Supplementary Information.

The data provided in the Supplementary Materials excel spreadsheet are derived

from EDS analyses. The column labeled “App Conc” lists the calculated elemental

concentrations based on counting statistics; the column labeled “Intensity Corrn” is the

correction factor applied to the “App Conc” values so as to have the final Wt%

calculation sum to 100%.

EDS Accuracy

In addition to determining the chemical compositions of the inclusions, a large

population of trinitite glass was also analyzed. Concentrations of Mg, Al, Si, Ca, Ti, and

Fe measured in the glasses in this study (data provided in the spreadsheet) are compared

to those from the literature (Fahey et al. 2010) in Supplementary Figure S1. The range in

compositions is large, which is expected due to the large degree of heterogeneity in

trinitite, but comparable to those provided in the literature.

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Table 1. Trinitite Samples and Descriptions

Sample Description

1

2 Specimens with large gas pockets in the surface or around perimeter

3

4A Red inclusions- The red inclusions are due to the presence of copper.

4B Black inclusions- Due to the presence of iron.

4C

4D Blue inclusions-small, glassy, white to very light robin's egg blue color inclusions

4E

4F "Coke bottle" color inclusions.

5A

5B

5D

5E Lace-like specimens, always small, very delicate.

5F Specimens with unfused, iron blebs.

Specimens with glass-like fused top surface--this is the most common type of

surface feature seen on the trinitite specimens.

the bottom of each specimen in this group exhibits the rough texture of the sandy

desesrt surface, which remained untouched by the blast. The tops of the

specimens have lumpy, convoluted, sand included, or otherwise irregular surfaces.

Unusual protuberances or casts on the bases of these specimens.

Elongated, finger-like extrusions. Always small, very delicate probably rare

because they are fragile and easily broken.

Light colored glass, or light colored flow marks-the light colored glass, or light

colored flow marks seen on some specimens are typical of material found 100 to

700 feet from ground zero and were part of the lighter colroed rays seen in aerial

photographs taken shortly after the explosion

White inclusions-White inclusions consist of small masses of the partially to totally

fused white feldspar or quartz

Layered specimens have lighter colored trinitite glass bases, usually with darker

colored surfaces.

