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Transcript of 1 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY. 2 Types of Organic Compounds organic compounds.Vast majority of over 20 million...
11
ORGANIC ORGANIC CHEMISTRYCHEMISTRYORGANIC ORGANIC
CHEMISTRYCHEMISTRY
22
Types of Organic Types of Organic CompoundsCompounds
• Vast majority of over 20 million known compounds are based on C: organic organic compounds.compounds.
• Generally contain C and H + other elements
• Great variety of compounds
33
IsomerismIsomerism• Isomers Isomers have identical composition but different have identical composition but different
structuresstructures• Two forms of isomerismTwo forms of isomerism
– Constitutional (or structural)Constitutional (or structural)– StereoisomerismStereoisomerism
• ConstitutionalConstitutional– Same empirical formula but different atom-to-atom Same empirical formula but different atom-to-atom
connectionsconnections
• StereoisomerismStereoisomerism– Same atom-to-atom connections but different Same atom-to-atom connections but different
arrangement in space.arrangement in space.
44
Structural IsomersStructural Isomers
55
Cis-2-buteneCis-2-butene
Stereoisomers: Stereoisomers: GeometricGeometric
Geometric isomers can occur when there is a C=C double bond.
Trans-2-buteneTrans-2-butene
66
• Optical isomersOptical isomers are molecules with are molecules with non-superimposable mirror images.non-superimposable mirror images.
• Such molecules are called Such molecules are called CHIRALCHIRAL• Pairs of chiral molecules are Pairs of chiral molecules are
enantiomersenantiomers..
• Chiral molecules in solution can rotate Chiral molecules in solution can rotate the plane of plane polarized light.the plane of plane polarized light.
Stereoisomers: Stereoisomers: OpticalOptical
77
Chiral Compounds and Chiral Compounds and Polarized LightPolarized Light
88
Stereoisomers Stereoisomers IsomersIsomers
Chirality Chirality generally occurs generally occurs when a C atom when a C atom has 4 different has 4 different groups attached.groups attached.
Lactic acid
99Stereoisomers Stereoisomers IsomersIsomers
Lactic acid isomers are Lactic acid isomers are nonsuperimposablenonsuperimposable
1010
Chirality: Handedness Chirality: Handedness in Naturein Nature
These molecules are non-superimposable These molecules are non-superimposable mirror images.mirror images.
1111
Chirality: Handedness Chirality: Handedness in Naturein Nature
These amino acids are non-superimposable mirror images.These amino acids are non-superimposable mirror images.
1212Stereoisomers in Stereoisomers in NatureNature
Right- and left-Right- and left-handed seashellshanded seashells
The DNA here is The DNA here is right-handedright-handed
1313
• Compounds of C and HCompounds of C and H• Subgroups: Subgroups:
– Alkanes: C-C single bondsAlkanes: C-C single bonds– Alkenes: C=C double bondsAlkenes: C=C double bonds– Alkynes: carbon-carbon triple Alkynes: carbon-carbon triple
bondsbonds– Aromatic: based on benzeneAromatic: based on benzene
HydrocarbonsHydrocarbons
1414
• Alkanes have the general formula CAlkanes have the general formula CnnHH2n+22n+2
• CHCH44 = methane = methane
• CC22HH66 = ethane = ethane
• CC33HH88 = propane = propane
• CC44HH10 10 = butane= butane
• CC55HH1212 = pentane = pentane
HydrocarbonsHydrocarbons
1515
1616
Methane Hydrate, Methane Hydrate, CHCH44(H(H22O)O)xx
1717Methane Methane Hydrate, Hydrate, CHCH44(H(H22O)O)xx
1818
Gas hydrates have been known for many years, and combustion of a sample of methane hydrate is seen on the front cover. Recently, however, vast deposits of methane hydrate were discovered deep within sediments on the floor of the world’s oceans. How these deposits were formed is a mystery. But what is important is their size. It is estimated that the global methane hydrate deposits contain approximately 1013 tons of carbon, or about twice the combined amount in all reserves of coal, oil, and conventional natural gas. Now if scientists and engineers could only solve the problem of extracting the methane conveniently and safely!
Methane Hydrate, Methane Hydrate, CHCH44(H(H22O)O)xx
1919
Pentane
2-Methylbutane
2,2-Dimethylpropane
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3
CH3CHCH2CH3
CH3
H3CCCH3
CH3
CH3
Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbons & Structural & Structural IsomerismIsomerism
CC55HH1212 has 3 has 3
structural isomers.structural isomers.
