and remote monitoring (RMON)

SNMPv1 and SNMPv2 are incompatible

Common Management Information Protocol (ISO) Not popular

Netview, Netview/6000 (IBM) Open Network Architecture (ONA)

Capacity planning, network financial administration, support forheterogeneous network

Netware Management System (Novell) Use command

Network Security

Physical security

Lock and key


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y

Access control Password and ID

Call back and handshake for remote access

Firewall: packet-level (address), application-level(entire message), and proxy server

Personal security Security checking for new employees, badge, ID card,

security awareness program, education, and prevention

Disaster recovery planning Adequate emergency communication service

Network Control Center

Raised floor -12 inches high


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g

Smoke and heat detectors

Extinguishing equipment (water or carbon

dioxide) Label equipment and cable

PBX & other voice equipment

Flexible for expansion Help desk

Staffing Operation Group

Help desk: experienced or inexperienced


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Help desk: experienced or inexperiencedusing script

Hardware technicians: electrical and

electronic background

Supervisor: technical and managing skills

On going training


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Communications Technical Support

Functions

S ti i ti ft


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Supporting communications software

Technical problem solving

Network analysis and design Performance analysis and tuning

Hardware evaluation

Programming

Consulting

Staffing Technical Support

Intelligent


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g

Analytical

Technical

Curious

Self-motivating

Independent

Points to Remember

Objectives


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j

Scope

Functions

Software

Physical Facility

Security Staffing

Discussion

Develop a telecommunication disaster and


293/408

precovery plan for a bank.

Develop a telecommunication disaster and

recovery plan for CSUS.


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Chapter 14

Network Design and Implementation

Agenda

Analysis and Design


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y g

Implementation

LAN

Voice Network Design

Analysis and Design Phases

Request

Feasibility Study


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y y

Analysis (requirement)

Alternatives (cost and benefit)

Design

Selection

Cost

Documentation

Management approval

Implementation Phases

Purchasing and vendor agreement


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g g

Installation

Training, and testing

Conversion

Follow up audit

Request

Source

User


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Senior managers

Communication department

External environment (customer, government, etc.)

Form: formal or informal

Prioritization (costs & benefits analysis)

Outcome: approval, deny, or on hold by

management

Feasibility Study

Team

User, specialist, and management


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Problems

Technical or non-technical

Analysis (technical, operational,economical, legal, schedule)

Report and presentation

Go or stop

Analysis

Analysis items

Geographic requirement (scope)Traffic load analysis


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Traffic load analysis Peak load (no. of message and length)

National & international busy hour

Traffic flow pattern by individual location (map) Response time, reliability, & availability (cost)

Terminal operators (end users & their educationbackground and needs)

Capacity growth projection (6 months to 5 years)

Constraint: time, cost, and compatibility

Documentation and reports

Alternatives

Sources (vendors)


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Availability (enchancements or new

products)

Incompatibility issues

Costs/services trade off

Design

Items


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Configuration diagram

Routing time (peak and average)

Response time (peak and average)Delay consideration (queue)

Simulation

What if for routing, response, and delay

Selection Procedures

Request for proposal (RFP) or request for


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quotation (RFQ)

Selection criteria and its weight

Request for Proposal

Title

Table of contents


305/408

Table of contents

Description of organization

Problem definition

Operation requirements

Format of response

Evaluation criteria

Decision schedule

References

Description of Organization

Organization chart


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Organization locations

Overview of system

Problem Definition

Error rate


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Misrouting

Time consuming

Security

Operation Requirements

Reliability

Down time


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Misrouting

Lost message

Transmission error

Performance

Throughput

Response time

Error rate

Format of Response - I

Title

Table of contentsO i


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Overview

Software (function & feature)

Hardware (function, feature, & capacity)

Performance (future growth)

Site requirement

Conversion (installation, testing, &

schedule)

Format of Response - II

Maintenance (support)


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Costs

Warranty Coverage

User Training

References

Other related information

Selection criteria

Proposed solution Compatibility


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Compatibility

Security and backup

Price Technical support

Product maintenance

Repair service

Financial viability

Vendor Response to RFP - I Introduction

Executive summary

Table of contents System design


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Syste des g

System feature

Growth capacity

Installation and testing methods

Maintenance arrangements

Ongoing support

Installation schedule

Pricing and timing of payments

Warranty coverage

Training and education

Other Recommendation

Documentation

Diagrams and maps

Configuration and wiring


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Components list

Hardware: model and specification

Software: version, release, no. of copies

Implementation plan (Gantt chart)

Milestones

Activities

Schedule

Management Approval

Review and verification


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Users

Operators

Management: budget

Purchasing Vendor agreement

Equipment configuration specificationAcceptance test


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p

Schedule: delivery, installation, testing,

operation

Location: delivery, installation, testing,

operation

Other terms and conditions: payment, warranty,

maintenance Get a experienced lawyer

Training

Types of instruction

Classroom Hand on


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Hand on

In house

Outside Educating

Users

OperatorsMaintenance crew

Security and backup

Testing

Testing time

Testing Tools


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Software & hardware

IBMs Telecommunication Network Simulator

Testing areasPerformance

Stress testing (load)

Error handling

Error recovery procedures

Conversion

TypesParallel


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Parallel

Cut over

PilotPiece by piece

Help desk

Vendor technicians or consultants

Implementation problems cleanup

Audit

After six monthsCh k f i i


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Check performance or success criteria

Formal report to management for proper

actions

LAN Design

Number of nodes Usage


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Usage

Traffic: day and time

Disk storage Speed

Security and backup

Compatibility

Management

Voice Network Design

Peak load and average loadG d f i

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