TABLE OF CONTENTS

TABLE OF CONTENTS Schedule of Presentations and Events 9 Abstracts 17 Session I Human-wildlife Co-existence Securing human-elephant coexistence 65 Simon Hedges, IUCN/SSC Asian Elephant Specialist Group An update on the Asian Elephant Conservation Fund supported projects 134 Mini Nagendran, Asian Elephant Conservation Fund - U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service The Elephants and Bees Project: Using bees as a natural deterrent for crop-raiding elephants 180 Lucy King, Save the Elephants Session II Illegal Trade Ivory and rhino horn: Legal sale versus illegal poaching 226 W. R. Allen, The Paul Mellon Laboratory Conserving African elephants through walking and talking over 2500 km in Kenya 268 Jim Nyamu, Elephant Neighbors Center Section III In situ Population Dynamics and Conservation Focus on black rhino: Diceros bicornis bicornis population dynamics and a formula for 290 successful conservation of the species 2002 - 2012 Susan P. Downie, David Shepherd Wildlife Foundation Reproductive parameters in wild Asian elephants in Southern Sri Lanka estimated through 320 individual-based longitudinal monitoring Shermin de Silva, Colorado State University/Trunks & Leaves, Inc. Determining potential environmental and social factors affecting the success of the black 348 rhinoceros in Addo Elephant National Park, South Africa Rachel Santymire, Davee Center for Epidemiology and Endocrinology Lincoln Park Zoo White rhinoceros reproduction: Insights from the wild and semi-wild 386 Ron Swaisgood, San Diego Zoo Institute for Conservation Research

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Session IV Reproduction I Attempt to control estrus and ovulation in white rhinoceros using a synthetic progestagen 423 and slow-release GnRH analogue Annemieke van der Goot, University of Western Australia Session V Veterinary Care Manual restraint and chemical immobilization with xylazine/ketamine of wild and captive 437 Sumatran elephants (Elephas maximus sumatranus) under field conditions Christopher Stremme, Veterinary Society for Sumatran Wildlife Conservation Urinary hormone concentrations and pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics of haloperidol 462 in a female Indian rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis) Anri Benco, Cincinnati Zoo’s Center for Conservation and Research of Endangered Wildlife and Ohio State University Current studies on molecular mechanisms of iron homeostasis in rhinoceroses 487 Rose Linzmeier, UCLA School of Medicine Issues of elephant health care management in Myanma Timber Enterprise (MTE), Myanmar 506 Zaw Min Oo, Ministry of Environmental Conservation and Forestry, Myanma Timber Enterprise Update from the Stakeholders Task Force for the Management and Research Priorities of 533 Tuberculosis for Elephants in Human Care Kay Backues, American Association of Zoo Veterinarians Representative to the Elephant Care Task Force and Tulsa Zoo

Testing for tuberculosis in elephants: what is the evidence? 542 David Miller, Stakeholders Task Force for the Management and Research Priorities of Tuberculosis for Elephants in Human Care Point prevalence and incidence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex in captive elephants 568 in the United States of America Ramiro Isaza, University of Florida at Gainesville

Session VI Veterinary Care – Viruses First evidence of EEHV infection in Sumatran elephants (Elephas maximus sumatranus) in 593 Indonesia Christopher Stremme, Veterinary Society for Sumatran Wildlife Conservation Seven species of elephant endotheliotropic herpesviruses (EEHVs) form a novel mammalian 612 subfamily, the Deltaherpesvirinae Gary Hayward, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine

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Elephant herpesviruses EEHV2, EEHV3A, EEHV3B (a new subspecies), EEHV6, EEHV7A, 643 EEHV7B (a new Subspecies) and EGHV1A, EGHV1B (a new species), EGHV2, EGHV4 found in tissue biopsies and saliva from African elephants in Kenya and America Virginian Pearson, Princeton University Elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus (EEHV): where we are, where we are going 678 Lauren Howard, Houston Zoo The lonely rhino: analyzing anthropomorphism toward solitary animals 708 Selenia Murillo, Chicago Zoological Society - Brookfield Zoo Session VII Ex situ Benefits and Support of In situ Conservation The bigger picture – How captive elephant facilities benefit wild elephant populations 743 Sean Hensman, Elephants for Africa Forever Contributions to science and conservation by elephant managers and captive elephants 780 Heidi Riddle, Riddle’s Elephant and Wildlife Sanctuary and Elephant Managers Association Contributions of the Ringling Bros. Center for Elephant Conservation to wildlife management 818 in Sri Lanka Charles Santiapillai, Center for the Study of Asian Elephant at Rajarata University of Sri Lanka at Mihintale Session VIII In situ Conservation Control of invasive arenga palm (Arenga obtusifolia) in habitat suitable for Javan rhino 823 (Rhinoceros sondaicus), Ujung Kulon National Park, Indonesia Sectionov Inov, International Rhino Foundation - Indonesia The Role of standing sedation in mitigating human-elephant conflict in Sri Lanka 848 S. Wijeyamohan, Ringling Bros. Center for the Study of Asian Elephants at Rajarata University Trend analysis of temporal and spatial patterns of human-elephant conflict in Nepal 856 Dinesh Neupane, Arkansas State University Session IX In situ Management of Wildlife and Habitat The significance of pre-existing social bonds in translocated black rhinos 890 Natasha Anderson, Lowveld Rhino Trust Boma adaptation and development of a scoring system for recently captured white 930 rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum) in South Africa Michele Miller, Rare Species Conservancy Foundation Contact calls of the Northern and Southern white rhinoceros: Source of information on 960 individual identity and species of the caller? Ivana Cinkova, Palacky University

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Human - Elephant Conflict in the North West Wildlife Zone of Sri Lanka 962 Pubudu Weerarathna, Species Conservation Center Session X Reproduction II Oral imipramine and intravenous xylazine for pharmacologically-induced ex copula ejaculation 1008 in an African elephant (Loxodonta africana) Ray Ball, Tampa's Lowry Park Zoo Pretreatment of Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) spermatozoa with cholesterol-loaded 1030 cyclodextrins and glycerol addition at 4 degrees C improves cryosurvival Wendy Kiso, The Ringling Bros. Center for Elephant Conservation Session XI Ex situ Reproduction and Management Relationships among birth presentation, amniotic sac rupture and stillbirths in rhinoceros 1033 Jane Kennedy, San Diego Zoo Global Thermoregulation in the African elephant and possible effects on fertility 1080 Ray Ball, Tampa's Lowry Park Zoo Reproduction and population performance in the European captive population 1112 of Eastern black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis michaeli) Katie L. Edwards, Chester Zoo Improving the welfare of captive Asian elephants in Kerala, India 1131 T.P. Sethumadhaven, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University Relationship between management, adrenal activity and reproduction in a captive group of 1189 female Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) Jess Trotter, Chester Zoo Social and reproductive behavior of critically endangered Northern white rhinoceros 1203 (Ceratotherium cottoni) in a zoological garden Ivana Cinkova, Palacky University

Ex situ Management Management of a breeding herd of African elephants (Loxodonta africana) on a 1216 predominately forage diet Ray Ball, Tampa's Lowry Park Zoo Asian Elephant Support: A year in review and the importance of collaboration 1261 Linda Reifschneider, Asian Elephant Support

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Posters 1286 Symposium Participants 1296 Host Institution – International Conservation Center 1305 3rd Annual Management and Research Priorities of Tuberculosis for Elephants in Human 1341 Care Workshop Proceedings

SCHEDULE OF PRESENTATIONS AND

EVENTS

2013 INTERNATIONAL ELEPHANT & RHINO CONSERVATION & RESEARCH SYMPOSIUM SCHEDULE OF PRESENTATIONS AND EVENTS

Monday, 26 August 2013 10:00 – 18:00 Registration 18:00 – 20:00 Ice-breaker at the Comfort Inn Tuesday, 27 August 2013 All Presentations at the Comfort Inn 07:00 – 18:00 Registration 08:00 – 08:10 Welcome from the Pittsburgh Zoo & PPG Aquarium, International Elephant

