SunRise University, Alwar · 2020. 9. 24. · capacitor,Short capacitor, Change of value ,Test for...

Polytechnic Electrical Engineering 4th semester

A. Theory

S.No. COURSE

CODE

SUBJECT PERIODS INTERNAL

ASSESMENT

ESE Subject

TOTAL L T P

1 4DEE01 Electrical Machine -1 3 1 0 40 60 100

2 4DEE02 Electrical circuit theory 3 1 0 40 60 100

3 4DEE03 Electrical workshop 4 1 0 40 60 100

4 4DEE04 Basic mechanical engineering 3 1 0 40 60 100

5 4DEE05

Microprocessor & C-Programming 3 1 0

40 60 100

B. Practical

6 4DEE06

Electrical Machine –I lab 0 0 2

60 40 100

7 4DEE07

Mechanical engineering lab 0 0 2

60 40 100

8 4DEE08

Electrical workshop lab 0 0 2

60 40 100

9 4DEE09

Microprocessor & C-programming lab 0 0 2

60 40 100

10 4DEE10 Technical Seminar

100

GRAND TOTAL 15 5 8 500 500 1000

1

SunRise University, Alwar

Polytechnic Electrical Engineering -IV Semester

Units Topics

Unit I Introduction to Electrical Machines Definition of motor and generator Torque

development due to alignment of two fields and the concept of torque angle Electro-

magnetically induced emf Elementary concept of an electrical machine Comparison of

generator and motor Generalized theory of electrical machines.

Unit

II

D.C. Generator :Construction of D.C. machine ,Lap and wave winding (Brief idea),

Principle of D.C. generator ,Excitation methods and different types of D.C. Generator

E.M.F. equation ,D.C. generator characteristics, Losses, Efficiency and condition for

maximum efficiency, Concept of armature reaction, Effect of armature reaction on

commutation and generated voltage. Parallel operation of DC generators and load sharing

Unit

III

D.C. Motor : Different types of D.C. motor , Principle of D.C. motor, Concept of back emf

, Torque, speed and power relations, Starters for D.C. shunt and compound motors ,

Characteristics of D.C. motor , Speed control of D.C. motor- Field control, Armature

control, Series parallel control, Testing of D.C. machine by Direct loading, Swineburn's

tes, Hopkinson's test and Calculation of efficiency as a generator and motor from above test

Unit

IV

Transformer :Construction of single phase and three phase transformer , Principle of

operation, Emf equation and Turn ratio, Idea of leakage reactance, Transformer phasor

diagram, At no load, At load (Lagging, Leading and UPF) ,Equivalent circuit of single

phase transformer ,Losses, efficiency and regulation ,Condition for maximum efficiency,

All day efficiency,

Unit

V

Transformer testing: By direct loading, By open circuit and short circuit test,

Determination of equivalent circuit parameters, Back to back test, Parallel operation of

single-phase transformer with equal and unequal voltage ratio. Off load and on load tap

changers, Auto transformer , Poly phase connection (Descriptive study) , Scott connection,

Open-Delta connection, Star-Star connection, Delta - Delta connection, Parallel operation

of 3-phase transformer 2

4DEE01 ELECTRICAL MACHINE-I

3

Units Topics

Unit I Network Parameters : Active and passive, Linear and non-linear, Unilateral and

bilateral, Lumped and distributed, Time varying and time invariant parameters,

Voltage and current sources (ideal and practical), Dependent and Independent

sources, Source conversion techniques.

Unit II Network Theorems: Node and mesh analysis, Star-delta transformation,

Superposition theorem, Reciprocity theorem, Thevenin's theorem, Norton's theorem,

Maximum power transfer theorem, Millman's theorem, Tellegen's theorem.

