TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................ ii

LIST OF TABLE .......................................................................................................... iii

LIST OF FIGURE......................................................................................................... iv

Section-II DIRECTED RESEARCH ................................................................................

1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................... 1

1.1 Objective……………………………………………………………………...2

2. METHODOLOGY AND TOOLS........................................................................... 3

2.1 Methodology .................................................................................................... 3

2.2 Tools used…………………...………………………………………………..4

3. CHANGE IN VILLAGE PROFILE DUE TO WATERSHED

IMPLEMENTATION ..................................................................................................... 6

3.1 Pre watershed ................................................................................................... 6

3.2 Watershed work implementation ................................................................... 10

3.3 Post watershed ................................................................................................ 17

4. WATER BALANCE ............................................................................................. 24

5. WATER DISTRIBUTION BASED ON DATA ANALYSIS .............................. 31

6. CONCLUSION ..................................................................................................... 39

7. REFERENCES ...................................................................................................... 41

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

S.No. Abbreviation Full Form

1 ACWADAM Advanced Centre for Water Resources

Development and Management

2 CAPART Council for Advancement of People's

Action and Rural Technology

3 CART Council for Advancement of Rural

Technology

4 CV Coefficient of Variance

5 DOP Dug out Pond

6 FD Forest Department

7 GW Ground Water

8 IMD India Meteorological Department

9 PADI People's Action for Development India

10 SPS Samaj Pragati Sahayog

ii

LIST OF TABLE

Table No. Table Page No.

3-1 Water sources in Jamasindh village during 1995-99 10

3-2 Decadal Average Annual Rainfall, Coefficient of Variation

(CV), Rainy Days and Average Rain/Rainy Day, Bagli

Block, 1950-95

12

3-3 Action plan and structures details (Source: bisali document) 17

3-4 Change in multiple variables in village profile during 2002-

2012

19

4-1 List of wells 25

iii

iv

LIST OF FIGURE

Figure No. Figure Page No.

3-1 SD model for water dynamics during 1995-99 7

3-2 Groundwater (GW) stock dynamics during 1995-99 8

3-3 Basalt and dolomite entrapped groundwater stock dynamics

during 1995-99

9

3-4 Variation in cattle and human population 20

3-5 Variation in cultivation land for different crops 21

3-6 Variation in numbers of different water sources 22

3-7 Well classification with water fetching facilities 22

3-8 Energized and Non-energized water utilization 23

4-1 Surface water storage structure in Jamasindh village (Total

capacity 80, 000 cubic-meters)

24

4-2 Dug Out Pond (DOP) structure in Jamasindh village (Total

capacity 4, 000 cubic-meters)

24

4-3 SD model for water dynamics during 2002-12 27

4-4 Ground water stock variation during 2002-12 28

4-5 Basalt and Dolomite entrapped water stock variation during

2002-12

29

5-1 Water consumption in 2011-12 from different sources 32

5-2 Source wise water utilization for drinking purpose 33

5-3 Source wise water utilization for human activities other than

drinking

34

5-4 Water consumption distribution for cattle 35

5-5 Maize cultivation land based water source distribution 36

5-6 Cotton cultivation land based water source distribution 37

5-7 Wheat cultivation land based water source distribution 37

Section-II

DIRECTED RESEARCH

1. INTRODUCTION SPS has taken up 112,000 acres for direct implementation of watershed

programmes spread over 57 villages, leading to effective spending of Rs. 250 million

and generating nearly 2 million person-days of employment. The total storage capacity

of the water harvesting structures created by SPS is over 4 million cubic metres. This

has had the primary impact of ensuring drinking water security to all households in

these villages. Rabi irrigation has shown a rise of 300% and the overall irrigation ratio

has more than doubled. A significant impact of the work has been drought-proofing of

the kharif crop. As in any typical dry-land region, rainfall in these areas is low, highly

erratic and characterized by long dry spells between rainy days.

Water harvesting structures help farmers tide over this crisis by providing crucial

"life-saving" protective irrigation. We see the watershed programme as vital public

investment to incentivize private investments by even the poorest farmers on their own

lands. The yield of kharif (mostly rain fed) crops has shown a rise in the range of 10-

20% and that of rabi (mostly irrigated) crops has shown a rise of 60-70%. Overall, the

value of production of kharif and rabi crops together has doubled. The Benefit-Cost

Ratio ranges from 1.49 to 2.06 and Internal Rate of Return on investments from 30%

to 49% [1].

As per our Directed Research, we have analyzed the watershed work

implementation in the Jamasindh village. The watershed work has been implemented

under Council for Advancement of People's Action and Rural Technology

(CAPART), formed in 1986, as a nodal agency for catalyzing and coordinating the

emerging partnership between voluntary organizations and the Government for

sustainable development of rural areas.

CAPART was formed by amalgamating two agencies the 'Council for

Advancement of Rural Technology' (CART) and People's Action for Development

India (PADI). CAPART is an autonomous body registered under the Societies

1

Registration Act 1860, and is functioning under the aegis of the Ministry of Rural

Development, Government of India. Today, this agency is a major promoter of rural

development in India, assisting over 12,000 voluntary organizations across the country

in implementing a wide range of development initiatives [2].

1.1 Objectives: The objectives of our Directed Research were as follows:

• To study & analyze the water utilization pattern before and after the watershed

work implementation.

• To study & analyze water balance of the village.

• To study the different water sources and utilization pattern.

• To draw inferences from links between Social Structure and Pattern of Water

use (domestic, irrigation and others).

2

2. Methodology and tools

2.1 Methodology

Problem definition: We focused on study & analysis of the water utilization pattern

before and after the watershed work implementation in the village. Also, the water

distribution and water balance was under major consideration. Some trends were

expected based on analysis of interlinking between current village profile and

watershed work by SPS under CAPART scheme.