Foundation, and International Rhino Foundation 08:10 – 10:10 Session I Human-wildlife Co-existence

08:10 – 08:50 Securing human-elephant coexistence Simon Hedges, IUCN/SSC Asian Elephant Specialist Group

08:50 – 09:10 An update on the Asian Elephant Conservation Fund supported projects Mini Nagendran, Asian Elephant Conservation Fund - U. S. Fish and Wildlife

Service 09:10 – 09:30 Rhinos: Are we at the tipping point?

Susie Ellis, International Rhino Foundation 09:30 – 09:50 The Africa Asia Human Elephant Conflict Education & Resolution Project

Ravi Corea, Sri Lanka Wildlife Conservation Society 09:50 - 10:10 The Elephants and Bees Project: Using bees as a natural deterrent for crop-

raiding elephants Lucy King, Save the Elephants

10:10 – 10:30 Break 10:30 – 12:10 Session II Illegal Trade

10:30 – 10:50 Distinguishing between genuine and imitation rhinoceros horns and horn artifacts

Vanessa Blount, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service Forensics Lab 10:50 – 11:10 Assigning the provenance of African elephants using mitochondrial DNA

Alfred Roca, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 11:10 – 11:30 Ivory and rhino horn: Legal sale versus illegal poaching W. R. Allen, The Paul Mellon Laboratory 11:30 – 11:50 Is habitat or food plants responsible for rhino poaching in Kaziranga National

Park, Assam, India? Abhijit Rabha, Department of Environment and Forests, KAAC, Karbi Anglong,

Assam and Bhrigu Prasad Saikia, Centre for Animal Ecology and Wildlife Biology, Gauhati University

11:50 – 12:10 Conserving African elephants through walking and talking over 2500 km in Kenya Jim Nyamu, Elephant Neighbors Center

12:10 – 13:10 Lunch Buffet

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13:10 – 15:30 Session III In situ Population Dynamics and Conservation

13:10 – 13:50 Conservation genetics of greater one-horned rhinos in India – from counting numbers to determining conservation priorities Udayan Borthakur, Aaranyak

13:50 – 14:10 Revealing cryptic forest elephant behavior through acoustics and thermal imaging

Peter Wrege, Cornell University 14:10 – 14:30 Focus on black rhino: Diceros bicornis bicornis population dynamics and a

formula for successful conservation of the species 2002 - 2012 Susan P. Downie, David Shepherd Wildlife Foundation 14:30 – 14:50 Reproductive parameters in wild Asian elephants in Southern Sri Lanka

estimated through individual-based longitudinal monitoring Shermin de Silva, Colorado State University/Trunks & Leaves, Inc. 14:50 – 15:10 Determining potential environmental and social factors affecting the success of

the black rhinoceros in Addo Elephant National Park, South Africa Rachel Santymire, Davee Center for Epidemiology and Endocrinology Lincoln

Park Zoo 15:10 – 15:30 White rhinoceros reproduction: Insights from the wild and semi-wild

Ron Swaisgood, San Diego Zoo Institute for Conservation Research

15:30 – 15:50 Break 15:50 – 18:10 Session IV Reproduction I

15:50 – 16:50 Gestational pattern in elephants - their consequences for pregnancy and birth management Thomas Hildebrandt, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research

16:50 – 17:10 Relationship of salivary hormone concentrations to urinary hormone excretion profiles in the Indian rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis)

Melissa Nau, Cincinnati Zoo’s Center for Conservation and Research of Endangered Wildlife and Ohio State University

17:10 – 17:30 Attempt to control estrus and ovulation in white rhinoceros using a synthetic progestagen and slow-release GnRH analogue