Unit III Circuit Transients : Introduction to Laplace transform and inverse Laplace

transformations Laplace transformation of following functions-Unit impulse function

,Unit step function, Exponential function, Ramp function, Sinusoidal function,

Derivative function, Integral function , Laplace transformation theorem, Shifting

Theorem , Shift in 's' domain theorem4.3.3 Complex differentiation theorem, Final

value theorem, Initial value theorem, Complex integration theorem, Solution of

series RL, RC and RLC circuits by Laplace transformation

Unit IV Two Port network : z-parameters, y-parameters, h-parameters, ABCD- parameters,

Inter relation among z,y,h and ABCD parameters., Special types of network such as

T, π, Bridge - T, Parallel-T and Lattice.

Unit V Complex Frequency and Pole-Zero Diagram :Concept of complex frequency

,Poles and zeros of simple function , Ploting of poles and zero diagram of a simple

function (up to second order), Necessary conditions of pole and zero locations of

driving point functions.

Resonance :Series resonance, Parallel resonance, Q-factor, bandwidth, selectivity,

half power frequencies, graphical representations , Importance of resonance

4DEE02 ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT THEORY

4

Units Topics

Unit I Automobile Electrical System :Dynamo ,Self starter, Voltage regulator, Ignition coil Lighting

circuit-1 Four Wheeler Two Wheeler

Domestic Appliances :Introduction, Appliances making use of thermal effects, Design of heating

elements wire, Study of the followings – Table fan, Ceiling fan, Washing machine ,Emergency

light, Refrigerator, Air Conditioner, Water cooler, MCB, ELCB

Unit II Introduction of Electrical Maintenance : Fundamental of electrical maintenance and repair ,

Classification, scope and frequency of electrical maintenance and repair work, General structure

and equipment of electrical repair shop, Repair records and maintenance schedule.

Maintenance and Repair of Storage Batteries :Inspection and checking of storage batterie ,

Trouble and its shootings, Repair of storage batteries

Maintenance and Repairs of Circuit Breakers : Maintenance and troubleshooting of Oil circuit

breakers , Air blast circuit breakers , SF6 circuit breakers

Unit III Maintenance and Repair of Transformers : Introduction, Transformer inspection, Periodical

overhauling of transformer, Location of transformer defects, Winding and core repairs, Bushing

repairs, Repair and maintenance of conservator, Dismantling and assembling of transformer

,Transformer drying out, Maintenance of Buchholz’s relay, Maintenance of transformers while in

services., Electrical characteristics of transformer oil, Transformer oil purification methods

Fault Investigation and Testing : Specification, wiring, dismantling, fault investigation,

repairing, assembling and testing the following electrical appliances - Electric heater, Electric

immersions heater, Room heater, Electric kettle, Electric soldering iron

4DEE02 ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT THEORY

5

Unit IV Maintenance and Repair of A.C Motors : Different tests on single phase capacitor type A.C. motor- Open

capacitor ,Short capacitor, Change of value ,Test for open and short circuits faults ,Checking of centrifugal switch,

Over hauling, dismantling and assembling of ceiling fan and table fan , Identification of terminals of 3-phase

squirrel cage induction motor , Electrical fault location, Mechanical fault location, Drying and testing of

insulation, Abnormal heating at bearing, Greasing, degreasing and impregnating Alignment and rotor balancing.

Maintenance and Repair of D.C. Motors : Identification of terminals of D.C. compound motors, Testing of

armature and commutator, Over hauling of D.C. Machine, Repairing of field winding, Sparking at brushes and its

remedies, Commutators and brush mechanism and its defect.

Unit V Wire Joints : Different types of joints ,Their uses

Wiring :Systems of wiring ,Types of wiring and their application ,Wiring Diagram of Different Lamp Control

Circuits and Their Working : Bell indicator ,Fluorescent tube (single and double) , Mercury vapour lamp , Sodium

vapour lamp, Neon sign lamp, Flasher

Safety Measures : Study of various safety devices and appliances in an electrical workshop ,Safety measures for

working on low, medium and high voltage main and the study the apparatus used, Use of fire fighting, electric

shock treatment, first aid, and safety posters etc.

Units Topics

Unit I Mechanical Properties of Metals : Definitions –Elasticity, Plasticity, Ductility,

Brittleness , Toughness, Hardness, Malleability, Fatigue, Examples of

applications of above terms related to electrical engineering.