Research unit: The Jamasindh village profile before watershed work implementation,

the watershed work implementation, the Jamasindh village profile after watershed

work implementation and the stakeholders were our research unit. We tried to

interview as many categories of stakeholders as possible to get a better perspective

about the watershed work implementation. We also visited a different village named

Magradeh to get an idea of the village profile without watershed work implementation

which was nearby 10 km far from Jamasindh village. This visit had facilitated us with

a more focused approach towards recognizing the change in the village profile after

watershed work implementation.

Primary and Secondary source of data: Both quantitative and qualitative data are

required for a substantial research work as they complement each other. The

qualitative data and information have been mainly collected through PRA activities

and villager’s broad view towards watershed implementation. In order to gather the

quantitative data, a two pronged approach of collecting primary data and secondary

data has been adopted.

Survey of the villagers of every age group, interview of sarpanch, patwari of

the village formed the basis for primary data. Villagers’ survey was very much helpful

as they worked in the same watershed work implementation and they were very much

aware of the transition phase within the Jamasindh village due to the same. The

3

physical existence of the watershed structures and followed transition also helped a lot

in understanding the results of watershed work implementation.

The records on watershed work implementation and change in irrigation

pattern, household level water utilization related information maintained by the SPS

provided quantitative data and constituted secondary data for the survey. Also, the

data provided by sarpanch, patwari and Advanced Center for Water Resources’

Development and Management (ACWADAM) reports added more information to the

secondary data.

We conducted the Directed Research in the same village, where we had

conducted the village work so data collection through interview was not that tedious

but we continued with the semi-structured pattern following a pre-designed survey

questionnaire which helped a lot in conducting the interview without any

uncomfortable feeling for the interviewee. The questionnaire had been prepared for

both i.e. supply side and the demand side (Questionnaire in annexure).

Also the informal discussions with the villagers were very effective as the

participants often expressed their opinions about water scenario in a more open

manner as there were no guided questions. This aided the qualitative aspect of the

research by helping capture the villagers’ opinions within a context – bound natural

setting. The respondents had an opportunity to seek clarifications from us and also

give in their suggestions and opinions (beyond the questionnaire).

2.2 Tools used Questionnaire survey was mainly based on the two pre designed survey

questionnaire based on both supply and the demand side. The supply side

questionnaire enabled us to enlist the different water sources details, their uptime

status in terms of water availability and their importance in terms of utilization domain

4

such as drinking, bathing, irrigation etc while the demand side questionnaire provided

the information about the water source distribution, load on an individual water

source, variation of source for any particular utilization within a year as per season

variation.

Semi-structured interviews along with the informal discussion provided us general

information about the village profile before the watershed work implementation and

during the watershed work implementation phase without which it was tough to know

about the past status.

PRA tools also helped in terms of providing both qualitative and quantitative

information. FGDs mainly helped us to know the different beneficiary’s perspective

about the watershed implementation work as they belong to different habitations while

the resource map enlistment had given an indication about source dependency and

utilization.

Source measurement and inspection was mainly performed to calculate the water

balance in Jamasindh village. It also helped in collecting the information regarding

water storage capacity addition and improvement in recharge rate after the watershed

work implementation. We used the measuring tape provided by ACWADAM & SPS

joint project worker in dimension measurement of wells and other watershed

structures. The total capacity of earthen dams and DOPs structures were 80,000 cubic

meters and 4000 cubic meters respectively. The difference in well dimension and

water level depth inside the well was different for each well depending on the soil

pattern, water demand by owner and distance from the watershed structures.

5

3. CHANGE IN VILLAGE PROFILE DUE TO WATERSHED

IMPLEMENTATION

3.1 Pre watershed

During 1995-99, Jamasindh village was facing deficit in all terms of natural

resources which were very much required for the life sustenance. Even the watershed

implementation plan action report of SPS depicts the same in terms of water deficit for

irrigation, fodder deficit because of deforestation along with less crop production and

very less employment opportunities within the village. In words of Mohan-Kalabai, a

villager staying in Jamasindh during 1995-99, only 5 to 10 families were in the village

during 1998-99 and rest all had migrated as there were no further hope of sustainable

lifestyle. Government was also avoiding the needful to be done after the tribe-state

clash in 1997-98. At least one or two member of each family was bonded labor in the

nearby town Malwa (Ghat upar) for the family sustenance in the village or for paying

the loan interest.

Jowar and maize were the main crops in Jamasindh village. The sources for

irrigation were wells but mostly farmers were dependent on rainfall. The another

reason for worry was the high intensity rains for less number of days within the

monsoon season and the condition became very critical as the entire cultivation was

rainfall dependent. In general, every family had a debt of Rs 8000 per annum and they

were bounded to pay the asked interest to the private moneylenders as no other

facilities were available to them.

The information regarding variation in different resources during 1995-99 has

been collected via primary surveys and we enlisted the same in vensim software to

visualize the changes within a 5 year span i.e. 1995-99. We have assumed some initial

values for basalt and ground water stock within Jamasindh village area, which is

mentioned in the vensim model. The model outputs were as follows with all the

figures in cubic meters. In the below vensim model output we can see that the

6

Figure 3-1

SD model for water dynamics during 1995-99

7

Groundwater stock water is increasing but the main reason behind the same is

the major decrement in the groundwater consumption rate during 1995-99. The

decrement in the consumption rate is just because of the decrement in the consumption

rate from well which has been further described in Figure 3.2. The variation in the

increment rate is as per the rainfall variation in the region.

