teknologjia informative / Ligjerata 10
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Transcript of teknologjia informative / Ligjerata 10
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Teknologji Informative
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Algjebra relacionale paraqet një tërësi të plotë me operacione ndaj relacioneve që mundësojnë selektimin e të dhënave nga databaza relacionale.Prodhimi kartezianUnioni , Prerja , ZbritjaProjeksioni-joinDivision (Pjestimi)
Algjebra Relacionale
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R r1 r2 r3 S1 s1 s2
1 x 3 3 p4 x 3 4 q3 y 4 4 p2 z 7
S2 s1 s2
4 q2 m
Shembull
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R x S2 r1 r2 r3 s1 s2
1 x 3 4 q4 x 3 4 q3 y 4 4 q2 z 7 4 q1 x 3 2 m4 x 3 2 m3 y 4 2 m2 z 7 2 m
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Projection R [ r2 , r3 ] r2 r3x 3y 4z 7
-join R [ r3 > s1 ] S1
r1 r2 r3 s1 s2
3 y 4 3 p2 z 7 3 p2 z 7 4 q2 z 7 4 p
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r1 r2 r3 s1 s2
1 x 3 3 p
4 x 3 3 p
3 y 4 4 q
3 y 4 4 p
2 z 7
R[r3 =ls1]S1
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S# P#
s1 p1s1 p2s1 p3s1 p4s1 p5s1 p6s2 p1s2 p2s3 p2s4 p2s4 p4s4 p5
Divide by ÷ Result DEND/DORDENDDOR 1 P#
p1
DOR 2
DOR 3
P#p2p4
P#p1p2p3p4p5p6
S#s1s2
S#s1s4
S#s1
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Cape Codd Outdoor SportsCape Codd Outdoor Sports është një kompani
fiktive që bën shitjen e prohimeve të nryshme.Cape Codd Outdoor Sports:
Ka 15 dyqane shitëse.Ka një magazinë on-line në Internet.Ka departament për postimin e porosive.
Të gjitha shitjet shënohen në Oracle databazë.
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Struktura e shitjes e Cape Codd Retail
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Nxjerrja e të dhënave që shiten në Cape Codd Retail Përdoren tre tabela: RETAIL_ORDER,
ORDER_ITEM, edhe SKU_DATA (SKU = Stock Keeping Unit).
Të dhënat e nxjerra shndërrohen në:DBMS të ndryshëm MS SQL Server
Në kolona të ndryshme OrderDate bëhet OrderMonth dhe OrderYear
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Formati i të dhënave të nxjerra nga shitja
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Tabelat për nxjerrjen e të dhënave [në MS SQL Server]
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Gjuha SQLKomanda/formulimi SELECT Korniza themelore e formulimeve të SQL
është SQL SELECT formulimi:SELECT {Emri_i_Kolonës(s)}FROM {Emri_i_Tabelës(s)}WHERE {Kushtet}
Të gjitha SQL formulimet përfundojnë me pikë-presje (;).
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Disa kolona nga një TabelëSELECT Department, Buyer
FROM SKU_DATA;
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Specifikimi i rënditjes së kolonaveSELECT Buyer, Department
FROM SKU_DATA;
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Komanda DISTINCT SELECT DISTINCT Buyer, Department
FROM SKU_DATA;
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Selektimi i të gjitha kolonave: Komanda yllëz (*)SELECT *
FROM SKU_DATA;
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Disa rreshta nga një TabelëSELECT *
FROM SKU_DATA
WHERE Department = 'Water Sports';
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Kolona dhe rreshta specifike nga një TabelëSELECT SKU_Description, Buyer
FROM SKU_DATA
WHERE Department = 'Climbing';
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Sortimi i rezultateve: ORDER BY SELECT *
FROM ORDER_ITEM
ORDER BY OrderNumber, Price;
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Dy lloje sortimesh:Rritës edhe RënësSELECT *FROM ORDER_ITEMORDER BY Price DESC, OrderNumber ASC;Shënim: Nëse nuk specifikohet ndonjëra nga komandat ASC ose DESC, sortimi
do të bëhet sipas ASC.
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Opcionet e komandës WHERE : ANDSELECT *
FROM SKU_DATA
WHERE Department = 'Water Sports'
AND Buyer = 'Nancy Meyers';
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Opcionet e komandës WHERE : ORSELECT *
FROM SKU_DATA
WHERE Department = 'Camping'
OR Department = 'Climbing';
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Opcionet e komandës WHERE :- INSELECT *
FROM SKU_DATA
WHERE Buyer IN ('Nancy Meyers',
'Cindy Lo', 'Jerry Martin');
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Opcionet e komandës WHERE: NOT IN
SELECT *
FROM SKU_DATA
WHERE Buyer NOT IN ('Nancy Meyers',
'Cindy Lo', 'Jerry Martin');
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Opcionet e komandës WHERE: Intervale me BETWEENSELECT *
FROM ORDER_ITEM
WHERE ExtendedPrice
BETWEEN 100 AND 200;
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Opcionet e komandës WHERE:Intervale me simbole matematikore
SELECT *
FROM ORDER_ITEM
WHERE ExtendedPrice >= 100
AND ExtendedPrice <= 200;
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Opcionet e komandës WHERE:LIKE edhe WildcardsSQL komanda LIKE mund të kombinohet me
simbolet wildcard:SQL 92 Standard (SQL Server, Oracle, etc.):
_ = Saktësisht një karakter % = Bashkësi me një apo më shumë karaktere
MS Access (bazuar në MS DOS) ? = Saktësisht një karakter * = Bashkësi me një apo më shumë karaktere
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Opcionet e komandës WHERE:LIKE edhe WildcardsSELECT *
FROM SKU_DATA
WHERE Buyer LIKE 'Pete%';
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Opcionet e komandës WHERE:LIKE edhe WildcardsSELECT *FROM SKU_DATAWHERE SKU_Description LIKE '%Tent%';
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Opcionet e komandës WHERE:LIKE edhe WildcardsSELECT *
FROM SKU_DATA
WHERE SKU LIKE '%2__';
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Funksionet e integruara të SQLEzistojnë pesë funksione të integruara të
SQL:COUNTSUMAVGMINMAX
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Funksionet e integruara të SQLSELECT SUM (ExtendedPrice)
AS Order3000Sum
FROM ORDER_ITEM
WHERE OrderNumber = 3000;
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Funksionet e integruara të SQLSELECT SUM (ExtendedPrice) AS OrderItemSum,
AVG (ExtendedPrice) AS OrderItemAvg,MIN (ExtendedPrice) AS OrderItemMin,MAX (ExtendedPrice) AS OrderItemMax
FROM ORDER_ITEM;
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Funksionet e integruara të SQLSELECT COUNT(*) AS NumRows
FROM ORDER_ITEM;
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Funksionet e integruara të SQLSELECT COUNT
(DISTINCT Department)
AS DeptCount
FROM SKU_DATA;
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Aritmetika në komandën SELECTSELECT Quantity * Price AS EP,
ExtendedPrice
FROM ORDER_ITEM;
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39393939
PYETJE???
Thank You!Thank You!