Basic Concept of Thermal Engineering : Energy , Internal energy , Potential

energy , Kinetic energy, Heat, Work and enthalpy, Specific heat, Specific heat

ratio, Characteristics gas equation, Universal gas constant , First law of

thermodynamics ,Second law of thermodynamics.

Unit II 3. Hydraulics : Physical properties of a fluid , Density ,Specific volume,

Specific weigh, Specific gravity , Viscosity, Pascal's law

Pressure Measuring Devices : Manometers, Simple manometers ,Differential

manometers, Inverted 'U' tube, Pressure gauges ,Continuity equation

Unit III Bernaulli's Theorem :Energy of a fluid ,Pressure energy , Velocity energy

,Datum energy , Venturimeter & its uses

Pumps : Types of pumps ,Centrifugal pump ,Reciprocating pump ,Their relative

advantages and performance

Transmission : Belt drive, Rope drive, velocity ratio, Tension ratio, Effect of

centrifugal tension

, Application of these drives

6

4DEE04 BASIC MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Units Topics

Unit I Introduction : Evolution of microprocessor, Digital computer , Organisation of computer ,

Definition of Instruction ,Program, Machine language ,Assembly language, High level

language, Compiler and Assembler

Microprocessors Architecture (Intel 8085 ) : Functional block diagram ,Pin-Out diagram

with description, Buses, Address bus, Data bus, Control bus, Registers, Arithmetic and logic

unit ,Timing and control unit, Types of instructions and classification into groups,Types of

addressing modes, Status flags

Unit II Programming and Application of Microprocessor :Some examples of assembly language

programme ,Introduction to circuits (block diagram only) used in electrical application, ADC,

DAC, Analog Multiplexer, Sample and Hold, Programmable peripheral interface (PPI)

,Measurement of Electrical Quantities, Frequency measurement, Phase angle and power

factor measurement, Voltage and current measurement, Power and energy measurement,

Measurement of Physical Quantities -Temperature measurement,Deflection measurement

,Water level indicator ,Angular speed ,Traffic Control.

Introduction of ‘C’ Language :Scope of ‘C’ Language, Distinction and similarities with

other HLLs ,Special features and Application areas

Unit III Elements of ‘C’ : Character set, Key words , Data types ,Constants and Variables ,

Operators: unary, binary, ternary , Operator precedence

Console Input-Output : Types of I-O , Console I-O , Unformatted console I-O:

getchar(),putchar(), gets(), puts(), getch(),getche() , Formatted I-O: scanf(), printf() •

7

4DEE05 MICROPROCESSOR AND “C” PROGRAMMING

8

Unit IV Turbine : Working principles and types of water turbines ,Selection of turbines , Brief idea of

turbine ,Pelton wheel turbine, Francis turbine

Properties of Steam: Generation of steam at constant pressure ,Enthalpy of water wet steam,

Enthalpy of dry saturated stem , Dryness fraction ,Superheated steam, Latent enthalpy ,Enthalpy

of steam, Specific volume, External work during evaporation, Internal content enthalpy, Internal

energy of steam ,Use of steam table, Simple numerical problems

Unit V Boilers :Classification of boilers ,Working of common boilers ,Babcox and Wilcox , Chichram

boiler, Boiler mounting and their accessories, Introduction to modern high pressure boiler for

thermal power station ( Lamont boiler, weffler boiler, Benson boiler and Velox boiler).