We have used some assumptions in our vensim simulation as data regarding basalt

entrapped ground water and ground water is not possible to know at a very correct

level. The few assumptions are as follows:

• Basalt entrapped water stock =5,00,000 cubic meter

• GW reserve water stock=40,000 cubic meter

• Annualized weight-age for water consumption in case of human and cattle,

who switches their source of utilization though out the year; though source list

is separately listed in next chapter i.e. water distribution.

Figure 3-2

Groundwater (GW) stock dynamics during 1995-99

CurrentGround water stock40,00030,00020,00010,000

0consumption rate for GW per year70,00065,00060,00055,00050,000Recharge rate for GW per year60,00055,00050,00045,00040,000

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999Time (Year)

8

The overall consumption is reducing because the all other forming

consumption profile is decreasing with the time. The decrement in water consumption

shows the very high migration rate because of insufficient resources. The ground

water stock deficit can be observed in Figure 3-2 as the total ground water stock is less

than the annual consumption for different livelihood options. If we see the basalt

groundwater reserve then the consumption rate is very much higher than the recharge

rate due to the very less percolation rate, though the consumption is very less because

of very less extraction as there were no borings during 1995-99. The basalt

groundwater stock variation with time can be shown as follows (Refer Figure 3.3):

Figure 3-3

Basalt and dolomite entrapped groundwater stock dynamics during 1995-99

CurrentBasalt and dolomite ground water reserve510,000505,000500,000495,000490,000consumption rate for basalt and dolomite entraped GW per year1

800700600500400

Recharge rate for basalat and dolomite entraped GWper year 1864201995 1996 1997 1998 1999

Time (Year)

9

Water distribution pattern

The sustenance was the main issue during 1995-99. The villagers were using

the single public well and the single public hand-pump for drinking water use. The

cultivation was mainly rain fed but few families having their own well were

cultivating crops with ground water. Even if there was enough water stock for

drinking purpose but people were migrating as agriculture was their main livelihood

and that was getting affected badly because of ground water deficit for agriculture.

Source details

During 1995-99 the major water sources for day to day livelihood were as follows:

Table 3-1

Water sources in Jamasindh village during 1995-99

S. No. Source Name Number of similar

sources (Private/Public)

Source Depth (m)

1 Hand-pump 0/1 >200

2 Well 8/1 <6

3 Small pond (300 cubic meter) 5/0 ~2

3.2 Watershed work implementation

The idea of watershed work implementation started with the initial resource

characterization in Bisali watershed area. The selected watershed area had an

advantage of having a natural catchment area as being surrounded with ridges of

Vindhyanchal hills, compact basalt bed on an average depth of 3 to 7 meters and the

most important was the need for the sustainability of the livelihood in the watershed

area.

Bisali, Jamasindh and Narsinghpura were the three main villages under Bisali

watershed area. SPS held a series of meetings with the village community to identify

10

the most urgent problems facing the village. The possible solutions to these issues

were discussed with groups of village people as well as with scientists and other

experts. The watershed plan has been finalized on the basis of these consultations and

incorporating the suggestions which came in limelight by these consultations.

Resource appraisal exercises conducted by SPS revealed that the watershed

was densely forested nearly 60-70 years ago. The region was part of the erstwhile

Dhar state. As a strategy to alleviate pressures on the agricultural land, the state

encouraged tribal to migrate to this area and settle down there. Pattas to land were

provided to these tribal who cleared forests and made colonies. These rich forests were

targeted by the Forest Department (FD) as well for commercial exploitation during the

same period. The testimonies of the first-generation migrants indicate instances of

'sequential overexploitation' by the FD.

According to these tribal, some of whom have worked in forest coupes, this

area has been coupe-felled four times in the last 50 years. A third element in forest

destruction was the wood thefts by forest contractors and outsiders, who have

established clear routes of wood traffic between this area and the trading centres in

Malwa. It must also be remembered that free grazing is an established practice in the

area. The combined impact of all these has reduced the forests to a highly degraded

status.

The watershed work implementation was totally dependent on the rainfall and

catchment area so relevant data collection and analysis was very much needed.

Though SPS had opted for the rainfall measurement in the watershed work

implementation area but the past data was very much essential. SPS had opted for the

secondary data based analysis as no other databases were available for the same

period. The rainfall data had been collected for Bagli block from Indian

Meteorological Department (IMD) for the time span of 1950-95, which are as follows

(Refer Table 3-2):

11

Table 3-2

Decadal Average Annual Rainfall, Coefficient of Variation (CV), Rainy Days and

Average Rain/Rainy Day, Bagli Block, 1950-95 [3]

Decade Annual

rainfall (mm)

CV of rainfall Number of

rainy days

Rain per rainy day

(mm)

1950-60 897 0.41 - -

1960-70 851 0.23 37 23

1970-80 1117 0.29 42 27

1980-90 778 0.22 39 20

1990-95 972 0.33 38 26

Average

(1950-95)

923 0.32 39 24

As in the other semi-arid agro-ecological regions of our country, 90% of the

annual rainfall is concentrated within the months of June to September. During this

period, the rain occurs typically on 35 to 40 days, in several discrete and intense

spells. The watershed work had been implemented by SPS under the CAPART

scheme during 1999-2003 and the cost benefit analysis had been done for the same.

The watershed work was supposed to generate employment as a very short term target

resulting into the permanent migration reduction. In the long run, the project was

expected to overcome the deficit in fodder availability, reduction in agriculture based

on the Increment of the water storage and ground water recharge rate.

Stakeholders

CAPART is an autonomous body registered under the Societies Registration Act

1860, and is functioning under the aegis of the Ministry of Rural Development,

Government of India. Today, this agency is a major promoter of rural development in

12

India, assisting over 12,000 voluntary organizations across the country in the

implementation of a wide range of development initiatives. The watershed

development was funded under the same scheme.

