Organic Compounds (Biomolecules/Macromolecules) Many organic compounds in biology are polymers.
T HE C HEMISTRY OF L IFE Organic Chemistry. B IOMOLECULES C, H, O, N make up practically all...
Transcript of T HE C HEMISTRY OF L IFE Organic Chemistry. B IOMOLECULES C, H, O, N make up practically all...
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THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE
Organic Chemistry
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BIOMOLECULES C, H, O, N make up practically
all compounds in living things Compounds are either organic
or inorganic• Organic- compounds that contain carbon (except CO2)• Inorganic- compounds that do not contain carbon
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BIOMOLECULES
Your body, along with other living things, make polymers to build tissue. This is called polymerization,or making bonds• In order to make a bond, water is removed
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BIOMOLECULES
Your body can also break these polymers apart (like in digestion). This is called hydrolysis, or breaking bonds• In order to break a bond, water must be added
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ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
carbohydrateslipids
proteinsnucleic acids
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BIOSYNTHESISthe putting
together of substances by living things
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ORGANIC COMPOUNDS Carbon has 4 valence electrons that will readily bond with other carbon atoms
Carbon will share more than 1 electron with other atoms
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FUNCTIONS OF ORGANIC
COMPOUNDS• Structural-compounds used as
building blocks of structures• Enzymatic-compounds that are
enzymes or help enzymes function • Storage- compounds that store
energy, other substances or information for future use
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CARBOHYDRATES monosaccharides• single sugars
– Glucose- plant sugar– Galactose- milk sugar– Fructose- fruit sugar
disaccharides• double sugar• Sucrose- formed from joining
glucose and fructose
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fructose
glucose
sucrose
DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS
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fructose
glucose
sucrose
HYDROLYSIS
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CARBOHYDRATES polysaccharides• Starch- one of the primary substances that
plants store as food. Corn, potatoes, wheat, rice are major energy sources for humans• Glycogen- often called animal starch• Cellulose- these are much larger than
starch molecules. Indigestible to humansbulk or roughage-needed for movement
of material in the digestive system• Chitin-makes up the shells of crustaceans
and the tough outer covering of insects
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ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
FUNCTIONS
Structural
Enzymatic
Storage
Energy Material
Information
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
CARBOHYDRATES
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CARBOHYDRATE STRUCTURE
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LIPIDS Composed of C, H, O (other
elements also)H to O ratio is never 2:1
only slightly soluble in water because they are nonpolar, but very soluble in other organic solvents such as alcohol
occupy less space than starches Known as fats, oils and waxes
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LIPIDS
fatty acids- most abundant lipids• found in animal tissue and dairy products• store energy• Can be broken down by enzymes into many 2-carbon molecule pieces which may eventually release usable cellular energy
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LIPIDS
fatty acids• have hydrophilic and hydrophobic ends– “philic” = love– “phobic” = fear
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LIPID STRUCTURE
Hydrophilic end
Hydrophobic end
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LIPIDS
Triglycerides (fats)• most abundant type of lipid in the body• Formed by combining three fatty acid molecules with a molecule of glycerol
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LIPIDS fatty acids• saturated
– single bonds between carbon atoms
– All the carbons are connected to each other by a single bond (highest # of H possible)
– solid at room temp.e.g., butter & lard
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MISINFORMATION ABOUT SATURATED FATS BEING BAD
Cholesterol is produced but gets used as needed to repair damage to arteries• If there is no damage to arteries, cholesterol wont stick
When you don’t eat cholesterol, your body makes it to repair damage to arteries anyway
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LIPIDS fatty acids• unsaturated– double bond between
one or more pairs of carbon atoms so it has less H
– liquid at room temp.e.g., corn oil, olive oil, peanut oil, coconut oil
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LIPIDS Fatty acids• Polyunsaturated– Has many
double bonds.
– Has the least Hydrogens, so these are more oily.
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LIPIDS phospholipids• two fatty acids with a
glycerol molecule• Has a phosphate-
containing group attached• also have hydrophilic
and hydrophobic ends• Essential in structure of cell
membrane
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LIPIDS Waxes• Result when several
fatty acids join to alcohols made of long carbon chains• Honeybees produce the
waxes that make up a honeycomb• Plant leaves and stems
have a thin layer of wax to help deter pests and prevent water loss
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LIPIDS Steroids• Classified as lipids because they are
hydrophobic, but differ from other lipids in function and structure• function as chemical
messengers – Sex hormones: estrogen and
testosterone are steroids• Cholesterol is a common but important
steroid found in membranes of human and animal cells
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LIPIDS
steroids
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TRANS-FAT
“Hydrogenated oils”• They were polyunsaturated oils, that they forced hydrogen into to make them more solid.• Very unnatural and BAD for you!
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LIPIDS
Natural fats coupled with a natural diet are extremely healthy for you.• Aide in digestiion, vitamin absorption and prevents arthritis.• Increase brain function• Eat REAL butter and red meats!!!!
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ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
FUNCTIONS
Structural
Enzymatic
Storage
Energy Material
Information
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
LIPIDS
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PROTEINS made up of long chains of
amino acids form polypeptide bonds
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PROTEINS
made up of long chains of amino acids
form polypeptide bonds function as enzymes and
structural building blocks
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ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
FUNCTIONS
Structural
Enzymatic
Storage
Energy Material
Information
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
PROTEINS
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NUCLEIC ACIDSmaterial for heredity
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NUCLEIC ACIDS
found in the nucleus transmit information to the
next generation of cells contain information for
manufacturing proteins described by Watson and Cri
ck
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DNA
deoxyribonucleic acid structure• double helix, or spiral
• twisted ladder of nucleotides
– 3 components
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NUCLEOTIDEsugar, phosphate, and a
base
bases: adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine
phosphate
sugar
base
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REPLICATIONone DNA molecule becomes two DNA
molecules
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enzymeenzymes
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RNA
ribonucleic acid sugar = ribose single stranded bases: cytosine, guanine,
adenine, and uracil
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TRANSCRIPTION
process by which DNA forms RNA
RNA polymerase
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ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
FUNCTIONS
Structural
Enzymatic
Storage
Energy Material
Information
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic AcidsNUCLEIC ACIDS