CC66HH1414 has 5 has 5
CC77HH1414 has 9 has 9
CC55HH1212 has 3 has 3
structural isomers.structural isomers.
CC66HH1414 has 5 has 5
CC77HH1414 has 9 has 9
Isomers of CIsomers of C55HH1212??Isomers of CIsomers of C55HH1212??
Note names of isomersNote names of isomersNote names of isomersNote names of isomers
2020
Alkanes are colorless gases, liquids, Alkanes are colorless gases, liquids, and solidsand solids
Generally unreactive (but undergo Generally unreactive (but undergo combustion)combustion)
Not polar (or low polarity) and so are Not polar (or low polarity) and so are not soluble in water.not soluble in water.
Hydrocarbons: Hydrocarbons: AlkanesAlkanes
2121
All compounds are flexible. All compounds are flexible.
Cyclohexane, CCyclohexane, C66HH1212, has interconverting , has interconverting
“chair” and “boat” forms.“chair” and “boat” forms.
Hydrocarbons: Hydrocarbons: CycloalkanesCycloalkanes
Axial H atom
Equatorial H atom
Chair form Boat form
123
56
1
23
44
5 6
H H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
HH
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
HH
H
H
H
H
H
Chair form
1
6
2
34
5
H
2222
Alkenes: Compounds Alkenes: Compounds with C=C Double Bondswith C=C Double Bonds
• How many isomers are possible for a How many isomers are possible for a compound with the formula Ccompound with the formula C44HH88??
CH3
CC
H
CH3H
H
CC
H
CH3H3C
H
CC
H3C
CH3H
2-methylpropene(isobutene)
cis-2-butene trans-2-butene
H
CC
H
CH2CH3H
1-butene
1 2
3 4
1
1
1
2
3
2 23 3
4 4
CH3
CC
H
CH3H
H
CC
H
CH3H3C
H
CC
H3C
CH3H
2-methylpropene(isobutene)
cis-2-butene trans-2-butene
H
CC
H
CH2CH3H
1-butene
1 2
3 4
1
1
1
2
3
2 23 3
4 4
2323
Alkenes—Alkenes—Many Occur NaturallyMany Occur Naturally
2424
Reactions of Alkenes:Reactions of Alkenes:ADDITION REACTIONSADDITION REACTIONS
• Alkenes are Alkenes are unsaturated unsaturated — more — more bonds can form to the C atomsbonds can form to the C atoms
• Molecules such as BrMolecules such as Br22, H, H22, HCl, HBr, and , HCl, HBr, and
HH22O O addadd to the double bond to the double bond
C CCH
H
H
HC
Br BrH H
HH
+ Br2
1,2-dibromoethane
C CCH
H
H
HC
Br BrH H
HH
+ Br2
1,2-dibromoethane
2525
An Addition ReactionAn Addition Reaction
• The fat in bacon is partially unsaturated. The fat in bacon is partially unsaturated. The fat adds BrThe fat adds Br22 to the C=C bonds. to the C=C bonds.
• Fats can be “hydrogenated” with HFats can be “hydrogenated” with H22..
Fat placed Fat placed in Brin Br22 vapor vapor
2626
An Addition ReactionAn Addition Reaction
Fat placed Fat placed in Brin Br22 vapor vapor
2727
An Addition ReactionAn Addition Reaction• Fats can be “hydrogenated” with HFats can be “hydrogenated” with H22..
Peanut butter has partially hydrogenated Peanut butter has partially hydrogenated vegetable oil.vegetable oil.
Peanut butter has partially hydrogenated Peanut butter has partially hydrogenated vegetable oil.vegetable oil.
2828
AlkynesAlkynes
• Alkynes have carbon-carbon triple bonds. Alkynes have carbon-carbon triple bonds.