Annemieke van der Goot, University of Western Australia 17:30 – 17:50 Correlation between serum progesterone levels and luteal blood flow in Asian

elephants (Elephas maximus) Stephan Botha, University of Guelph and African Lion Safari 17:50 – 18:10 Incidence of reproductive tract leiomyoma in Indian rhinoceroses Robert Hermes, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research 20:00 Movie Night and Reception in the Ballroom

Battle for the Elephants John Heminway, Writer and Filmmaker

3 Wednesday, 28 August 2013 All Presentations at the Comfort Inn 07:00 – 10:00 Registration 08:00 – 10:00 Session V Veterinary Care

08:00 – 08:20 Manual restraint and chemical immobilization with xylazine/ketamine of wild and captive Sumatran elephants (Elephas maximus sumatranus) under field conditions Christopher Stremme, Veterinary Society for Sumatran Wildlife Conservation

08:20 – 08:40 Standing sedation in Sumatran elephants (Elephas maximus sumatranus) using Detomidine and Butorphanol

Frank Gὅritz, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research 08:40 – 09:00 Urinary hormone concentrations and pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics of

haloperidol in a female Indian rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis) Anri Benco, Cincinnati Zoo’s Center for Conservation and Research of

Endangered Wildlife and Ohio State University 09:00 – 09:20 Current studies on molecular mechanisms of iron homeostasis in rhinoceroses Rose Linzmeier, UCLA School of Medicine 09:20 – 09:40 Issues of elephant health care management in Myanma Timber Enterprise

(MTE), Myanmar Zaw Min Oo, Ministry of Environmental Conservation and Forestry, Myanma

Timber Enterprise 09:40 -10:00 Update from the Stakeholders Task Force for the Management and Research

Priorities of Tuberculosis for Elephants in Human Care Kay Backues, American Association of Zoo Veterinarians Representative to the Elephant Care Task Force and Tulsa Zoo

10:00 – 10:20 Testing for tuberculosis in elephants: what is the evidence? David Miller, Stakeholders Task Force for the Management and Research

Priorities of Tuberculosis for Elephants in Human Care 10:20 – 10:40 Point prevalence and incidence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex in

captive elephants in the United States of America Ramiro Isaza, University of Florida at Gainesville

10:40 – 11:00 Break

11:00 – 13:20 Session VI Veterinary Care - Viruses

11:00 – 11:20 First evidence of EEHV infection in Sumatran elephants (Elephas maximus sumatranus) in Indonesia

Christopher Stremme, Veterinary Society for Sumatran Wildlife Conservation 11:20 – 11:40 Clinical signs, diagnosis and treatment of the first case of EEHV3-B in an

elephant Ellen Bronson, Maryland Zoo in Baltimore 11:40 – 12:00 Seven species of elephant endotheliotropic herpesviruses (EEHVs) form a novel

mammalian subfamily, the Deltaherpesvirinae Gary Hayward, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine 12:00 – 12:20 Elephant herpesviruses EEHV2, EEHV3A, EEHV3B (a new subspecies), EEHV6,

EEHV7A, EEHV7B (a new subspecies) and EGHV1A, EGHV1B (a new species), EGHV2, EGHV4 found in tissue biopsies and saliva from African elephants in Kenya and America

Virginia Pearson, Princeton University

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12:20 – 12:40 Elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus (EEHV): where we are, where we are

going Lauren Howard, Houston Zoo 12:40 – 13:00 Veterinary treatment and management for papiloma viral infection of captive

Sri Lankan elephant (Elephas maximus maximus) in Colombo Zoological Garden Jagath Jayasekara, National Zoological Gardens, Sri Lanka

13:00 – 13:20 The lonely rhino: analyzing anthropomorphism toward solitary animals Selenia Murillo, Chicago Zoological Society - Brookfield Zoo