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Spectrum 13

Element App Intensity Weight% Weight% Atomic%

Conc. Corrn. Sigma

O 24.25 0.8591 41.24 2.48 60.94

Al 2.5 0.7575 4.81 0.6 4.22

Si 14.3 0.8096 25.81 1.25 21.73

K 1.04 1.0234 1.49 0.36 0.9

Ca 3.78 0.983 5.61 0.49 3.31

Fe 12.26 0.8521 21.03 1.25 8.9

Spectrum 15

Element App Intensity Weight% Weight% Atomic%

Conc. Corrn. Sigma

O 21.63 0.7789 46.44 2.52 60.77

Si 30.19 1.0034 50.37 2.38 37.55

K 0.73 0.943 1.3 0.39 0.7

Ca 1.04 0.9154 1.9 0.41 0.99

Spectrum 15

Spectrum 21

Element App Intensity Weight% Weight% Atomic%

Conc. Corrn. Sigma

O 70.05 1.3706 35.15 0.56 61.97

Mg 0.83 0.4605 1.25 0.17 1.45

Al 2.4 0.5782 2.85 0.16 2.98

Si 5.25 0.6842 5.27 0.17 5.3

Ca 1.6 1.0759 1.03 0.09 0.72

Ti 1.66 0.9517 1.2 0.12 0.71

Fe 69.03 0.9051 52.47 0.53 26.5

Spectrum 5

Element App Intensity Weight% Weight% Atomic%

Conc. Corrn. Sigma

O 33.99 0.812 30.01 0.78 57.48

Al 1.59 0.5846 1.95 0.16 2.21

Si 2.85 0.7001 2.92 0.17 3.19

Ti 20.57 0.962 15.33 0.3 9.81

Fe 62.81 0.9043 49.79 0.64 27.32

Spectrum 13

Element App Intensity Weight% Weight% Atomic%

Conc. Corrn. Sigma

O 33.99 0.812 31.3 0.78 57.48

Ti 64 0.962 65.43 3.2 39.5

Fe 1.89 0.9043 2.56 0.64 3.02

Spectrum 13

Spectrum 21

Element App Intensity Weight% Weight% Atomic%

Conc. Corrn. Sigma

O 11.46 0.7948 15.74 0.66 35.61

Al 0.77 0.5206 1.62 0.19 2.18

Si 2.28 0.6389 3.89 0.2 5.02

S 15.81 0.8159 21.15 0.36 23.88

Ca 1.16 0.9936 1.28 0.12 1.15

Fe 0.7 1.0391 0.74 0.14 0.48

Cu 46.03 0.9036 55.59 0.62 31.68

Spectrum 25

Element App Intensity Weight% Weight% Atomic%

Conc. Corrn. Sigma

O 6.84 0.7537 9.29 0.75 23.42

Al 0.56 0.508 1.12 0.23 1.68

Si 1.5 0.6305 2.44 0.24 3.5

S 20.37 0.8212 25.39 0.52 31.93

Ca 0.71 0.9907 0.73 0.14 0.73

Cu 54.74 0.9177 61.03 0.77 38.73

Spectrum 59

Element App Intensity Weight% Weight% Atomic%

Conc. Corrn. Sigma

O 20.28 0.7307 29.56 0.74 78.7

Al 0.45 0.8387 0.58 0.16 0.91

Si 4.22 0.9764 4.6 0.2 6.98

Pb 56.64 0.9242 65.26 0.73 13.41

Spectrum 60

Element App Intensity Weight% Weight% Atomic%

Conc. Corrn. Sigma

O 53.65 0.8487 51.23 0.67 65.53

Al 4.38 0.9147 3.89 0.21 2.95

Si 45.43 0.9249 39.81 0.58 29.01

K 4.57 0.9604 3.86 0.18 2.02

Ca 0.4 0.9174 0.36 0.11 0.18

Fe 0.87 0.8207 0.86 0.25 0.32

Spectrum 60

Spectrum 54

Element App Intensity Weight% Weight% Atomic%

Conc. Corrn. Sigma

O K 17.68 0.7103 27.37 0.86 75.18

Al K 0.82 0.8443 1.07 0.17 1.74

Si K 4.76 0.9764 5.35 0.22 8.38

Pb M 54.87 0.921 65.49 0.84 13.89

Spectrum 66

Element App Intensity Weight% Weight% Atomic%

Conc. Corrn. Sigma

O 22.92 0.638 33.96 1.12 65.49

Mg 10.97 0.8411 12.33 0.39 15.64

Ca 16.49 0.9601 16.23 0.42 12.49

Ga 0.22 0.9404 0.22 0.02 0.1

Ta 6.67 0.7406 8.52 0.7 1.45

W 22.75 0.7477 28.76 0.77 4.83

Spectrum 32

Element App Intensity Weight% Weight% Atomic%

Conc. Corrn. Sigma

O 6.84 0.7537 25.29 0.75 23.42

Si 1.5 0.6305 2.44 0.24 3.5

S 20.37 0.8212 25.39 0.52 31.93

Ba 54.74 0.9177 41.03 0.77 38.73

Spectrum 32

No. Source Na Mg Al Si

1 Fahey et al. 2010 0.77 0.7 8.45 24

2 Fahey et al. 2010 0.75 0.86 7.96 26.2

3 Fahey et al. 2010 0.99 0.66 5.97 30.3

4 Fahey et al. 2010 0.71 0.96 9.73 23.7

5 Fahey et al. 2010 1.27 0.97 6.55 29.8

6 Fahey et al. 2010 0 0 0 46.67

Sample 1 glass 0 0 21.75 66.1

Sample 1 glass 0 0 9.05 25.41

Sample 1 glass 0 0 6.32 49.93

Sample 1 glass 0 0 7.75 39.72

Sample 1 glass 0 0 6.47 39.45

Sample 1 glass 0 0 3.96 43.71

Sample 1 glass 0 0 3.07 26.13

Sample 1 glass 0 0 2.17 25.54

Sample 1 glass 0 0 5.61 41.09

Sample 1 glass 0 0 5.23 34.66

Sample 1 glass 0 0 0 50.37

Sample 1 glass 0 0 5.56 39.38

Sample 1 glass 0 0 7.59 42.8

Sample 1 glass 0 0 6.51 42.15

Sample 1 glass 0 0 4.32 42.01

Sample 1 glass 0 0 6.81 44.53

Sample 2 glass 1.35 0 2.09 38.09

Sample 2 glass 0 0 1.84 53.21

Sample 2 glass 0 0 1.63 52.39

Sample 2 glass 1.11 0 7.46 37.59

Sample 2 glass 0 0 3.89 39.81

Sample 4a glass 0 0.55 7.2 25.25