SPS is an NGO who has implemented the watershed project in Jamasindh village

under Bisali watershed work. It has provided the admin, technical and other expertise

for the project execution.

Beneficiaries may be subdivided into two categories i.e. short term beneficiaries and

long term beneficiaries. Short term beneficiaries’ category consists of the laborers

from the same or nearby villages while the long term beneficiaries’ category consists

of the farmers who get sufficient water for irrigation now, villagers with secure

drinking water availability throughout the year and the landless laborers who do not go

to nearby town following the permanent migration trend.

Interventions in the Ridge Area: Soil and water conservation measures undertaken

in the ridge area was very much important and it controlled soil erosion in highly

sloping land. Further, they helped into regeneration of the degraded forest cover by

improving soil moisture profile as well as recharge of the deeper aquifers in the

discharge zone of the watershed.

a. Contour Trenching: Staggered contour trenching was done in 60 hectares in ridge

areas with slopes more than 15%. The trenches had a standard size of 0.5m x 0.5m and

are spaced at 20m horizontal intervals. Cost of trenching per hectare in the base year

was Rs. 2933.

b. Contour Bunding: Earthen contour bunding is proposed in 50 hectares with slope

less than 15%. Earthen contour bunds had a height of 0.5-0.6m and upstream and

downstream slopes of 1:1 and 1.25:1 respectively in permeable soils and 1.25:1 and

1.5:1 in relatively impermeable soils. Base cost of bunding was Rs.2460/ha in

13

permeable soils and Rs.2600/ha on impermeable soils. Boulders were also being used

depending on the availability. At present most of the contour bund depth have

decreased to less than 50% of the initial depth values.

Intervention in the drainage line

Interventions in the drainage line had been done to control the volume and

velocity of the runoff. In addition they help in groundwater recharge as well.

a. Loose Boulder Check-dams: These were constructed usually in streams up to the

second order and less than 20% stream bed slope. These typically have a height of

1.2m and upstream and downstream slopes of 1:1 and 3:1 respectively. They are

spaced at 1.2m vertical interval and have 10-30m horizontal interval and have an

average volume of 25 cubic meters. The base cost of a boulder check-dam works out

to Rs.806. Where boulders are not easily available, the base cost of boulder-cum-earth

check-dams was Rs.1056.

c. Earthen Naala Bunds: These were erected in the drainage lines in with the purpose

to harvest runoff for purposes of percolation. In the plan, 2 Naala Bunds are proposed.

The base cost of a 2m high and 25m long naala bund was Rs.49, 000.

d. Channel Maintenance: Deepening channels and raising embankment along

sections of streams were performed, where the naala meanders and causes inundation

during peak floods. This has the dual purpose of controlling soil erosion and gully

formation as well as protection of the agricultural crops against damage.

Water Harvesting

Surface water harvesting is one of the important planks of the watershed

development plan. The undulating lands were ideally suited for construction of farm

ponds. The natural topography is aided by the geological factors in this zone, where

the soils are relatively impervious and the underlying coarse-grained Katkut

14

sandstones are good aquifers. Thus, in addition to storing water for protective

irrigation, these structures also helped in recharge of groundwater.

a. Dug-cum-Embankment Ponds: These were implemented nearby Jamasindh

village settlement, where the topography is conducive to their construction. 8 such

structures had been constructed in this area. Because of the limitation of black soil

availability, the structures are designed as the core-wall type earthen structures.

The combined capacity of these structures works out to 80,000 cubic-meters

i.e. on average capacity of 10,000 cubic-meters each. The primary objective of

construction of these structures was to provide vital protective irrigation to the kharif

crop along with the feasibility of fisheries development as well as watering of nursery

plants. Base cost of a typical dug-cum-embankment type structure was Rs.63, 000.

b. Dugout Ponds: These ponds are to be constructed in areas where the geology is

favorable for water storage but the topography is unfavorable. 5 such ponds had been

constructed in Jamasindh village. Base cost of a typical dugout pond of size 20 x 20 x

2m (800 cum capacity) was about Rs.25, 000.

c. Others: In addition to construction of new structures, the watershed development

plan also proposes to enhance the capacity of the already existing storage structures by

repairing them. Also field bunding had been done in flat land regions.

Afforestation

The different tree/grass species had been selected based on topography and soil

profile for afforestation, as in the degraded forest land, the emphasis was on hardy and

fast growing species that can meet the needs of the local people for fuel and fodder.

Tree planting here is being undertaken together with contour trenching.

The entire afforestation programme is predicated on the understanding that once the

needs of the people are met, they have a strong incentive to protect the forest. The

15

wedge that has been driven between the forest and the people must be sealed through

creative co-operation between the community and the state machinery. In the resource

appraisal exercises, the people expressed the need to conserve forests and pledged to

extend their support to any programme with this intent. A Forest Users Group has

already been formed which would plan and guide the afforestation efforts under the

watershed development plan.

Sustainable Groundwater Utilization

The utilization pattern and distribution was also one of the main key issues

during and after watershed work implementation. The groundwater profile was

expected to be improved but a complete success of the watershed implementation

work could have been stated only when the every family in the area would get benefit

out of the watershed work implementation. The socially deprived families will not be

able to utilize the recharged groundwater due to unavailability of personal well etc,

even if in some cases families were having private well but the depth of the well was

very less. It was also not feasible to facilitate each household with a private well.

Finally, the access to the ground water for the poorest households had also been

secured through selective excavation and deepening of dug-wells. A village-level user

of prospective well beneficiaries had been formed. The user group along with the

beneficiaries determined the selective households and advance amount repayment

schedules in terms of both money and time.