• CC22HH22: common name = acetylene: common name = acetylene
systematic name = ethynesystematic name = ethyne
Preparation:Preparation:
CaCCaC22(s) + H(s) + H22O(liq) --> O(liq) -->
C C22HH22 (g) + Ca(OH) (g) + Ca(OH)22(s)(s)
∆∆HHffoo(C(C22HH22, g) = +226.7 kJ/mol, g) = +226.7 kJ/mol
Preparation:Preparation:
CaCCaC22(s) + H(s) + H22O(liq) --> O(liq) -->
C C22HH22 (g) + Ca(OH) (g) + Ca(OH)22(s)(s)
∆∆HHffoo(C(C22HH22, g) = +226.7 kJ/mol, g) = +226.7 kJ/mol
∆∆HHrxnrxn for C for C22HH22 + O + O22
= –1300 kJ/mol = –1300 kJ/mol∆∆HHrxnrxn for C for C22HH22 + O + O22
= –1300 kJ/mol = –1300 kJ/mol
2929
Aromatic CompoundsAromatic Compounds
• Benzene, CBenzene, C66HH66, in the , in the
top 25 chemicals top 25 chemicals produced in the U.S. produced in the U.S.
• Starting point for Starting point for hundreds of other hundreds of other compounds.compounds.
3030
Resonance in BenzeneResonance in Benzene
• CC66HH66 has two resonance structures with alternating has two resonance structures with alternating
double bonds. double bonds.
• The π electrons are The π electrons are delocalizeddelocalized over the ring. over the ring.
CC
CC
C
CC
C
CC
C
C
H
H
HH
H H
H
H
HH
H H
CC
CC
C
C
H
H
HH
H H
Resonance structures of benzene, C6H6 Abbreviated representation of resonance structures
3131
Resonance in BenzeneResonance in Benzene
• CC bond order is _______________CC bond order is _______________
• C–C single bond = 154 pm C–C single bond = 154 pm C=C bond = 134 pmC=C bond = 134 pm
• CC bonds in benzene = 139 pmCC bonds in benzene = 139 pm
π electrons delocalizedπ electrons delocalized
3232
Other Aromatic Other Aromatic HydrocarbonsHydrocarbons
TolueneToluene NaphthaleneNaphthalene
3333
Benzene DerivativesBenzene Derivatives
AnilineAnilineCC66HH55NHNH22
PhenolPhenol
CC66HH55OHOH
TNTTNTtrinitrotoluenetrinitrotolueneCC66HH44CHCH33(NO(NO22))33
3434Naming Benzene Naming Benzene DerivativesDerivatives
1,4-dimethylbenzeneCommon name: Para-xylene
Cl
Ortho to Cl
Meta to Cl
Para to Cl
12
3
4
5
6
3535
Reactions of AromaticsReactions of Aromatics• SubstitutionsSubstitutions — not additions — are
typical.
+ CH3Cl
CH3
+ HClAlCl3
AlClAlCl33 is a catalyst. Catalysts typically used in is a catalyst. Catalysts typically used in
aromatic substitutions.aromatic substitutions.
3636
Functional GroupsFunctional Groups
See CD-ROM Screens 11.5 & 11.6See CD-ROM Screens 11.5 & 11.6See CD-ROM Screens 11.5 & 11.6See CD-ROM Screens 11.5 & 11.6
3737
AlcoholsAlcohols• Characterized by –OH groupCharacterized by –OH group
• Name: add –ol to name of hydrocarbonName: add –ol to name of hydrocarbon
MethanolMethanol
ButanolButanol
3838
Structures of AlcoholsStructures of Alcohols
CC33HH55OH: how many structural isomers?OH: how many structural isomers?
C C C OH
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
1-propanol
C C C H
H
H
OH
H
H
H
H
2-propanol
Naming:Naming: Add -ol to name of 3-C hydrocarbon. Indicate Add -ol to name of 3-C hydrocarbon. Indicate position of OH with number.position of OH with number.
3939
Alcohol PropertiesAlcohol Properties• Alcohols are a derivative of water Alcohols are a derivative of water
• Many alcohols dissolve in waterMany alcohols dissolve in water
Methanol dissolves Methanol dissolves in water.in water.Methanol dissolves Methanol dissolves in water.in water.
Butanol is NOT soluble Butanol is NOT soluble in water. in water. Butanol is NOT soluble Butanol is NOT soluble in water. in water.
4040
““Sterno”Sterno”
• Alcohols burn in air Alcohols burn in air
• A mixture of ethanol + A mixture of ethanol +
calcium acetate = calcium acetate =
STERNOSTERNO
4141GLYCOLSGLYCOLSAlcohols with Two OH Alcohols with Two OH
GroupsGroups
Propylene Propylene glycolglycol
Ethylene Ethylene glycolglycol
4242
Alcohol ReactionsAlcohol ReactionsScreen 11.6Screen 11.6
SubstitutionSubstitution Elimination—the Elimination—the reverse of reverse of additionaddition
4343
Sugars: Related to Sugars: Related to AlcoholsAlcohols
• Sugars are carbohydrates, compounds Sugars are carbohydrates, compounds with the formula Cwith the formula Cxx(H(H22O)O)yy..