Steam Turbines : Introduction ,Types of steam turbine, Working principle of steam turbine , Uses

and advantages of steam turbine

I.C. Engines :I.C. engine cycle ( otto, diesel) , Working principle of , Two stroke petrol and diesel

, Four stroke petrol and diesel

9

Unit IV Control Flow : Statements and blocks, if ,switch ,Loops: for, while, do-while , goto and labels,

break, continue, exit , Nesting control statements

Arrays : Basic concepts , Memory representation , One dimensional array, Two dimensional array

Functions :Basic concepts ,Declaration and prototypes ,Calling

Unit V Pointers : Basic concepts, &, * operator , Pointer expression: assignment, arithmetic, comparison,

Dynamic memory allocation, Pointer v/s Arrays

Structure and Enumerated Data Types :Basic concepts, Declaration and memory map, Elements

of structures, Enumerated data types : typedef, enum, Union

Course: Polytechnic Subject Code:4DEE01

Aim and Objective: This will impart the students enough learning for this core subject covering

laws of electromechanical conversion, dc motors and generator, transformer and its types –single

and Poly phase

Unit No Description

I Introduction to Electrical Machine

II DC Generator

III DC Motor

IV Transformer

V Transformer Testing

Electrical Machine-I

Unit-I Introduction to Electrical Machine

Electrical Machine :

An electrical machine is a device which converts mechanical energy into electrical energy or vice

versa. Electrical machines also include transformers, which do not actually make conversion

between mechanical and electrical form but they convert AC current from one voltage level to

another voltage level.


TYPES OF ELECTRICAL MACHINE

UNIT-I INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICAL MACHINE


https://circuitglobe.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/classification-of-an-induction-motor.jpg

Unit-II DC Generators

• DC Generator

• A dc generator is an electrical machine which converts mechanical energy into direct current

electricity. This energy conversion is based on the principle of production of dynamically

induced emf. This article outlines basic construction and working of a DC generator.

Construction of a DC machine:

Note: A DC generator can be used as a DC motor without any constructional changes and vice

versa is also possible. Thus, a DC generator or a DC motor can be broadly termed as a DC

machine. These basic constructional details are also valid for the construction of a DC

motor. Hence, let's call this point as construction of a DC machine instead of just

'construction of a dc generator'.


Some definitions of Theorems

The above figure shows constructional details of a simple 4-pole DC machine. A DC machine

consists of two basic parts; stator and rotor.



Principle of DC Generator

According to Faraday’s laws of electromagnetic induction, whenever a conductor is placed in

a varying magnetic field (OR a conductor is moved in a magnetic field), an emf

(electromotive force) gets induced in the conductor.

The magnitude of induced emf can be calculated from the emf equation of dc generator. If the

conductor is provided with a closed path, the induced current will circulate within the path. In

a DC generator, field coils produce an electromagnetic field and the armature conductors are

rotated into the field. Thus, an electromagnetically induced emf is generated in the armature

conductors. The direction of induced current is given by Fleming’s right hand rule.



Working of DC Generator

• According to Fleming’s right hand rule,

the direction of induced current changes

whenever the direction of motion of the

conductor changes. Let’s consider an

armature rotating clockwise and a

conductor at the left is moving upward.

When the armature completes a half

rotation, the direction of motion of that

particular conductor will be reversed to

downward. Hence, the direction of

current in every armature conductor will

be alternating. If you look at the above

figure, you will know how the direction

of the induced current is alternating in an

armature conductor. But with a split ring

commutator, connections of the armature

conductors also gets reversed when the

current reversal occurs. And therefore, we

get unidirectional current at the terminals.



https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-8MdQEIrEml8/VFOStnKhh2I/AAAAAAAAA_Q/nNkVl761EU8/s1600/working+of+dc+generator.png

What is DC Motor ?

The electric motor operated by dc is called dc motor. This is a device that converts DC

electrical energy into a mechanical energy. In this unit we studied different types of DC motors ,

their starting and speed control methods, testing of machine ,losses and efficiency of motors

Unit-III DC Motors


When a current carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field, it experiences a torque and has

a tendency to move. In other words, when a magnetic field and an electric field interact, a

mechanical force is produced. The DC motor or direct current motor works on that principal.

This is known as motoring action.

The direction of rotation of a this motor is given by Fleming’s left hand rule, which states that if

the index finger, middle finger, and thumb of your left hand are extended mutually

perpendicular to each other and if the index finger represents the direction of magnetic field,

middle finger indicates the direction of current, then the thumb represents the direction in which

force is experienced by the shaft of the DC motor.

