T1 Ch1 CoSc 626 GIS Introduction (S1!10!11) L1

8/2/2019 T1 Ch1 CoSc 626 GIS Introduction (S1!10!11) L1

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Geographic Information Systemsand

Spatial Data Management

Topic 1


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Expected Learning Outcomes:

On successful completion of the Topic students will be able to:

develop familiarity with various applications of Geographic

Information Systems (GIS) and spatial data management,

acquire knowledge of modeling and managing spatial data,

develop the know-how of designing Spatial Database,

use and apply GIS software tools for practical problems,

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Outline for Topic 1:

1. Introduction to GIS

2. Geographic Data & GIS

3. Modeling Geographic Data and Spatial Analysis

4. Spatial Databases and Spatial Queries

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Methods:

Lecture in Class

Lab on ArcGIS

Project (report and demonstration)


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Reference Books:

1. Geographic Information Systems and Science: P. A. Longlry,

M. F. Goodchild, D. J. Maguire, D. W. Rhind, John Wiley,

2003.

2. Spatial Databases: With Application to GIS; P. Rigaux, M.

Scholl, A. Voisard, Morgan Kaufmann. 2002.

3. An Introduction to Geographical Information Systems,

Heywood, Ian etal., 2nd edition, Prentice Hall, 2002.

4. Spatial Databases: A Tour, Shashi Shekhar, Sanjay Chawla,

Prentice Hall, 2003.

5. Fundamentals of Spatial Information Systems Academic

Press, by Robert Laurini & Derek Thompson, March 1992,

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Chapter 1: Introduction to GIS

1.1 What is GIS?

1.2 Application Domains

1.3 Positioning on Earth


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1.1 What is GIS?

Spatial: any thing pertaining to the concept of

space, place, and location.

Spatial Data: Data that have some form of spatial

or geographical reference that enables entities to

be located in two- or three-dimensional space.

Any information about the location and shape of,

and relationships among, geographic features.

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Spatial Data:


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Geography

is concerned with the location or spatialvariation in both physical and human phenomenaon the earths surface -Martin Kenzer, 1989.

is the study of earth as the home of people Yi-Fu Tuan, 1991.

is the study of the patterns and processes ofhuman (built) and environmental (natural)landscapes, where landscapes comprise real(objective) and perceived (subjective) space. -Gregg Wassmansdorf, 1995.

http://geography.about.com/library/misc/blquote.htm

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Geographic Information System (GIS) is a system that

uses geographically referenced data (spatial data) as well asnon-spatial data and includes operations to support spatial

data analysis with a common purpose of:

decision-making, and

Managing data:

For Example:- use of land, resources, transportation, oceans or

any spatially distributed entities,

the connection between the elements of the system is

geography (e.g. location, proximity, spatial distribution)

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can be seen as a system of hardware, software andprocedures designed to support, capture, manage,

manipulate, analyze, model and display a spatially-

referenced data for solving complex planning and

management problems.

although many other computer programs can use spatial data

(e.g. AutoCAD and statistical packages), GISs include the

additional ability to perform spatial operations and analysis.

GIS: Contd

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GIS: Contd GIS provides a method to visualize or display spatial data.

GIS integrates spatial and other kinds of data within a single

system,

GIS allows access to administrative records - propertyownership, tax files, utility cables and pipes - via their

geographical positions.

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GIS-Summary

Specialized computer systems to process Geographical

Information (exists since the early1970s),

Techniques to input geographical information, converting

information in to digital formats,

Techniques of storage and query for geographic information, Methods for automated analysis of geographical data: search

for patterns, combine different kinds of data, make

measurements, find optimum sites or routes, and a host of other

tasks, Techniques for display of data in the form of maps, images, etc.

Capabilities for output of results in the form of numbers, tables,

and maps.

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Structure of a GIS

Application layers

Geographic

database

Data acquisition

subsystem

Mapping

subsystem

Data analysis

subsystem

DB querying

and management

subsystem

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GIS is a convergence of technological fields

GIS has been called an "enabling technology" because of the

potential it offers for the wide variety of disciplines which must

deal with spatial data,

each discipline provides some of the techniques which make up

GIS,

many of these disciplines emphasize data collection - GIS

brings them together by emphasizing integration, modeling and

analysis ,

as an integrating field of these disciplines, GIS often claims to

be the science of Spatial Information,

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Geography

Cartography

Remote Sensing

Photogrammetry

Surveying Geodesy

Statistics

Operations Research

Computer Science Mathematics

Civil Engineering

Contributing Disciplines and Technologies:

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Cartography

concerned with the display of spatial information,

deals with the design of maps, which is an important source ofinput data for GIS and the main form of output from GIS,

computer cartography (also called "digital cartography","automated cartography") provides methods for digitalrepresentation and manipulation of maps and their methods ofvisualization,

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Remote Sensing

remote sensing includes techniques for data acquisition and

processing anywhere on the globe at low cost, consistent

update potential,

images from space and the air are major source ofgeographical data,

interpreted data from a remote sensing system can be

merged with other data layers in a GIS,

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Photogrammetry

the process of making maps or scale drawings from

photographs, especially aerial photographs,

the process of making precise measurements by means of

photography,

is the source of most data on topography (ground surface

elevations) used for input to GIS,

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Surveying

the measurement of dimensional relationships, as ofhorizontal distances, elevations, directions, and angles, on the

earth's surface especially for use in locating property

boundaries, construction layout, and mapmaking.

provides high quality data on positions of land boundaries,buildings, etc

the geologic science of the size and shape of the earth,

source of high accuracy positional control for GIS

Geodesy

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Statistics

the science of collection, organization, interpretation and

analysis of numerical data, many models built using GIS are statistical in nature,

many statistical techniques are used for analysis,

statistics is also important in understanding issues of error

and uncertainty in GIS data,

Operations Research

the use of mathematical or statistical analysis of a process

or an operation, it is used in making decisions.

many applications of GIS require use of optimizing

techniques for decision-making

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Mathematics

branches of mathematics, such as geometry and graphtheory are used in GIS system design and analysis of

spatial data,

Civil Engineering

deals with the design and construction of public works,

such as bridges or dams, and other large facilities

GIS has many applications in transportation, urban

engineering, etc. Hence, borrows techniques of civil

engineering.

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1.2 Application Domains

1. urban planning

2. environmental planning

3. rural and forestry planning

4. marine applications

5. transportations6. natural resources

7. Earth sciences / geology

8. archaeology

9. real estate management

10. Defense, etc

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T1 Ch1 CoSc 626 GIS Introduction (S1!10!11) L1

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