Surface water groundwater · GW level – air temperature (r = -0.86) y = -2.4341x + 111.64 R2 =...

Hydrology and Environment ©

Surface water – groundwater

quality relationship: the Fletcher’s

Creek project Rimma Vedom, Ph.D.

Hydrology and Environment

905 823 6088, [email protected], www.hydrology.ca

42nd Central CAWQ Symposium

February 12-13, 2007

mailto:[email protected]

http://www.hydrology.ca/


Initial and Current Objectives The Objective of the project:

to create the database for Separated Flow Approach (SFA) evaluation considering only the

drainage function of a watershed

Steeles Ave.

Mayfield Rd.

The Separated Flux Analysis (SFAN) considering the thermo regulating

function of a watershed

The Findings were:

•velocity and travel time as the hydrological indicators

of water quality conditions, which characterize different

transport and solvent capacity in different periods

•Water and air Temperatures were considered

indirectly through different periods of high correlation

between parameters


Hypothesis definition Watershed is a self-

organized functional

and structurally complex

unit of hydrosphere that

controls life-sustaining

thermo regime within its

boundaries.

To protect a source of water we

have to know its exact place and

role in a functional structure of

the watershed


The SFA concept and tool

The base component of any parameter, characterized by the highest rate of

fluctuation, is the most reactive one. Degree of its relationship with the other

parameters indicates the true one.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

dQb

N

dQi = dQb*2^(Kmax + 0.618)

The SimpleBase Delineation Model


Results of separation by the SimpleBase

Delineation Model

TDS, g/L

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

1 11 21 31 41 51 61

Level, cm

0

40

80

120

160

200

1 11 21 31 41 51 61

pH

6.5

7.5

8.5

1 11 21 31 41 51 61

Temperatures, grad C

0

10

20

30

1 11 21 31 41 51 61

Turbidity, NFU

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1 11 21 31 41 51 61

May 6 – Jun 6

GW GW

GW

GW

GW

WMO fresh water classification


Daily correlation between separated components of

surface and ground water parameters

Parameter

GW Level GW Temperature GW TDS GW pH GW Turbidity

Total Base Total Base Total Base Total Base Total Base

Level_T, cm -0.96 -0.96 -0.93 -0.96 0.85 0.90 0.79 0.84

Level_B, cm -0.96 -0.97 -0.93 -0.96 0.85 0.90 0.79 0.84

Temp_T, cm 0.82 0.89 -0.76 -0.86 -0.40 -0.55

Temp_B, cm 0.83 0.90 -0.75 -0.85 -0.41 -0.58

TDS_T, mg/L -0.90 -0.92 -0.92 -0.96

TDS_B, mg/L -0.88 -0.90 -0.82 -0.87

pH_T 0.87 0.91

pH_B 0.86 0.91

Turb_T

Turb_B

Air_T, °C -0.84 -0.84 0.73 0.73 0.79 0.87 -0.66 -0.73 -0.60 -0.63

Air_B, °C -0.86 -0.86 0.78 0.78 0.84 0.92 -0.71 -0.77 -0.63 -0.68

pH_T 0.77 0.78 -0.81 -0.78 -0.87 -0.87 0.86 0.89 0.77 0.81

pH_B 0.80 0.82 -0.82 -0.79 -0.88 -0.90 0.88 0.91 0.78 0.82

T_T, °C -0.84 -0.85 0.74 0.74 0.78 0.86 -0.64 -0.71 -0.54 -0.59

T_B, °C -0.86 -0.86 0.77 0.77 0.81 0.89 -0.67 -0.72 -0.57 -0.63

TDS_T, mg/L -0.12 -0.10 -0.40 -0.39 0.20 0.04 -0.03 -0.06 -0.27 -0.23

TDS_B, mg/L -0.06 -0.04 -0.45 -0.44 0.10 -0.07 0.12 0.10 -0.18 -0.13

Turb_T, NFU -0.27 -0.30 0.34 0.33 0.26 0.33 -0.28 -0.26 -0.16 -0.21

Turb_B, NFU -0.70 -0.70 0.87 0.86 0.61 0.76 -0.60 -0.65 -0.39 -0.46

Flow_T, M3/s 0.16 0.12 0.09 0.09 -0.12 -0.06 0.08 0.11 0.10 0.07

Flow_B, M3/s 0.87 0.88 -0.71 -0.71 -0.96 -0.91 0.85 0.88 0.83 0.88

Velocity_T, m/s 0.24 0.21 0.04 0.04 -0.22 -0.15 0.16 0.19 0.19 0.15

Velocity_B, m/sec 0.87 0.87 -0.73 -0.74 -0.93 -0.87 0.83 0.86 0.87 0.90


"Base" rating curve (r = 0.88)