• Principle of DC Motor


Unit-III DC Motors

What is Back EMF?

When the armature of a DC motor rotates under the influence of the driving torque, the armature

conductors move through the magnetic field and hence emf is induced in them as in a generator.

The induced emf acts in opposite direction to the applied voltage V (Lenz’s law) and is known

as Back EMF or Counter EMF (Eb).

The equation to find out back emf in a DC motor is given below,

The back emf Eb(= PΦZN/60 A) is always less than the applied voltage V, although this difference is

small when the motor is running under normal conditions.


Unit-III DC Motors

http://www.studyelectrical.com/2017/04/electric-potential--difference-and-emf.html

http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-t_D9DKPTyMw/VNRg_Cc8_eI/AAAAAAAABUw/tIS9X11wKvE/s1600/Untitled.png

Torque Equation of DC Motor

The equation of torque is given by,

Where, F is force in linear direction.

R is radius of the object being rotated,

and θ is the angle, the force F is making with R vector

The DC motor as we all know is a rotational machine, and torque of DC motor

is a very important parameter in this concern, and it’s of utmost importance to

understand the torque equation of DC motor for establishing its running

characteristics.

To establish the torque equation, let us first consider the basic circuit diagram of

a DC motor, and its voltage equation.


Unit-III DC Motors

Starter of motors

(1) 3 point starter

(2) 4 point starter

(3) DC Series motor Starter

Speed Control of motor

(1) Armature Control Method

(2) Field Control Method


Unit-III DC Motors

Unit-IV Transformer

Definition of Transformer

A transformer is a static device which transfers electrical energy from one circuit to another through

the process of electromagnetic induction. It is most commonly used to increase (‘step up’) or

decrease (‘step down’) voltage levels between circuits.


.

Working Principle of Transformer

The working principle of a transformer is very simple. Mutual induction between two or more

windings (also known as coils) allows for electrical energy to be transferred between circuits.


Unit-IV Transformer

Three-Phase Transformer Construction

Core Type Three Phase Transformer

The core of the three phase transformer is

usually made up of three limbs in the

same plane. This can be built using stack

lamination. The each leg of this core

carries the low voltage and high voltage

winding. The low voltage windings are

insulated from the core than the high

voltage windings

Shell type Three Phase Transformer

The shell type 3-phase transformer can be

constructed by stacking three single phase

shell transformer as shown in the figure below.

The winding direction of the central unit b is

made opposite to that of units a and c. If the

system is balanced with phase sequence a-b-c,

the flux will also be balanced


Unit-IV Transformer

https://circuitglobe.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/thrre-phase-core-in-contact-with-other.jpg

https://circuitglobe.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/three-phase-shell-type-transformer.jpg

Emf Equation of Transformer

Let’s say, T is number of turns in a winding,

Φm is the maximum flux in the core in Wb.

As per Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction,

As the maximum value of cos2πft is 1, the maximum value of induced emf e is,


Where φ is the instantaneous alternating flux and represented as,

Unit-IV Transformer

This is the EMF equation of transformer.

If E1 & E2 are primary and secondary emfs and T1 & T2 are primary and secondary turns then, voltage

ratio or turns ratio of transformer is,

To obtain the rms value of induced counter emf, divide this maximum value of e by √2.


Unit-IV Transformer

Losses in transformer

In any electrical machine, 'loss' can be defined as the difference between input power and output

power. An electrical transformer is an static device, hence mechanical losses (like windage or

friction losses) are absent in it. A transformer only consists of electrical losses (iron losses and

copper losses). Transformer losses are similar to losses in a DC machine, except that transformers

do not have mechanical losses.

(i) Core losses or Iron losses

(a) Hysteresis loss in transformer (b) Eddy current loss in transformer

(ii) Copper loss in transformer


Unit-IV Transformer

Unit-V Transformer Testing

• Open and Short Circuit Test of Transformer

• Open and short circuit tests are performed on a transformer to determine the:

• Equivalent circuit of transformer

• Voltage regulation of transformer

• Efficiency of transformer

• The power required for open circuit tests and short circuit tests on a transformer is equal

to the power loss occurring in the transformer


The HV side of the transformer is kept

open. Now with the help of variac,

applied voltage gets slowly increased

until the voltmeter gives reading equal to

the rated voltage of the LV side. After

reaching rated LV side voltage, we

record all the three instruments reading

(Voltmeter, Ammeter and Wattmeter

readings).

