System a Tics and Taxonomy
Transcript of System a Tics and Taxonomy
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Marine Mammals(SPECIFICALLY DUGONG)
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Objectives
To be familiar with the
mechanics of Identiying
organisms to the species level,
particularly dugong
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Rationale
3M species of animals and about 350,000species of plants
There is a need to classify organisms
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SPECIES CONCEPT
Biological Species Concept (BSC)
It defines species in terms of interbreeding
Ernst Mayr"species are groups of
interbreeding natural populations that arereproductively isolated from other such
groups.
The BSC explains why the members of
a species resemble one another, i.e. formphenetic clusters, and differ from other
species.
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Phenetic Traits
A trait/character is any recognizable
character, feature, or property of an
organism.
Evolutionary biologists are interested in acharacter's heritability, so, BSC is compared
to Ecological species concept (ESC).
Richard Dawkins, define a species by the
biological species concept.
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When two organisms breed within a species, their
genes pass into their combined offspring.
As this process is repeated, the genes of different
organisms are constantly shuffled around the
species gene pool. The shared gene pool gives the
species its identity.
By contrast, genes are not (by definition) transferred
to other species, and different species therefore take
on a different appearance.
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Systems of ClassificationA. Artificial System of Classification
based on superficial resemblances
ex. Grouping animals with shells
together
B. Natural Classification
based on evolutionary relationships
started by Karl Von Linne or CarolusLinnaeus
ex. Classification based on
embryonic development
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Seven basic categories or taxa or ranks
Kingdom
Phylum/Division
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Each
taxon/category/r
ank is contained
within the levelabove it
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SPECIE
S
GENUS
FAMILY
ORDER
CLASS
KINGDOM
Smallest unit in classification
A group of related phyla/division
Plylum/DivisionA group of related classes
A group of related species
A group of related genera
A group of related families
A group of related order
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HOMOLOGY (Similarity) is the major basis for classification
Homology in structure/appearanceEx. Orgainsms with jointed appendages are group together
Homology in number of chromosomesEx. Organisms belonging to the same species have the same
number of chromosomes
Homology in functionEx. Animals with backbones have insulin-secreting cells
Homology in chemical compositionEx. Turkeys and turtles differ by 8 amino acids
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Five Kingdom Classification Scheme is
based on the following criteria
Type of cells Number of cells Modes of
Nutrition
Prokaryotic Unicellular Photosynthetic
Eukaryotic Multicellular Absorptive
Ingestive
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MAJORGROUPS OFORGANISMS
Monera
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
Bacteria and the blue green algae
Amoeba and Paramecium
Yeasts, molds, mushrooms
Thallophyta
Eukaryotic, multicellular, ingestive type of
Nutrition, primarily motile
Eukaryotic,multicellular, photosynthetic,
primarily non-motile
Embryophyta
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Survey of the Major Groups of Organisms
Kingdom Characteristics Examples
Monera Prokaryotic , Unicellular, some members maygroup to form colony or a filament
Some absorptive, some photosynthetic
Bacteria, BGA
Protista Eukaryotic , unicellular, with some colonial
forms
Some absorptive, some ingestivesome photosynthetic
Paramecium,
Amoeba
Fungi Eukaryotic, multicellular
Absorptive type of nutrition (lack chlorophyll)
Reproduce through spores; non-motile
Yeasts, molds,
mushroom
Plantae Eukaryotic, Multicellular, Photosynthetic
Primarily non-motile
Algae,mosses
Vascular plants
Animalia Eukaryotic, Multicellular, ingestive type of
nutrition, primarily motile
Sponges, fishes,
frogs
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Plants maybe classified as follows:
A. Thallophyta plants which are not divided into roots,stems and leaves
Division Chlorophyta green algae
Division Phaeophyta Sargassum
Division Rhodophyta Eucheuma
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B.Embryophyta plants with roots,stems and
leaves
Division Bryophyta liverworts,
hornworts,mosses
Division Tracheophyta -vascular plants
a. Class Filicinae ferns
b. Class Angiospermae flower-
bearing plantsc. Class Gymnospermae cone-
bearing plants
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Animals may be classified as follows:
A. Phylum Porifera sponges
B. Phylum Coelenterata corals
C. Phylum Platyhelmenthis Flatworms (ex. flukes,
tapeworm)
D. Phylum Nematoda- round worms (es. Ascaris)
E. Phylum Annelida- segmented worms (ex. Leeches,
earthworms, marine worms
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F. Phylum Mollusca
shells, snails, clams, squids, octopus
G.Arthropoda crustaceans, (crabs, shrimps,
lobsters) , insects, centipedes, millepedes,
spiders, scorpions
H.Phylum Echinodermata
sea urchins, sea stars sea cucumbers, brittle
stars
I. Phylum Chordata fishes (bony and
cartilagenous), amphibians (frogs and
toads), reptiles, birds, mammals
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Classification ofDugong (Dugon dugon)
Kingdom AnimaliaPhylum Chordata
Class Mammalia
Order SireniaFamily Dugongidae
Genus Dugong
Species dugon
Dugong dugon
(Muller 1776)
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Differences Between Fish and Marine Mammals
Look at the tail:
Whales tail is horizontal
and moves up and down
While a fishs tail is vertical
and moves from side to side
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Differences between Cetacean and Dugong
Cetacean Dugong
Body more streamlined andthicker blubber Body is less streamlined, hasthinner blubber layer;
No hair Tough skin with short and
stubby hairs
Spongy bone Bones dense and thick
blowholes Nostrils at the tip of the snout
Mammary slit found between
the genital slit and anus
Mammary nipples found in
the axilla
The mouth oriented linear to
its body
The rostrum is turned
downward and mouth located
at the ventral plane
Feeds on crustacean, fish or
squid
Feeds on seagrasses
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What separates cetacea from the
suborder of baleen or whalebone(Mysticeti) and tooth whales
(Odontoceti)........?
Answer: the absence of platesand teeth
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Sex Determination in Dugong
Male
Umbilical scar, genital
slit and anus more or
less equally distant
Female
Genital slit and anus veryclose to each other than
the umbilical scar
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