13:30 Buses to the Zoo 14:00 – 18:00 Lunch and tour of the Pittsburgh Zoo & PPG Aquarium 14:00 – 16:00 Silent Auction for IEF/IRF in Elephant Family Room 16:00 – 18:00 Elephant and Rhino Immobilization Workshop – Must be pre-registered

Jeff Zuba, San Diego Zoo Global

18:00 – 19:00 Poster Session and Cocktails at Water’s Edge 18:30 – 20:30 Silent Auction moves to the PPG Aquarium 19:00 – 20:30 Dinner at the PPG Aquarium 20:30 – 22:00 Buses return to the hotel Thursday, 29 August 2013 All Presentations at the International Conservation Center 07:00 – 07:30 Registration and Continental Breakfast at the Comfort Inn

07:15 –07:30 Buses to ICC

09:30 - 12:30 Session VII Ex situ Benefits and Support of In situ Conservation 09:30 – 10:10 The bigger picture – How captive elephant facilities benefit wild elephant

populations Sean Hensman, Elephants for Africa Forever

10:10 –10:30 Contributions to science and conservation by elephant managers and captive elephants

Heidi Riddle, Riddle’s Elephant and Wildlife Sanctuary and Elephant Managers Association

10:30 –10:50 Contributions of the Ringling Bros. Center for Elephant Conservation to wildlife management in Sri Lanka

Charles Santiapillai, Center for the Study of Asian Elephant at Rajarata University of Sri Lanka at Mihintale

10:50 – 11:10 Employing mahouts and captive elephants for elephant conservation programs in Sumatra

Nazaruddin, Way Kambas National Park Department 11:10 – 11:30 Reproductive assessment of Sumatran elephants (Elephas maximus sumatranus)

in Elephant Conservation Centers (ECC) across Sumatra Imke Lüders, GEOlifes- Animal Fertility and Reproductive Research

11:30 – 11:50 What elephants can teach us about preventing cancer Joshua Schiffman, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah 11:50 – 12:30 Rhino Protection Unit and support extended by local villages to protect the

remaining Sumatran rhinos in Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park, Indonesia Arief Rubianto, Rhino Foundation of Indonesia

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12:30 – 13:30 Lunch at the ICC 13:30 – 15:30 Session VIII In situ Conservation

13:30 – 14:10 Control of invasive arenga palm (Arenga obtusifolia) in habitat suitable for Javan rhino (Rhinoceros sondaicus), Ujung Kulon National Park, Indonesia

Sectionov Inov, International Rhino Foundation - Indonesia 14:10 – 14:30 The Role of standing sedation in mitigating human-elephant conflict in Sri Lanka S. Wijeyamohan, Ringling Bros. Center for the Study of Asian Elephants at

Rajarata University 14:30 – 14:50 Which future for human-elephant coexistence in the Boucle du Mouhoun

region, Burkina Faso? Julian Marchais, Des Eléphants & des Hommes

14:50 – 15:10 The conservationists’ dilemma: A need for pragmatism regarding captive breeding of exotic wildlife

Donald Paglia, UCLA School of Medicine 15:10– 15:30 Trend analysis of temporal and spatial patterns of human-elephant conflict in

Nepal Dinesh Neupane, Arkansas State University

15:30 – 20:00 Tour and Dinner at ICC 20:00 Buses return to hotel Friday, 30 August 2013 All Presentations at the Comfort Inn 08:00 – 10:00 Session IX In situ Management of Wildlife and Habitat

08:00 – 08:40 The significance of pre-existing social bonds in translocated black rhinos Natasha Anderson, Lowveld Rhino Trust

08:40 – 09:00 Boma adaptation and development of a scoring system for recently captured white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum) in South Africa

Michele Miller, Rare Species Conservancy Foundation 09:00 – 09:20 Contact calls of the Northern and Southern white rhinoceros: Source of

information on individual identity and species of the caller? Ivana Cinkova, Palacky University 09:20 – 09:40 The vanishing Asian elephant corridor in the Brahmaputra Valley, Assam: A

threat to Asian elephant conservation Bhrigu Prasad Saikia, Centre for Animal Ecology and Wildlife Biology, Gauhati University

09:40 – 10:00 Human - Elephant Conflict in the North West Wildlife Zone of Sri Lanka Pubudu Weerarathna, Species Conservation Center

10:00 – 10:20 Break

6 10:20 – 12:00 Session X Reproduction II

10:20 – 10:40 GnRH vaccination as a treatment for reproductive tract pathologies in female elephants (Contraception for post-reproductive cows: Why close the door after the cow is out?)