We short-circuit the LV side of the

transformer. Now with the help of variac

applied voltage is slowly increased until the

wattmeter, and an ammeter gives reading

equal to the rated current of the HV side.

After reaching the rated current of the HV

side, we record all the three instrument

readings (Voltmeter, Ammeter and Watt-meter

readings)


Unit-V Transformer Testing

References TEXT BOOKS:

1. Vidyut Engg.(S.I.Units) (Hindi) by K.D.Sharma

2. Electrical Engg. part I& II(Hindi) by D.R.Nagpal

3. Electrical Machines by J.B.Gupta

4. Electrical Technology by S.L.Uppal

5. Electrical Technology Vol.-II by B.L.Theraja

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. A Basic Course in Electrical Engg. by Sharma & Gupta

2. Electric Machine by P.S. Bimbra

3. Electric Machine by Nagrath & Kothari.

Faculty Name: Er. Dinesh Suthar

Email id :[email protected]

Mobile Number:7665220534

Unit No Description

I Network Parameters

II Network Theorems

III Circuit Transients

IV Two Port network

V Complex Frequency and Pole-Zero Diagram

Electrical Circuit Theory

Subject Code :4DEE02 Course Name :Polytechnic

Aim and Objective : A diploma holder in electrical engineering is expected to analyze

electrical and electronic circuits and networks during his job. For this sound understanding of

the concept and methods of analysis of electrical circuits and network is a must for him. This

course will develop analytical abilities of students in solving problems.

Unit –I Network Parameters

Contents:

Active and passive

Linear and non-linear

Unilateral and bilateral

Lumped and distributed

Time varying and time invariant parameters

Voltage and current sources (ideal and practical)

Dependent and Independent sources

Source conversion techniques.



Network parameters that may be monitored include the network load and rate at which

errors occur. Both of these parameters have a time component, and hence it is important that

the user understands the sampling period used by the network monitor.

An electrical circuit is an interconnection of electrical circuit elements. These circuit

elements can be categorized into two types , namely active and passive element.



Types of Network Parameters Active and passive, Linear and non-linear, Unilateral and

bilateral, Lumped and distributed, Time varying and time invariant parameters

Types of Electrical Energy Sources

Voltage and current sources (ideal and practical)

Dependent and Independent sources,

Basic Terms related to Electrical Network

Node:- A simple node is a junction where any two elements are connected.

Junction:- A principle node or junction is a place where more than two elements

are connected.

Branch:- It is the section between two nodes in the circuit.

Loop:- Loop is a close path made by branches in which current can flow. One

loop may consist of number of meshes.

Mesh:- It is the loop which have no other connected loop.


Unit –II Network Theorems

Contents:

Node and mesh analysis,

Star-delta transformation,

Superposition theorem,

Reciprocity theorem,

Thevenin's theorem,

Norton's theorem,

Maximum power transfer theorem,

Millman's theorem,

Tellegen's theorem..



The superposition theorem states that for a linear system (notably including the

subcategory of time-invariant linear systems) the response (voltage or current) in any

branch of a bilateral linear circuit having more than one independent source equals the

algebraic sum of the responses caused by each independent source .

Thevenin's Theorem states that “Any linear circuit containing several voltages and

resistances can be replaced by just one single voltage in series with a single resistance

connected across the load“.

Nortons Theorem states that “Any linear circuit containing several energy sources and

resistances can be replaced by a single Constant Current generator in parallel with a Single

Resistor“.

Maximum power transfer Theorem states that, to obtain maximum external power from

a source with a finite internal resistance, the resistance of the load must equal the resistance

of the source as viewed from its output terminals.