What is the difference between What is the difference between and and D-glucose? D-glucose?What is the difference between What is the difference between and and D-glucose? D-glucose?
O
H
HO
H
HO
HOHH
OH
OHCHO
OHH
HHO
OHH
OHH
CH2OH
O
H
HO
H
HO
OHOHH
H
OH
1
23
4 5
12
3
45
1
2
3
4
5
-D-glucose β-D-glucose
Open chain form
H H
4444
Sucrose and RiboseSucrose and Ribose
O
CH2OH
CH2OHH
HOOH
H
H
O
H
HO
H
HO
H
OOHH
H
OH
-D-Glucose
Fructose
O
HOH
HHHH
HOOH
Ribose, a pentose in the DNA backbone
4545
AminesAminesAminesAminesAlcohols are derivatives of HAlcohols are derivatives of H22O (R–OH) O (R–OH)
and and aminesamines are derivatives of NH are derivatives of NH33..
MethylamineMethylamine DimethylamineDimethylamine TrimethylamineTrimethylamine
4646
AminesAminesAminesAminesAmines generally have terrible odors!
CadaverineCadaverine
PyridinePyridine
4747
AminesAminesAminesAminesAmines, like NHAmines, like NH33, are bases, are bases
2 C6H5NH2(aq) + H2SO4(aq) 2 C6H5NH3+(aq) + SO4
2-(aq)
Aniline Anilinium ion
4848
AminesAminesAminesAmines
Many natural Many natural products and products and drugs (such drugs (such as nicotine as nicotine and cocaine) and cocaine) are bases.are bases.
NicotineNicotineHH++
4949Compounds with Compounds with
Carbonyl GroupCarbonyl Group
AldehydeAldehydeAldehydeAldehyde Carboxylic acidCarboxylic acidCarboxylic acidCarboxylic acid KetoneKetoneKetoneKetone
C
O
5050
Structures of Structures of AldehydesAldehydes
CinnamaldehydeCinnamaldehyde Odors from aldehydes and Odors from aldehydes and ketonesketones
5151
Carboxylic AcidsCarboxylic AcidsBenzoic acidBenzoic acid
Carboxylic acid group Carboxylic acid group with acidic Hwith acidic H++
All are All are WEAKWEAK acids acids
Acetic acidAcetic acid
Acids are found in Acids are found in many natural many natural substances: bread, substances: bread, fruits, milk, winefruits, milk, wine
Acids are found in Acids are found in many natural many natural substances: bread, substances: bread, fruits, milk, winefruits, milk, wine
5252
Carboxylic AcidsCarboxylic Acids
Formic acid, Formic acid, HCOHCO22H, gives H, gives
the sting to ants.the sting to ants.
Formic acid, Formic acid, HCOHCO22H, gives H, gives
the sting to ants.the sting to ants.
C
OC
O O
H
O
CH3
Aspirin, acetylsalicylic acidAspirin, acetylsalicylic acid
5353Acids + Alcohols --> Acids + Alcohols --> ESTERSESTERS
Esters have generally pleasant odorsEsters have generally pleasant odors
5454
Acids + Alcohols --> Acids + Alcohols --> ESTERSESTERS
One of the important reactions in nature!One of the important reactions in nature!