Non-farm Activities

Fodder availability had been planned for improvement in the health of the

livestock. As the milk yield improvement would provide greater scope for collection

and marketing of milk on a large scale. Similarly, non-farm activities could arise in the

processing of forest produce like neem seeds, mahua flowers and seeds etc. The

organic manure from neem and mahua are important ingredients of the soil

improvement package for the area itself. Neem oil as a pest repellent commands a

comfortable market in urban centres like Indore.

16

TTable 3-3

AAction plan aand structurees details [3]

3

w

T

ch

.3 Post w

The Bisal

watershed im

The watershe

Based on

hanges in vi

• Secur

• Multif

• Increm

watershed

li watershed

mplementatio

ed project ha

n the waters

llage profile

ity over drin

fold increme

ment in irrig

d project had

on work in J

as significant

shed work in

e can be enlis

nking water r

ent in overal

ated land for

17

d been succe

Jamasindh v

tly changed t

n the Jamas

sted as follow

requirement

ll agricultura

r kharif crop

essfully imp

village was

the entire vil

sindh villag

ws:

plemented by

part of the

llage dynam

e, the direc

y SPS and th

same projec

mics.

t and indire

he

ct.

ect

.

al land and pproduction.

p.

• Multifold increment in human population.

• Jowar (sorghum) cultivation stopped and cotton cultivation started.

• Employment generation within the village for landless people.

• Permanent migration reduced to nearby negligible figures.

• In seasonal migration also, villager ask for the desired labour rate.

• Fodder availability has promoted livestock and livestock related benefits.

• Decrement in soil erosion and black soil availability to improve soil profile.

• Energized pumping from wells boosted up rapidly.

• Number of wells increased to 24 from 9 no. of wells in 1999.

• Villagers started the production of vegetables and fruits.

The primary survey data has provided the quantitative change in multiple variables

within a time span of 10 to 11 years i.e. 2002 to 2012, which can be enlisted in table

below. The cattle population includes ox, cow, buffalo and calves. The sharp

increment in human and cattle population was nearby similar in ratio-folds. We can

see in Figure 3-4 that the human population and cattle population both increased by

approximately 3 times during 2002-12. The main reason was increment in cultivable

land and the employment opportunity within the village. Even back migration

happened during 2002-12. The increment in cultivation land and the afforestation in

nearby dry-lands full-filled the fodder demands, which finally reflected in terms of

increment in cattle population.

The increased number of surface water and ground water sources also promoted

the energy intensive approach towards groundwater extraction. The quantitative

growth in all above mentioned parameters have been shown in the below table. The

list consists of the quantitative comparison between the population, different water

sources, cultivable land and different machineries n the year 2002 and 2012 (though

some changes were continuous over the time while some happened within past few

years):

18

Table 3-4

Change in multiple variables in village profile during 2002-2012

S. No. Variables Units 2002 2012

1 Human Population - ~250 703

2 Cattle population - ~85 299

3 Wheat cultivation land Bigha ~30 280

4 Maize cultivation land Bigha ~115 443.95

5 Cotton cultivation land Bigha ~0 42.5

6 Others (Fruit and vegetable) cultivation

land

Bigha 1 10.5

7 No of wells - 9 23

8 No. of hand pumps - 4 6

9 No. of borings - 0 8

10 No. of private surface water storage

structures

- 0 2

11 No. of public surface water storage

structures

- 13 13

12 No of electrical pump wise energized

well

- 3 15

13 No. of diesel gen-set based energized

well

- 0 5

14 No. of tractor - 0 1

15 No. of bikes - 0 8

16 No. of chakki - 0 3

17 No. of thresher - 0 1

19

Figure 3-4

Variation in cattle and human population

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

Human Population Cattle population

Num

bers

2002

2012

The cultivation land area changed very rapidly after the watershed work

implementation and major changes happened in wheat and maize which can be

observed in Figure 3-5.

Though maize was also one of major crop earlier but the improvement in soil

moisture has converted the whole cultivation land area suitable for maize cultivation

with the help of different water sources and rainfall as a major.

At present, 43.25 bighas of maize cultivation is totally dependent on rain-fed

agriculture else rest 440.70 bighas of maize cultivation is being partially irrigated by

surface water, ground water or boring. The irrigation pattern varies with the source

capacity to provide water for irrigation as for example the rain-fed cultivation land for

maize gets the negligible water for irrigation while the boring fed maize cultivation

land gets the maximum water for irrigation. The increment in wheat cultivation land is

mainly because of surface water availability. At present 132.4 bighas out of 280

bighas are being irrigated by the stored surface water only.

20

Figure 3-5

Variation in cultivation land for different crops

050100150200250300350400450500

Wheat cultivation land

Maize cultivation land

Cotton cultivation land

Others (Fruit and veg) cultivation 

land

Land

 in bighs (2

500 sqm)

2002

2012

The watershed work also facilitated the ground water sock with higher

recharge rate along with increment in special areas development for recharging such

as surface water storage tank, check dams etc. The number of dug-wells increased

from 9 to 24 during 2002-12 following the sharp increase in ground water stock and it

can be observed in Figure 3.6.

The numbers of public surface water structures have seen no increment during

2002-12 while following the success of public structures, two private surface water

structures came in picture. The number of borings increased from 0 to 8 and mainly

started after 2006-07. The main reason was the demand increment and successful

installation of the hand-pump in the same area.

At present the energized pumping is the most common trend over each dug-

well. The energized pumping is mainly done for the irrigation purpose. The graphical

representation of energized and others dug-wells can be enlisted as follows based on

the primary survey data.

21

Figure 3-6

Variation in numbers of different water sources

0

5

10

15

20

25

No of wells No. of handpums

No. of borings

No. of private surface water 

storage structures

No. of public surface water 

storage structures

Num

bers

Variation in numbers of different water sources

2002

2012

Figure 3-7

Well classification with water fetching facilities.