Nancy Boedeker, Smithsonian's National Zoological Park 10:40 – 11:00 Oral imipramine and intravenous xylazine for pharmacologically-induced ex

copula ejaculation in an African elephant (Loxodonta africana) Ray Ball, Tampa's Lowry Park Zoo 11:00 – 11:20 Suppression of testicular function by means of a GnRH vaccine in African

elephant bulls Imke Lüders, GEOlifes- Animal Fertility and Reproductive Research 11:20 – 11:40 Pretreatment of Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) spermatozoa with

cholesterol-loaded cyclodextrins and glycerol addition at 4 degrees C improves cryosurvival

Wendy Kiso, The Ringling Bros. Center for Elephant Conservation 11:40 – 12:00 Successful cryopreservation of Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) semen using

simple low-tech techniques Danielle Arnold, University of Guelph and African Lion Safari

12:00 – 13:00 Lunch Buffet

13:00 – 15:00 Session XI Ex situ Reproduction and Management 13:00 – 13:20 Relationships among birth presentation, amniotic sac rupture and stillbirths in

rhinoceros Jane Kennedy, San Diego Zoo Global 13:20 – 13:40 Thermoregulation in the African elephant and possible effects on fertility Ray Ball, Tampa's Lowry Park Zoo 13:40 – 14:00 Reproduction and population performance in the European captive population

of Eastern black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis michaeli) Katie L. Edwards, Chester Zoo 14:00 – 14:20 Improving the welfare of captive Asian elephants in Kerala, India T.P. Sethumadhaven, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University 14:20 – 14:40 Relationship between management, adrenal activity and reproduction in a

captive group of female Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) Jess Trotter, Chester Zoo 14:40 – 15:00 Social and reproductive behavior of critically endangered Northern white

rhinoceros (Ceratotherium cottoni) in a zoological garden Ivana Cinkova, Palacky University

15:00 – 15:20 Break

7 15:20 – 17:30 Session XII Ex situ Management

15:20 – 15:40 Comparison of visual body condition scoring systems in Asian elephants and

validation by transcutaneous ultrasound Kibby Treiber, Fort Worth Zoo 15:40 – 16:00 Body condition scoring index for female African elephants validated with

ultrasound measurements of subcutaneous fat Kari Morfeld, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological

Park 16:00 – 16:20 The effect of fresh forages on the fat soluble vitamin and lipid profiles of greater

one-horned rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis) Priya Bapodra, Columbus Zoo 16:20 – 16:40 Management of a breeding herd of African elephants (Loxodonta africana) on a

predominately forage diet Ray Ball, Tampa's Lowry Park Zoo 16:40 – 17:00 Sex differences in captive elephant calf social interactions Bob Dale, Butler University 17:00 – 17:20 Asian Elephant Support: A year in review and the importance of collaboration April Yoder, Asian Elephant Support 17:20 – 17:30 Closing and Thank You

Deborah Olson, International Elephant Foundation

18:30 Buses leave for Pittsburgh Zoo

19:30 Movie Night and Reception at the Pittsburgh Zoo War Elephants David Hamlin, Wildlife Film Producer and Jared Lipworth, Executive Producer National Geographic Television

20:45 Buses return to hotel Saturday, 31 August 2013 Post Conference Tour to The Wilds 8:00 Bus leaves the Comfort Inn for The Wilds 10:30 Tour and lunch at The Wilds 15:00 Bus returns to the Comfort Inn