H+
O O
CH3COH + CH3CH2OH CH 3COCH2CH3 + H 2O
Acetic acid Ethanol Ethyl acetate
O
RC—O—HH+
O
+ R'—O—H RC—O—R' + H2O
Carboxylic acid Alcohol Ester
5555
Acids + Alcohols --> Acids + Alcohols --> ESTERSESTERS
Acetic acid
OC CH2CH2CHCH3
O
H3C
CH3
3-methylbutanol
3-methylbutylacetate
5656
GlycerolGlycerolAlcohol with 3 OH GroupsAlcohol with 3 OH Groups
Combine this with long chain acids ------> ???Combine this with long chain acids ------> ???Fatty acids ---> fats and oilsFatty acids ---> fats and oils
Combine this with long chain acids ------> ???Combine this with long chain acids ------> ???Fatty acids ---> fats and oilsFatty acids ---> fats and oils
5757
Fats and OilsFats and Oils
R = organic group R = organic group with with NONO C=C bonds C=C bondsCC1212 = Lauric acid = Lauric acid
CC1616 = Palmitic acid = Palmitic acid
CC1818 = Stearic acid = Stearic acid
R = organic group R = organic group with with NONO C=C bonds C=C bondsCC1212 = Lauric acid = Lauric acid
CC1616 = Palmitic acid = Palmitic acid
CC1818 = Stearic acid = Stearic acid
O
O
O
H2C
HC
H2C
CRO
CRO
CR
O
R = organic group R = organic group with C=C bondswith C=C bondsCC1818 = oleic acid = oleic acid
R = organic group R = organic group with C=C bondswith C=C bondsCC1818 = oleic acid = oleic acid
What is the What is the functional groupfunctional group in a in a
fat or oil?fat or oil?
What is the What is the functional groupfunctional group in a in a
fat or oil?fat or oil?
5858
Fats and OilsFats and OilsO
O
O
H2C
HC
H2C
CRO
CRO
CR
O
Fats with C=C bonds are usually LIQUDSFats with C=C bonds are usually LIQUDSFats with C=C bonds are usually LIQUDSFats with C=C bonds are usually LIQUDS
Oleic acid: a Oleic acid: a monounsaturated monounsaturated fatty acid fatty acid
Oleic acid: a Oleic acid: a monounsaturated monounsaturated fatty acid fatty acid
C=C bondC=C bondC=C bondC=C bond
5959
Fats and OilsFats and Oils
Fats with saturated acids (no C=C bonds) Fats with saturated acids (no C=C bonds) are SOLIDS.are SOLIDS.
Fats with saturated acids (no C=C bonds) Fats with saturated acids (no C=C bonds) are SOLIDS.are SOLIDS.
O
O
O
H2C
HC
H2C
CRO
CRO
CR
O
Saturated fats are Saturated fats are more common in more common in
animals. animals.
Saturated fats are Saturated fats are more common in more common in
animals. animals.
6060
Fats and Polar BearsFats and Polar Bears•Bears gorge on blubber Bears gorge on blubber in the winter.in the winter.•During the summer During the summer bears rely on stored fat bears rely on stored fat for energy.for energy.•Burn 1-1.5 kg of fat per Burn 1-1.5 kg of fat per day.day.•Water for metabolism Water for metabolism comes from fat burning.comes from fat burning.
•Bears gorge on blubber Bears gorge on blubber in the winter.in the winter.•During the summer During the summer bears rely on stored fat bears rely on stored fat for energy.for energy.•Burn 1-1.5 kg of fat per Burn 1-1.5 kg of fat per day.day.•Water for metabolism Water for metabolism comes from fat burning.comes from fat burning.
6161
Trans Fatty AcidsTrans Fatty Acids•Oleic acid is a mono–unsaturated cis-Oleic acid is a mono–unsaturated cis-fatty acidfatty acid•Trans fatty acids have deleterious health Trans fatty acids have deleterious health effects. effects. •Trans fatty acids raise plasma LDL Trans fatty acids raise plasma LDL cholesterol and lower HDL levels.cholesterol and lower HDL levels.
C=C bondC=C bondC=C bondC=C bond
6262Fats and Oils: Fats and Oils: SaponificationSaponification
OCH2
CH
CH2
O—HO—H
O—H
Glycerol
+ 3 RC—O- Na +
Sodium stearate, a soap
OO CR
OO CR
CH2
CH
CH2
OO CR
Glyceryl stearate, a fat + NaOH
R = —(CH2)16CH3
+ 3 NaOH
6363
Acids + Amines --> Acids + Amines --> AMIDESAMIDES
N-methylacetamideN-methylacetamide
6464
Acids + Amines --> Acids + Amines --> AMIDESAMIDES
AcetoaminophenAcetoaminophenTylenol, Datril, Momentum, ...Tylenol, Datril, Momentum, ...AcetoaminophenAcetoaminophenTylenol, Datril, Momentum, ...Tylenol, Datril, Momentum, ...
