Swell Factor and Shrinkage Factor
-
Upload
lloyd-r-ponce -
Category
Documents
-
view
236 -
download
0
Transcript of Swell Factor and Shrinkage Factor
-
8/2/2019 Swell Factor and Shrinkage Factor
1/27
Prof Awad S. Hanna
ESTIMATINGEARTHWORK
-
8/2/2019 Swell Factor and Shrinkage Factor
2/27
Prof Awad S. Hanna
Estimating EarthworkEarthwork includes:
1. Excavation
2. Grading: Moving earth to change
elevation 3. Temporary shoring
4. Back fill or fill: Adding earth to raise grade
5. Compaction: Increasing density 6. Disposal
-
8/2/2019 Swell Factor and Shrinkage Factor
3/27
Prof Awad S. Hanna
Productivity Factors
A. Job conditions
Material type
Water level and moisture content
Job size
Length of haul
Haul road condition (accessibility and loadrestrictions)
-
8/2/2019 Swell Factor and Shrinkage Factor
4/27
Prof Awad S. Hanna
Productivity Factors (cont.)
B. Management conditions
Equipment conditions and maintenance
practicesSkills of work force and management
Planning, supervision and coordination of
work.
-
8/2/2019 Swell Factor and Shrinkage Factor
5/27
Prof Awad S. Hanna
Job Efficiency Factors for
Earthmoving Operations
Job Condit ions** Excellent Good Fair PoorExcellent 0.84 0.81 0.76 0.70
Good 0.78 0.75 0.71 0.65
Fair 0.72 0.69 0.65 0.60
Poor 0.63 0.61 0.57 0.52
Management Condit ions*
-
8/2/2019 Swell Factor and Shrinkage Factor
6/27
Prof Awad S. Hanna
Units of Measure
Cubic Yard (bank, loose, orcompacted)Bank (BCY): Materials in its natural
state before disturbance
(in-place, in-situ)
Loose (LCY): Material t hat has been
compact ed or disturbed
or loaded
Compact ed (CCY): Material aft er compact ion
-
8/2/2019 Swell Factor and Shrinkage Factor
7/27
Prof Awad S. Hanna
1.0
1.25
0.90
1.0 CUBIC
YARD IN
NATURAL
CONDITION
(IN-PLACE
YARD)
1.25 CUBIC
YARD AFTER
DIGGING
(LOOSE YARDS)
0.90 CUBIC
YARD AFTER
COMPACTED
(COMPACTED
YARDS)
In place CompactedLoose
-
8/2/2019 Swell Factor and Shrinkage Factor
8/27
Prof Awad S. Hanna
VolumeBank: VBBank cubic yards (BCY)
Density B Lb /BCY
Loose: VlLoose cubic yards (LCY)
Density L Lb/LCY
Compacted: VcCompacted cubic yards (CCY)
Density C LB/CCY
-
8/2/2019 Swell Factor and Shrinkage Factor
9/27
Prof Awad S. Hanna
Swell:A soil increase in volume when it is excavated.
Swell (%) = ( - 1) x 100
Load factor =
Bank Volume = Loose volume x Loadfactor
Loose densityBank density
Bank densityLoose density
-
8/2/2019 Swell Factor and Shrinkage Factor
10/27
Prof Awad S. Hanna
Shrinkage:A soil decreases in volume when it iscompacted
Shrinkage (%) = (1 - )x 100
Shrinkage factor = 1 - Shrinkage
Compacted volume
= Bank volume x Shrinkage factor
Bank densityCompacted density
-
8/2/2019 Swell Factor and Shrinkage Factor
11/27Prof Awad S. Hanna
Approximate Material Characteristics
MaterialLoose(lb/cy)
Bank(lb/cy)
Swell(%)
LoadFactor
Clay, dry 2,100 2,650 26 0.79
Clay, wet 2,700 3,575 32 0.76
Clay and gravel, dry 2,400 2,800 17 0 .85
Clay and gravel, wet 2,600 3,100 17 0 .85
Earth, dry 2,215 2,850 29 0.78
Earth, moist 2,410 3,080 28 0.78
Earth, wet 2,750 3,380 23 0.81
Gravel, wet 2,780 3,140 13 0.88
Gravel, dry 3,090 3,620 17 0.85
Sand, dry 2,600 2,920 12 0.89Sand, wet 3,100 3,520 13 0.88
Sand and gravel, dry 2,900 3,250 12 0 .89
Sand and gravel, wet 3,400 3,750 10 0 .91
Exact values will vary with grain size, moisture content,
compaction, etc. Test to determine exact values for specificsoils.
-
8/2/2019 Swell Factor and Shrinkage Factor
12/27Prof Awad S. Hanna
Typical Soil Volume Conversion
FactorsInit ialSoil Type Soil Condit ion Bank Loose Compact ed
Clay Bank 1.00 1.27 0.90
Loose 0.79 1.00 0.71
Compacted 1.11 1.41 1.00Common earth Bank 1.00 1.25 0.90
Loose 0.80 1.00 0.72
Compacted 1.11 1.39 1.00
Rock (blasted) Bank 1.00 1.50 1.30
Loose 0.67 1.00 0.87Compacted 0.77 1.15 1.00
Sand Bank 1.00 1.12 0.95
Loose 0.89 1.00 0.85
Compacted 1.05 1.18 1.00
Convrt ed to:
-
8/2/2019 Swell Factor and Shrinkage Factor
13/27Prof Awad S. Hanna
Estimating Earth work for
Trenches and Foundation
Angle of Repose
2-0
or more
-
8/2/2019 Swell Factor and Shrinkage Factor
14/27Prof Awad S. Hanna
Approximate Angle of Repose
For Sloping Sides of Excavation
Original
Ground Line
SolidRock,
Slateor
CementedSandandGr
avel
(
90Deg.)