y = 56.84Ln(x) + 225.23

R2 = 0.9556

y = 54.997Ln(x) + 239.56

R2 = 0.9361

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25

Stream base flow Q_b, m3/s

Ba

se

gro

un

dw

ate

r le

ve

l

GW

L_

b, c

m

May 1-May 16, Jun 16 - Jul 5 May 17-Jun 15

Log. (May 1-May 16, Jun 16 - Jul 5) Log. (May 17-Jun 15)


GW level – air temperature (r = -0.86)

y = -2.4341x + 111.64

R2 = 0.963

y = -4.7688x + 139.78

R2 = 0.9909

y = -8.3495x + 185.87

R2 = 0.9552

-50

0

50

100

150

200

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Base air temperature, Air_B, C

GW

leve

l, cm

May 3 - 10, Jun 24 -30 May 12-Jun 15

Apr 29 - May 3, Jun 18 - 23, Jul 1-5 Linear (May 12-Jun 15)

Linear (May 3 - 10, Jun 24 -30) Linear (Apr 29 - May 3, Jun 18 - 23, Jul 1-5)


Groundwater TDS vs baseflow pH (r = 0.90)

y = 2E+14x-15.988

R2 = 0.9368

y = -1.759x + 15.13

R2 = 0.9132

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

7 7.2 7.4 7.6 7.8 8 8.2 8.4 8.6 8.8

GW pH_b

GW

TD

S_

b,

g/L

May 6 - May 16, Jun 15 - 24 Apr 29-May 5, May 17 - June 14, Jun 25 -Jul 1

Pow er (May 6 - May 16, Jun 15 - 24) Linear (Apr 29-May 5, May 17 - June 14, Jun 25 -Jul 1)


GW TDS vs Baseflow (r = -0.96)

y = -13.931x + 2.2768

R2 = 0.9415

y = -9.078x + 1.9886

R2 = 0.9834

-1

-0.5

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25

Baseflow of the stream, m3/s

TD

S o

f g

rou

nd

wate

r, g

/L

May 5 -11, May 17 - Jun 6, Jun 14 - Jul 1 Apr 29 May 4, May 12-16, Jun 7-13

Linear (May 5 -11, May 17 - Jun 6, Jun 14 - Jul 1) Linear (Apr 29 May 4, May 12-16, Jun 7-13)


GW TDS vs GW base turbidity (r = -0.96)

y = -0.118x + 1.7277

R 2 = 0.3952

y = -0.7295x + 2.1075

R 2 = 0.9502

y = -0.0549x + 1.7599

R 2 = 0.1354

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

GW base turbidity, NFU

GW

TD

S,

g/L

Apr 29 - May 29 May 30 - Jun 7 Jun 8 - 19

Linear (May 30 - Jun 7) Linear (Apr 29 - May 29) Linear (Jun 8 - 19)

TDS = 1.5 g/L is the functional

limit for fresh water system.


Correlation between groundwater TDS

and creek and air temperatures

y = 0.1165x - 0.6506

R2 = 0.9928

y = 0.1022x - 0.1393

R2 = 0.979y = 0.0627x + 0.7168

R2 = 0.9537

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

0 5 10 15 20 25

T_b, C

GW

TD

S_

b,

g/L

Apr 29- May 15 May 16-Jun 11 Jun 18-Jul 1

Linear (Apr 29- May 15) Linear (May 16-Jun 11) Linear (Jun 18-Jul 1)

y = 0.0709x - 0.0952

R2 = 0.9826

y = 0.0691x + 0.2265

R2 = 0.9751

y = 0.0229x + 1.3226

R2 = 0.9035

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Air_B, C

GW

TD

S_

b,

g/L

Apr 29- May 15 May 16-Jun 11 Jun 18-30

Linear (Apr 29- May 15) Linear (May 16-Jun 11) Linear (Jun 18-30)