02468

10121416

Govt well with pump house

Well with genset Well with pump others

Num

ber o

f wells

22

Figure 3-7 shows the number of energized sources in the village. Out of 24

wells, 21 are having some sort of energized pumping facility but they mainly use it for

irrigation purpose. Out of the 21 wells, one well serves the 6 households in the villages

those are using energized pumping for their drinking water supply under PWS scheme.

Rest households opt for manual water fetching from hand-pumps and dug-wells and

manually carry up to their homes.

Figure 3-8

Energized and Non-energized water utilization

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Energized drinking water supply Manually fetched & carried by family members 

Num

ber o

f hou

seho

lds

The overall change occurred in Jamasindh village can be observed in the above

graphical representations. The increment in human population, cattle population,

cultivation land and number of water sources shows the radical improvement in the

overall village profile. Further, the energized pumping in bore wells, dug-wells and

PWS scheme shows the user group profile and willingness to opt for energy intensive

utilization pattern to cope up with their needs or comfort.

23

4. WATER BALANCE One of the major objectives of the Directed Research (DR) was to study and

analyze the water balance model in the Jamasindh village. To calculate the water

balance, we focused our DR more towards the quantitative type. We have surveyed

each water source and measured their dimensions along with data collection about the

source uptime in terms of water availability. The findings are as follows:

Figure 4-1 Surface water storage structure in Jamasindh village (Total capacity 80, 000 cubic-meters)

Figure 4-2 Dug Out Pond (DOP) structure in Jamasindh village (Total capacity 4, 000 cubic-meters)

24

The well details are as follows:

Table 4-1

List of wells

S. No. Well Ownership Diameter (meters) Base Depth (meters)

Well (W1) Govt. 3.5 6.5

Well (W2) Ganga Ram/Nooribai 5.3 4.84

Well (W3) Rai Singh/Leelabai 5.5 7.1

Well(W54 Kalabai/Mohan 4.75 12.4

Well(W5) Silwati/Aapsingh 6.5 7.2

Well(W6) Urlibai/Gulab 8.1 6.4

Well(W7) Anjabai/Subharam 9 3.25

Well(W8) Ramlal/Lalita 5.2 9.4

Well(W9) Nawadibai/ Jhiriya 6 10.9

Well(W10) Aladibai/Rukhriya 4.3 10

Well(W11) Sayanibai/Bheemsingh 5 7.15

Well(W12) Gyarsibai/Late Mangilal 4.4 .45

Well(W13) Gangi/Rangari/SriRam/Sayari 9.4 6.56

Well(W14) Gitabai/Radheshyam 6.4 8

Well(W15) Semlal 7.5 5.8

Well(W16) Bahtya 9 7.5

Well(W17) Naijabai/Bahela 5.8 6.5

Well(W18) Nankabai/Munna/SURAJ 5.65 7.05

Well(W19) Bhiklibai/Sursingh 5.5 4.4

Well(W20) Ranubai/BharSingh 6.5 8.2

Well(W21) SURMAL 7 4

Well(W22) PremSingh/ Kiran 5 4.5

Well(W23) Nuar Singh/Dutiya 5.6 7.6

Well(W24) Jankibai/Jhanjharsingh 4.3 10

25

We have surveyed the utilization profile of each individual source to have the

exact idea of the water balance for that specific source. Though we have used some

assumptions in our vensim simulation as data regarding basalt entrapped ground water

and ground water is not possible to know at a very correct level. The few assumptions

are as follows:

• Basalt entrapped water stock =4,90,000 cubic meter

• GW reserve water stock=40,000 cubic meter

• Annualized weight-age for water consumption in case of human and cattle,

who switches their source of utilization though out the year; though source list

is separately listed in next chapter i.e. water distribution.

We have analyzed the surveyed data along with the above mentioned values

and correspondingly provided the weight-age for each utilization level stakeholders. It

can be better described as per based on an example such as a person may opt for

drinking water fetching from a particular well in summer and winter season but in

rainy season he opts for hand pump for drinking water needs, so the corresponding

annual weight-age for utilization would be 0.67 for well and 0.33 for the hand pump,

though the final addition has been rounded up to the nearest integer value.

After collection of the source data, utilization dynamics and corresponding

weight-age; we simulated our findings in vensim to know the main result exactly i.e.

water balance for the Jamasindh village after watershed work implementation. Further

we divided the results in different sections i.e. the stock, recharge rate and

consumption rate. All the water values are in cubic meters.

The stock flow diagram for the water dynamics in Jamasindh village during

2002-2012 is modeled using vensim. The vensim model and results for different

stocks are as follows:

26

FFigure 4-3

SD model for

r water dynaamics duringg 2002-12

27

Groundwater stock

Figure 4-4

Ground water stock variation during 2002-12

CurrentGround water stock400,000300,000200,000100,000

0Annual GW consumption200,000150,000100,000

50,0000

Annual GW recharge200,000150,000100,000

50,00002002 2004.5 2007 2009.5 2012

Time (Year)

The above Figure 4-2 shows initial increment in groundwater storage which is

decreasing post 2009-10. The main reason for increment was the better percolation

rate through SW storage structures and many other initiatives on inclined slope such as

contour trenching and bunds etc. The decrement part is a joint result of low rainfall

and the increased groundwater consumption rate post 2009. The variation in annual

groundwater recharge is varying a bit around a specific mean which is directly

depending upon the rainfall variation with a mean value of around 800mm. Though

the surface water storage is little bit independent of rainfall variation as 600mm of

rainfall is well sufficient to fill up all the surface water structures but the major part of

percolation happens through plane soil and entire village area which is directly

dependent on the rainfall in any particular year.