C
C
C
C
C
C
H
H
N
H
O
HCC
O
H
HH
H
H
Amide link
6565
Alpha-Amino AcidsAlpha-Amino Acids
H
CH3C CO2
NH3
Chiral -carbon
Alanine
C
H
H2N C
O
OH
RAcidAmine
6666
Peptides and ProteinsPeptides and Proteins
H3NO–
O
HHOCH2H3NO–
O
CH3H
NO–
O
CH3H
H
H3N
O
HHOCH2
peptide bondSerineAlanine
+
Adding more peptide links ---> PROTEINAdding more peptide links ---> PROTEIN
6767
PolymersPolymersPolymersPolymers
• Giant molecules made by joining many Giant molecules made by joining many small molecules called small molecules called monomersmonomers
• Average production is 150 kg per person Average production is 150 kg per person annually in the U.S.annually in the U.S.
6868
Polymer ClassificationsPolymer Classifications
• ThermoplasticsThermoplastics (polyethylene) soften and (polyethylene) soften and flow when heatedflow when heated
• ThermosettingThermosetting plastics — soft initially plastics — soft initially but set to solid when heated. Cannot be but set to solid when heated. Cannot be resoftened.resoftened.
• Other classification: Other classification: plastics, fibers, plastics, fibers, elastomers, coatings, elastomers, coatings, adhesivesadhesives
6969
Polymer PreparationPolymer Preparation
• AdditionAddition polymers — directly polymers — directly adding monomer units togetheradding monomer units together
• CondensationCondensation polymers — polymers — combining monomer units and combining monomer units and splitting out a small water (water)splitting out a small water (water)
7070Polyethylene: Addition Polyethylene: Addition PolymerPolymer
H2C CH2 C C
H
H
H
H
n
n
EthyleneEthylene PolyethylenePolyethylene
A polymer with a molar mass of A polymer with a molar mass of 1e6 has about 36,0000 units.1e6 has about 36,0000 units.
7171
Mechanism of Addition Mechanism of Addition PolymerizationPolymerization
7272
Types of PolyethyleneTypes of Polyethylene
Linear, high density PE Linear, high density PE (HDPE)(HDPE)
Branched, low density Branched, low density PE, LDPEPE, LDPE
Cross-linked PE, CLPECross-linked PE, CLPE
7373
Types of PolyethyleneTypes of Polyethylene
CH2CH
OH
CH2CH
OCCH3
CH2CH
n n n
polyvinyl alcohol polyvinyl acetate polystyrene
Polymers based on Substituted Ethylenes, CH2=CHX
O
Table 11.12: others are PVC, acrylonitrile, Table 11.12: others are PVC, acrylonitrile, polypropylene, polymethyl methacrylatepolypropylene, polymethyl methacrylate
7474PolystyrenePolystyrene
• Polystyrene is nonpolar material and dissolves Polystyrene is nonpolar material and dissolves in organic solvents.in organic solvents.
• PS foam is mostly air, and when it dissolves it PS foam is mostly air, and when it dissolves it collapses to a much smaller volume.collapses to a much smaller volume.
7575
Slime!Slime!
Slime is Slime is polyvinylalcohol polyvinylalcohol cross-linked cross-linked with boric acidwith boric acid
7676
Condensation PolymersCondensation Polymers
HOC
O
COH
O
CO
COCH2CH2OO
+ n HOCH2CH2OH
terephthalic acid ethylene glycol
+ H2O
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET), a polyester
n
n
7777
Polyesters, PETPolyesters, PET
Jackets made from recycled Jackets made from recycled PET soda bottlesPET soda bottles
Soda bottles, mylar Soda bottles, mylar film.film.
7878
Polyesters: MechanismPolyesters: Mechanism
7979
Polyamides: NylonPolyamides: Nylon
8080
Polyamides: NylonPolyamides: Nylon
•Each monomer has 6 C atoms in its chain.Each monomer has 6 C atoms in its chain.•A polyamide link forms on elmination of HClA polyamide link forms on elmination of HCl•Result = nylon 66Result = nylon 66•Proteins are Proteins are polyamidespolyamides
8181
Polymer Recycling Polymer Recycling SymbolsSymbols
LDPE = LDPE = Low density PE = 0.910-0.925 g/cmLow density PE = 0.910-0.925 g/cm33
HDPE = HDPE = High density PE = 0.941-0.965High density PE = 0.941-0.965PP = PP = Polypropylene = 0.90Polypropylene = 0.90V = V = PVC (Vinyl chloride) = 1.30-1.58PVC (Vinyl chloride) = 1.30-1.58