R = 0.92 R = 0.89


T_b = f(Air_b); gwT_b = f(Air_b)

y = 0.6371x + 5.6421

R2 = 0.9457

y = 0.1576x + 6.1351

R2 = 0.8894

y = 0.1265x + 8.9817

R2 = 0.8465

0

5

10

15

20

25

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Air_b temperature, C

Cre

ek (

T_B

) an

d g

rou

nd

(g

wT

_b

)

base t

em

pera

ture

s, C

T_B, °C GW_b (Apr 29-Jun 15) GW_b (Jun 16-Jul 5)

Linear (T_B, °C) Linear (GW_b (Apr 29-Jun 15)) Linear (GW_b (Jun 16-Jul 5))


Different curves periods and their

reasons

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

29/0

4/0

5

06/0

5/0

5

13/0

5/0

5

20/0

5/0

5

27/0

5/0

5

03/0

6/0

5

10/0

6/0

5

17/0

6/0

5

24/0

6/0

5

01/0

7/0

5

>10°

Second Third rating curve

Full-sized

leaves, grass;

poplar fluff

>20°

>20°

<10° >10°

>10°

>20°

<20°

<20°

>20°

>10°


Results of separation for the period of

Apr 29 – Jul 05 2005: frequencies N and amplitudes Kmax

The most reactive/sensible parameter for GW is pH; for the stream water

it is turbidity; in atmosphere this is wind.

dQi = dQb*2^(Kmax + 0.618)

Parameter Ground water Surface water Air

dQ N Kmax dQ N Kmax dQ N Kmax

pH 0.099 13 1 0.099 13 1 n/a n/a n/a

Turbidity, NFU/

Humidity, %

0.09 10 2 0.67 16 7

3.4

14

2

Temperature, °C 0.2 8 1 0.99 12 1 1.09 9 2

Level, cm/

Precipitation, mm

0.9 6 2 0.49 10 3

0.02

14

7

TDS, g/L/

AQI

0.043 6 2 0.031 7 1

3.4

14

2

Velocity, m/s/

Wind, m/s

n/a n/a n/a 0.004 11 6

3.9

17

1


4-month daily periods, bi-weekly sliding correlation

between stream flow and air temperature

-1

-0.8

-0.6

-0.4

-0.2

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

Jan

-91

May

-91

Sep

-91

Jan

-92

May

-92

Sep

-92

Jan

-93

May

-93

Sep

-93

Jan

-94

May

-94

Sep

-94

Jan

-95

May

-95

Sep

-95

Jan

-96

May

-96

Sep

-96

Jan

-97

May

-97

Sep

-97

Jan

-98

May

-98

Sep

-98

Jan

-99

May

-99

Sep

-99

Jan

-00

May

-00

Sep

-00

Period from 01-Jan-91 to 31-Dec-00

Co

rrela

tio

n c

oeffic

ien

t

Total Base

Etobicoke Cr. and Pearson Airport


Conclusions

• The hypothesis of the watershed as the functional unit of hydrosphere to control temperature is true

• The excessively high level of TDS in groundwater accelerates the GW temperature increase during the warm period

• Within the system, the higher rate of base component indicates the higher reactivity of the parameter itself in the examined period

• Interrelated parameters change iteratively, fluctuating in different periods around their temporary stable condition

• The Separated Flux Analysis is the right tool for the environmental assessment and can be used in the water source protection activity to estimate the true relationship between elements of the system, to restore missing parameters using available ones: air temperature and flow.

• The Fletcher’s creek daily dataset has to be completed till one year period in order to be an excellent database for any approach evaluation

Surface water groundwater · GW level – air temperature (r = -0.86) y = -2.4341x + 111.64 R2 =...

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Transcript of Surface water groundwater · GW level – air temperature (r = -0.86) y = -2.4341x + 111.64 R2 =...