28

The below Figure 4-3 represents the basalt and dolomite entrapped water stock

in Jamasindh village, which is being extracted by borings and hand pumps. If we

analyze this image carefully, then with storage of around 5, 00,000 cubic meters the

stock is going to end by 10 to 12 years only. The main decrement in stock came after

2008, when the energized borings started extraction of the entrapped water reserve.

The recharge rate is very low in comparison to the consumption rate so it is not

making any significant improvement in total stock. The nearby exponential increment

in the basalt and dolomite entrapped groundwater stock consumption rate is just the

direct impact of the borings installation within the village.

Basalt and Dolomite entrapped water stock

Figure 4-5

Ground water stock variation during 2002-12

CurrentBasalt and dolomite ground water reserve600,000500,000400,000300,000200,000Annual basalt and dolomite entraped GW consumption rate1200,000150,000100,00050,000

0Annual basalt and dolomite entraped GW recharge rate1

6045301502002 2004.5 2007 2009.5 2012

Time (Year)

29

Analysis

The ground water stock can be analyzed based on both recharge and consumption

rate as for basalt and dolomite entrapped groundwater stock, one can only think of the

consumption rate. The groundwater stock was increasing till 2008-09 and thereafter

the decrement started. The decrement is mainly the direct effect of the increased

consumption rate and some dependency on rainfall variation. In Jamasindh village,

agriculture is the most water consuming activity and as per the primary data source

only 50.3 bighas cultivable land is completely fallow for now while the total

cultivable land is 583.8 bighas. Based on the primary survey data, we can extrapolate

the water consumption arte which is going to be saturated somewhere near about 10 to

15% more than the from present water consumption rate. In case of following the

same consumption trend, Jamasindh village is going to face water deficit in coming

decade only. The possible solutions for the sustenance may be the farmer willingness

to opt for drip irrigation, which is available at 80% subsidy from Government side or

natural bliss of having high rainfall every year. In case of basalt and dolomite

entrapped groundwater stock, the stock depletion rate is very high and aquifer size is

not exactly known to anyone. At present time only, not a single boring provides the

water extraction for 2 to 3 hours on a single continuous operation. Following the fact,

we can say that the basalt and dolomite entrapped groundwater stock is depleting very

fast. It needs all stakeholders’ active participation for preserving the basalt and

dolomite entrapped groundwater stock.

30

5. WATER DISTRIBUTION BASED ON DATA ANALYSIS The baseline picture of water distribution in Jamasindh village was also the part of

our DR. The supply-demand side survey following the data analysis helped a lot in

understanding the water distribution dynamics in the village. A family in Jamasindh

village utilizes water mainly for 3 sectors:

• Water requirement in majors crops cultivation.

• Water requirement by human population.

• Water requirement by cattle population.

The villagers use a single or combination of sources for the fulfillment of any

of the above mentioned requirements. The individual and combination of

sources are as follows:

• Hand-pump

• Well

• Boring

• Earthen dam

• Dug out pond (DOP)

• Hand pump + Well

• Hand pump + Earthen dam

• Well+ Earthen dam

• Well+ Earthen dam+ DOP

• Earthen dam + DOP

The graphical representation for water usage from the different source by the

Jamasindh villager for total water utilization in 2011-12 can be shown as follows. The

maximum utilization of water is by dug out ponds. But this source of water is

available only from August to February.

31

FFigure 5-1

WWater consummption in 20011-12 from different souurces

W

th

am

hu

m

se

w

y

h

as

d

fo

In som

he utilization

mong the ow

uman drinki

mentioning th

easons as fe

water intrusio

The b

ear as the in

and-pumps.

s people do

ecreases dur

or their drink

me cases, th

n pattern ha

wner of ava

ing water re

hat the drink

w dug-wells

on.

boring based

nstallation s

The well al

not will to g

ring that sea

king purpose

35%

Water consum

12

he utilization

as changed o

ailable sourc

equirement h

king water de

s get contam

d drinking w

ite is far fro

long with ha

go very far f

son of the ye

e.

%

mption (cub

1456

32

n pattern var

over the yea

es and the u

has been sho

emand shifts

minated beca

water deman

om the main

and-pump co

for water fet

ear. Villager

24%

41%

bic meters) sources

82614

142445

ries seasonal

ars. Also, vi

user. The wa

own below

s towards th

ause of nalas

nd pattern is

n habitation

ombination i

tching and th

rs do not use

in 2011-12 f

lly whereas

irtual water

ater utilizati

in Figure 5-

he hand pump

s and other

s constant th

having all d

increases in

he water req

e any surface

from differe

Sur

Dug

Bor

ent

rface Water

g‐wells

ring

in some cas

market exis

ion pattern f

-2. It is wor

p during rain

means of ra

ses

sts

for

rth

ny

ain

hroughout th

dug-wells an

winter seaso

quirement al

e water sour

he

nd

on

lso

rce

FFigure 5-2

Source wise wwater utilizaation for drinnking purposse

b

w

m

is

The S

een shown i

water during

The m

major fulfillm

s constant thr

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

Num

ber o

f person

Source wise

in Figure 5-

rainy and w

main depend

ment in othe

roughout the

0

50

00

50

00

50

00

50

00

50

Mar‐JJun Julyy‐Oct NNov‐Feb

water utiliza

-3. The main

inter season

ation for hum

n findings w

.

man activitie

were the vari

es other than

iation towar

n drinking h

ds the surfa

has

ace

ency remain

r seasons al

e year.

ns on the we

so. Here als

ell during Ma

o the boring

arch to June

g water base

e and consist

ed dependen

t a

cy

33

Figure 5-3

Source wise water utilization for human activities other than drinking

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

Mar‐June July‐Oct Nov‐Feb

Num

ber o

f Person

Handpump

Well

Boring

Well+Handpump

Earthen dam

DOP

Well+ Earthen dam

Handpump+Earthen dam

Well+ Earthen dam+ DOP

The water utilization profile for cattle population has been shown in below

Figure 5-4. The main findings were that the major portion of cattle population depends

on dug-wells throughout the year, while dependency on hand-pump decreases during

July-Feb as the water availability in the surface water structures stay well enough to

cope up with the part of the cattle population water requirement. The major part of

cattle population depends on earthen dam during July-Feb.

