Susan A. Nolan • Thomas E. Heinzen

FORMULAS

CHAPTER 4

M ean o f a Sample Standard Deviation

M = ~ SD = V s &N

Standard Deviation (when we don 't al- an9 e ready have variance)

range = x highest - X lortl,est = Ị ỵ ( X - M ) 2

Variance, . X Ọ Ỉ - M Ỵ sir - N

N

CHAPTER 6

Standard Error

z Statistic for a b istribution of M eans

_ K H 0 iV G ,

CHAPTER 8

Confidence Interval for a z Test Effect Size for a z Test

C o h e„ w = H ^

CHAPTER 9

Standard Deviation of a Sample t Statistic for a Single-Sample t Test

i w - m _ (M - II„)

V e v - i ) * - V

Standard Error of a Sample D ®9rees of Freed ° m f° r a Single-SampleJ t Test or a Paired-Samples Í Test

S.M = V n d f = N - 1

CHAPTER 10

D egrees o f Freedom for an Independent- Samples t Test

‘ dftotal = dfx + dfr

Pooled Variance

Variance for a Distribution of Means for an Independent-Sam ples t Test

c2 «.22 _ spooled 2 _ SpooledN x st" N r

Variance fo r a Distribution of Differences Betw een Means

+ s «r

Standard Deviation of the Distribution of Differences _

___ . . ______ 5difference v 5differenceBetw een Means

t Statistic for an Independent-Sam ples t Test

_ ( M x ~ M y ) ~ ( / f y - My)

sdifference

o ften abbreviated as:

cM x - M ỳ à)t = -------------------

d̂ifference

C onfidence Interval for an Independent- Samples t Test

(M x - My)lawn- = ~ t (sdifftrtmt) + (A fy - M Y)sample

(M x ~ My)upper indifference) (M ỵ — M ỵ )sample

Effect Size for an Independent-Sam ples t Test

(AÍX - M ỵ ) - ( j i x - fJLy)C o h en s a =

spooledfor a t distribution for a d ifferen ce b etw een m eans

CHAPTER 11

O ne-W ay Between-Groups A N O V A

dfbeni'cm Ngroups — 1

dfwithin = àf\ + dfi + . . . + dfiast

(in w h ich df\ etc . are d ie d egrees o f freedom , N — 1, for each sam ple)

d fto ta l ~ d fbe tw tfti d fw itb m

or dftotal — Ntotal ~ 1

S Ơ 0G M =

• SSfotal

Ntotal

■ I ( X — G M )2 for each score

• SS wjtbm = X (X - M ) 2 for each score

• SSfitpcn7» = ~ G M )1 for each score

• SS tota = S S witbin "*■ SSberwern

SSfatweer,M S her

dfber.

MS-withinSSwithin

F =

R2 =

df-within

MSf,eru<een

M S wjfhin

SSịgỊ-ween

SSfota/

Chapter 11 formulas continued on inside back cover

Essentials o f Statistics for the B ehaviora l Sciences

Essentials o f Sta tis t ics for the B e h a v io ra l Sc iences

Susan A. Nolan • Thomas E. HeinzenSeton Hall University W illiam Paterson University

ấ>ẠIfĩỌC THAi VGUYÊIÍ

Ị t ĩ m g tắm Hoa Lieu

r 7 ®g i f t o f t h e ASIA FOUNDATION

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For M ichael K im ball

A B O U T T H E A U T H O R S

Susan N o la n turned to psychology after suffering a career-ending accident on her second workday as a bicycle messenger. A native ot Boston, she graduated from the C ollege o f H oly Cross and earned her PhD in clinical psychology from Northwestern University. Her research involves experimental investigations o f the role o f gender in the interpersonal consequences o f depression, and studies on gender and m entoring in science and technology, funded in part by the National Science Foundation. Susan is the Chair o f the Department o f Psychology as well as Associate Professor o f Psychology at Seton Hall University in N ew Jersey. She has served as a statistical con­sultant to researchers at several universities, medical schools, cor­porations, and nongovernmental organizations. Recently, she was appointed as a representative for the American Psychological Associ-

in N ew York City.Susan’s academic schedule allows her to pursue one travel adventure per year, a tradition that she

relishes. In recent years she has ridden her bicycle across the United States (despite her earliercrash), swapped apartments to live in Montreal, and explored the Adriatic coast in an intermittently roadworthy 1985 Volkswagen Scirocco. She writes much o f the book on her annual trip to Bosnia- Herzegovina, where she and her husband, Ivan Bojanic, own a small house in the city o f Banja Luka. They currently reside in Jersey City, N ew Jersey, where Susan roots feverishly, if quietly, for the Boston R ed Sox.

T o m H ein z e n was a 29-year-old college freshman, began graduate school days after the birth o f his fourth daughter, and is still amazed that he and his wife, Donna, som ehow managed to stay married. A magna cum laude graduate o f R ockford College, he earned his Phi) in social psychology at the State University o f N ew York at Albany in just three years. H e published his first book on frustration and creativity in government two years later, was a research associate in public policy until he was fired for arguing over the shape o f a graph, consulted for the Johns Hopkins Center for Talented Youth, and then began a teaching career at W illiam Paterson State Univer­sity o f N ew Jersey. H e founded the psychology club, established an undergraduate research conference, and has been awarded various teaching honors while continuing to write journal articles, books,

plays, and two novels that support the teaching o f general psychology and statistics. He is also the editor o f Many Things to Tell You, a volume o f poetry by elderly writers.

His wife, Donna, is a physician s assistant w ho has volunteered her tim e in relief work following Hurricanes Mitch and Katrina. Their daughters are now scattered from Bangladesh to Mississippi to N ew Jersey and work in public health, teaching, and medicine. Tom is a mediocre French horn player, an enthusiastic but mediocre tennis player, and an ardent fan o f both the N ew York Yankees and the Chicago Cubs.

■ f W

Ệ

ation at the United Nations

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