Sample 4a glass 1.15 0 4.92 30.44

Sample 4a glass 1.5 1.06 6.65 24.62

Sample 4a glass 1.22 1.11 6.16 22.79

Sample 4a glass 1.53 1.09 7.5 20.33

Sample 4a glass 1.69 1.25 9.69 21.65

Sample 4a glass 0 0 0 42.34

Sample 4a glass 0 0 0 38.92

Sample 4b glass 0.69 0.81 3.74 41.43

Sample 4b glass 0.61 0.78 3.16 42.15

Sample 4b glass 0 0 3.31 41.76

Sample 4b glass 0.66 0 3.01 41.69

Sample 4b glass 0.73 0.79 3.15 36.02

Sample 4b glass 0.61 0 1.23 41.1

Sample 4c glass 2.22 0 6.82 34.58

Sample 4c glass 1.55 0 6.56 35.41

Sample 4c glass 1.17 0 2.84 37.87

Sample 4c glass 0 0 3.78 38.76

Sample 4c glass 0 0 1.61 37.71

Sample 4c glass 0 0 1.36 37.4

Sample 4c glass 0 0 2.38 48.96

Sample 4c glass 0 0 2.07 51.18

Sample 4d glass 1.75 0 1.84 27.4

Sample 4d glass 1.65 0 1.97 29.28

Sample 4d glass 1.62 0 1.96 26.75

Sample 4e glass 3.74 1.28 9.3 23.43

Sample 4f glass 0 0 9.41 25.39

Sample 4f glass 1.96 1.3 7.91 22.75

Sample 4f glass 2.37 0.92 9.83 11.05

Sample 4f glass 0.69 0 6.03 37.13

Sample 4f glass 0.78 0 6.71 36.9

Sample 4f glass 1.25 0.84 8.48 26.76

Sample 4f glass 1.39 0 8.57 29.18

Sample 4f glass 1.64 0 8.58 30.35

Sample 4f glass 1.9 0 9.32 31.6

Sample 5b glass 0 0 3.98 41.44

Sample 5b glass 0 0 5.44 47.28

Sample 5d glass 0.86 0 3.85 32.02

Sample 5d glass 0 0 1.74 35.91

Sample 5d glass 4.19 0 11.22 30.62

Sample 5d glass 2.21 0 6.42 30.15

Sample 5e glass 0 0 0 50.46

Sample 5e glass 0 0 0 50.61

Sample 5e glass 0 0 0 69.82

Sample 5e glass 0 0 5.97 35.45

Sample 5e glass 0 0 4.61 35.01

Sample 5e glass 0 0 6.98 41.24

Sample 5f glass 0 0 8.03 34.57

Sample 5f glass 0 0 7.67 33.47

K Ca Ti Fe

1.23 18.8 0.29 1.78

1.1 15.6 0.33 2.13

1.77 11.8 0.26 1.87

0.72 17 0.3 2.46

2.3 10.1 0.35 2.47

0 0 0 0

0 12.15 0 0

0 11.12 0 0

4.33 7.84 0 0

3.1 8 0 3.92

2.48 4.9 0 3.26

2.05 2.92 0 0

0 19.57 0 4.06

0 18.96 0 3.75

3.22 3.8 0 0

2.48 4.43 0 0

1.3 1.9 0 0

2.59 4.43 0 0

3.62 6.19 0 0

4.32 6.41 0 0

3.15 3.01 0 0

5.34 0 0 0

1.54 1.13 0 2.2

0 2 0 1.69

1.54 0.91 0 1.47

5.18 2.64 0 3.33

3.86 0.36 0 0.86

2.95 4.76 0.38 0

2.47 4.19 0.51 0

1.67 8.5 0.52 2.97

1.54 8.74 0.71 3.16

1.66 4.34 1.16 2.09

1.97 4.58 0 0

0 0 0 0

0 0.25 0 0

2.91 1.73 0 0

1.19 1.07 0 0

2.67 1.11 0.78 2.05

2.87 1.65 0.44 0

2.56 1.39 0 0

1.44 0.43 0 4.33

3.91 2.27 0 0

3.86 1.8 0 0

2.65 1.94 0 1.8

2.78 1.87 0 0

1.31 0.98 0 1.64

1.29 0.85 0 1.64

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

5 15 25

K w

t %

0

5

10

15

20

25

5 15 25

Ca w

t %

4

5

6

2.23 1.84 0 2.33

1.81 1.5 0 0

0 12.05 0 1.43

0 12.93 0 1.67

0 11.77 0 1.23

1.8 2.52 0.28 2.12

0 0 0 0

1.41 1.39 0 4.21

0.84 15.54 0 1.76

0 7.61 0 0.44

0 8.58 0.53 0.53

4.93 2.39 0.37 1.91

5.64 2.31 0 1.89

4.46 2.93 0 1.56

4.86 2.67 0 1.18

4.12 8.25 0 0

4.68 2.91 0 0

2.3 1.85 0 1.39

1.03 0.54 0 0.96

1.34 3.42 0 0

2.1 4.57 0.71 2.3

0 1.51 0 0

0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0

2.78 2.37 0 3.63

2.35 4.47 0 3.23

5.16 6.29 0 4.98

2.16 6.11 0 3.39

1.66 6.01 0 0

0

1

2

3

4

5 15 25

Fe w

t %

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

5 15 25

Na w

t %

10

15

20

25

Al w

t %

0

5

5 15 25 35

35 45 55 65 75

Si wt %

Fahey et al. 2010

This study

35 45 55 65 75

Si wt %

Fahey et al. 2010

This study

35 45 55 65 75

Si wt %

Fahey et al. 2010

This study

35 45 55 65 75

Si wt %

Fahey et al. 2010

This study

Fahey et al. 2010

This study

35 45 55 65 75

Si wt %

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

5 15 25 35 45 55 65 75

Si wt %

Na w

t %

Fahey et al. 2010

This study

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

5 15 25 35 45 55 65 75

Si wt %

K w

t %

0

5

10

15

20

25

5 15 25 35 45 55 65 75

Si wt %

Ca w

t %

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

5 15 25 35 45 55 65 75

Si wt %

Fe w

t %

0

5

10

15

20

25

5 15 25 35 45 55 65 75

Si wt %

Al w

t %

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