34

Figure 5-4

Water consumption distribution for cattle

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180N

umbe

r of

cat

tle

Mar-June

July-Oct

Nov-Feb

The water source utilization for maize cultivation is shown in below Figure 5-

5. The major sources for maize cultivation are dug-wells and surface water though

surface water contributes in the least irrigation with irrigation head of around 5 to 7

cm.

35

Figure 5-5

Maize cultivation land based water source distribution

0

20

40

60

80

100

120M

aize

cul

tivat

ion

land

in b

igha

The water source utilization for cotton cultivation is shown in below Figure 5-6. The

major sources for cotton cultivation are dug-wells and borings. Cotton crop needs a

lot of water for irrigation, which can be termed as 6 to 7 times of irrigation with an

average irrigation head of 8 to 10 cm. The BT cotton is in practice since 2004 but the

major increment came in effect after 2008 due to borings. 17 bighas out of 42.5

bighas are being cultivated by boring as their water source. There is no dependency

on surface water structures for the cotton cultivation as the cotton cultivation needs a

lot of water for irrigation as explained above in this paragraph and also the water

availability in the watershed structures stay very low during the cotton cultivation

season.

36

Figure 5-6

Cotton cultivation land based water source distribution

0

5

10

15

20

25

30Co

tton

 cultiv

ation land

 in bigha

The water source utilization for wheat cultivation is shown in below Figure 5-

7. The major sources for wheat cultivation are well and different surface water storage

structures. 99.1 bighas out of 280 bighas are being cultivated via well as their

irrigation source.

Figure 5-7

Wheat cultivation land based water source distribution

0102030405060708090

100

Whe

at cultiv

ation land

 in bigha

37

The total land irrigated under the surface water storage structures are 132.4

bighas out of 280 bighas. We can observe the relationship between the watershed

work implementation and the increment in wheat cultivation land as at the time of

kharif crop.

The final outcome of data analysis showed that the Ground water contributes

the most towards the water consumption in Jamasindh village followed by the boring

and surface water respectively. The ground water and surface water stock recharges

annually while the basalt and dolomite entrapped water stock takes a lot more time to

recharge. The recharge rate may 100 to 1000 times smaller than the present

consumption rate so this is a critical time to have some regulation or social agreement

over the boring based basalt and dolomite entrapped water consumption.

38

6. CONCLUSION The watershed work implementation has improved the Jamasindh village profile in

terms of local sustenance. This statement can be further elaborated with the listing of

direct and indirect effects of watershed implementation, which are as follows:

• Employment generation within the village during watershed work

implementation which helped in back migration.

• Multi-fold increment in Groundwater and Surface water annual recharge

collectively.

• Significant decrement in soil erosion on ridge side as well as on the farms.

• Farmers are now cultivating wheat and cotton though cash crop farming not

supported and promoted by SPS.

• Cultivation land has increased by more than 3 and 8 times in case of maize and

wheat respectively.

• Food security has stopped permanent migration while the fodder availability

has helped in the livestock increment.

• Increment is soil moisture has also decreased the water requirement during

maize cultivation.

• 365 days water availability in 24 dug-wells in the Jamasindh village in

comparison to 9 dug-wells before the watershed work implementation.

• Significant reduction in permanent migration as local employment opportunity

increased in agricultural sector.

• The livestock increment brought bio-manure (NADEP, Sanjivak etc) in

practice which further boosted the yield production at low cost.

• Though de-siltation process did not happen in Jamasindh village based surface

water structures till yet, but SPS is doing black siltation work in Jamasindh

village from other villages’ surface water structures now and it is expected to

be continued by in-village surface water structures in 2013-14.

• Water market concept is emerging in Jamasindh area. At present 10

households are paying for water in terms of grain or money.

39

• Watershed work implementation helped a lot to families, having no private

water source of water.

One of the main reasons behind the successful watershed work implementation

was the topology in catchment and recharge area. The sandstone profile is up to a

depth 3 to 10 meters which made it feasible to recharge 24 wells throughout a year.

The in-depth basalt bed has provided a good storage capacity to surface water

structures. The site selection for surface water storage structure was at the border of

basalt and sandstone profile which facilitated both storage and recharging as well.

The boring fed cultivation and other household works are in practice in extreme

east side of the village. No watershed work has been done in that area as the catchment

area will be very small in that region. Even if only 8 bore wells are there in Kakad and

Rishitalai mohalla collectively but the water extraction rate is very high. The data

findings show that the 35% of total water consumption in Jamasindh village is being

extracted by the hand pumps and bore wells only, out of which bore wells contributes

majorly. It is leading to the rapid decrement of basalt and dolomite entrapped water

reserve.

40

41

7. REFERENCES 1. http://www.samprag.org/watershed.htm site visited on August 14, 2012

2. http://capart.nic.in/orgn/index.html site visited on August 14, 2012

3. SPS (2001, unpublished) “Watershed Plan for Bisali Sitapuri Watersheds,

Bagli Block, Dewas district”, submitted to Council for Advancement of

People's Action and Rural Technology (CAPART), Ministry of Rural

Development, GoI.