-
8/2/2019 Swell Factor and Shrinkage Factor
15/27Prof Awad S. Hanna
Calculating Earthwork
Quantities1. End Area Method
2. Contour Line/ Grid Method
-
8/2/2019 Swell Factor and Shrinkage Factor
16/27Prof Awad S. Hanna
1. End Area Method
Used in sites where length is muchgreater than width
-
8/2/2019 Swell Factor and Shrinkage Factor
17/27Prof Awad S. Hanna
CALCULATING EARTHWORK QUANTITIES
1. End Area Methoda. Take cross-sections at regular intervals,
typically, 100 intervals.
b. Calculate the cross-section end areas
c. The volume of earthwork between sectionsis obtained by taking the average of the endareas at each station in square feetmultiplied by the distance between sectionsin feet and dividing by 27 to obtain the
volume in cubic yards.
-
8/2/2019 Swell Factor and Shrinkage Factor
18/27Prof Awad S. Hanna
Project Site Showing 100 Stations
80
82
84
86
88
A B C D E F
A B C D E F
100' 100' 100' 100' 100'
500'
300'
-
8/2/2019 Swell Factor and Shrinkage Factor
19/27Prof Awad S. Hanna
80
78
76
82
80
78
84
82
80
86
84
88
86
90
88
78.5
80.3
82.3
84.2
86.2
88.2
Sec. A- A
Sec. B- B
Sec. C- C
Sec. D- D
Sec. E- E
Sec. F- F
ProjectCrossSections
-
8/2/2019 Swell Factor and Shrinkage Factor
20/27Prof Awad S. Hanna
Cross-Section @ A - A
80
79
78
77
76
79.5
78.5
76.7
Section A- A
Area = = 173.7
193 x 1.8
2
Area = = 53.5107 x 1.0
2
-
8/2/2019 Swell Factor and Shrinkage Factor
21/27Prof Awad S. Hanna
Cross-Section @ B - B
82
81
80
79
78
81.8
80.3
76.7
Section B- B
Area = = 189.0
210 x 1.8
2
Area = = 67.590 x 1.5
2
-
8/2/2019 Swell Factor and Shrinkage Factor
22/27Prof Awad S. Hanna
Table 1. Cumulative Earthwork
QuantitiesSect ion Emb (CCY) Exc. (BCY) Exc. x B/C
(CCY)
Net Exc.
(CCY)
Cum Exc
(CCY)
A-B 672 224 254 - 418 - 418
B-C 567 441 499 - 68 - 486C-D 215 791 896 681 195
D-E 0 1031 1167 1167 1362
E-F 0 1222 1384 1384 2746
-
8/2/2019 Swell Factor and Shrinkage Factor
23/27Prof Awad S. Hanna
2. Contour Line/ Grid Method
Used for parking lots and site leveling
Grid size from 10x10 to 50x50
the greater the terrain variance thesmaller the grid
-
8/2/2019 Swell Factor and Shrinkage Factor
24/27Prof Awad S. Hanna
2. CONTOUR LINE/GRID CELL METHOD(cont.)
Step l
Determine by visual study of the site drawing if the net totalwill be an import (more fill required than cut) an export (less fillrequired than cut) or a blend (cut and fill about equal)
Step 2
Determine the pattern of calculation points or grid size.
Step 3
Determine elevations at each calculation location, the cornersof each grid.
Step 4
Calculate the cubic yards of cut or fill required in each gridcell.
Step 5
Add the individual Grid Cell quantities together to arrive at thetotal cut, total fill volume and the import or volume export
yardage required for the job.
-
8/2/2019 Swell Factor and Shrinkage Factor
25/27Prof Awad S. Hanna
A B C D E F
87.6 88.6 89.4 90.4 91.6 93.2
G H J K L M
87.4 88.2 89.5 90.6 91.6 92.7
N O P Q R S
87.2 87.7 89.0 90.4 91.3 92.0
87.6 88.5 89.3 90.3 91.5 95.0
94.3
93.5
93.1
A B C D E F G
300
88 89 90 91 92 93 94
No Scale
Notes:
1. Bring the entire site to elevation 90.
2. All grids are 50x 50 = 2500 sq. ft.
3. Present contours
-
8/2/2019 Swell Factor and Shrinkage Factor
26/27Prof Awad S. Hanna
Purpose
Grade the entire site to grade 90
Quick and Dirty
Assume one grid
Existing 90.50
Proposed 90.00Cut 0.50
Total Cost = = 833CY150 x 300 x 0.50
27
300'
150'Need
FillNeedCut
90'
90' 91'
90.5'
-
8/2/2019 Swell Factor and Shrinkage Factor
27/27
Average elevation
=
= 88.08
change = 90-88.08
= 1.92
cut =
= 177.77 CY
and so on.
If we choose the grid size to be 50x50
87.6+88.5+87.6+88.64
87.6
88.6
87.687.6