Reciprocity Theorem In its simplest form, the reciprocity theorem states that if an emf E in

one branch of a reciprocal network produces a current I in another, then if the emf E is

moved from the first to the second branch, it will cause the same current in the first branch,

where the emf has been replaced by a short circuit.

Substitution Theorem. states that the voltage across any branch or the current through that

branch of a network being known, the branch can be replaced by the combination of various

elements that will make the same voltage and current through that branch.


Unit –III Circuit Transients

Contents:

Introduction to Laplace transform and inverse Laplace transformations

Laplace transformation of following functions-Unit impulse function ,Unit step function

Exponential function, Ramp function, Sinusoidal function, Derivative function, Integral

function

Laplace transformation theorem

Shifting Theorem ,Shift in 's' domain theorem

Complex differentiation theorem

Final value theorem, Initial value theorem,

Complex integration theorem, Solution of series RL, RC and RLC circuits by Laplace

transformation


Unit –III Circuit Transients Introduction to Laplace transform

The Laplace transform takes a function of time and transforms it to a function of a complex

variable s. Because the transform is invertible, no information is lost and it is reasonable to think

of a function f (t) and its Laplace transform F (s) as two views of the same phenomenon. Each

view has its uses and some features of the phenomenon are easier to understand in one view or

the other.

We can use the Laplace transform to transform a linear time invariant system from the time

domain to the s-domain. This leads to the system function G(s) for the system –this is the same

system function used in the Nyquist criterion for stability.

• The properties of the Laplace transform help us to obtain transform pairs without directly

using Eq. As we derive each of these properties, we should keep in mind the definition of the

Laplace transform in Eq.

• Table 1 provides a list of the properties of the Laplace transform. The last property (on

convolution) will be proved later. There are other properties, but these are enough for present

purposes.

• Table 2 summarizes the Laplace transforms of some common functions. We have omitted the

factor u(t) except where it is necessary


Unit –III Circuit Transients


Unit –IV Two Port Network

Contents:

Z-parameters

Y-parameters

h-parameters

ABCD- parameters

Inter relation among z,y,h and ABCD parameters

Special types of network such as T, π, Bridge – T

Parallel-T and Lattice




In a two-port network, often port 1 is considered the input port and port 2 is

considered the output port.

The two-port network model is used in mathematical circuit analysis techniques to

isolate portions of larger circuit.

To Understand about Two Port network & its functions.

To Understand Different Two Port Network parameters

Establish the relation between various Two Port network Parameters

Unit –V Complex Frequency and Pole-Zero Diagram &

Resonance Contents:

Concept of complex frequency

Poles and zeros of simple function

Plotting of poles and zero diagram of a simple function (up to second order)

Necessary conditions of pole and zero locations of driving point functions

Resonance :Series resonance, Parallel resonance,

Q-factor, bandwidth, selectivity, half power frequencies graphical representations

Importance of resonance



Resonance Complex Frequency & Pole-Zero Diagram

Resonance :Series resonance, Parallel resonance, Q-factor, bandwidth, selectivity, half

power frequencies, graphical representations , Importance of resonance

Concept of complex frequency Poles and zeros of simple function , Plotting of poles and

zero diagram of a simple function (up to second order), Necessary conditions of pole and zero

locations of driving point function.



Resonance The quality factor relates the maximum or peak energy stored in the circuit (the reactance) to

the energy dissipated (the resistance) during each cycle of oscillation meaning that it is a ratio

of resonant frequency to bandwidth and the higher the circuit Q, the smaller the bandwidth,

Q = ƒr /BW.

As the bandwidth is taken between the two -3dB points, the selectivity of the circuit is a

measure of its ability to reject any frequencies either side of these points. A more selective

circuit will have a narrower bandwidth whereas a less selective circuit will have a

wider bandwidth

The frequencies for which current in a series RLC (or a series tuned) circuit is equal to 1/√2

(i.e. 70.71%) of the maximum current (current at resonance)are known as half Power

Frequencies.



Resonance • Necessary Conditions for Driving Point Functions:

After cancelling the common factors in the numerator polynomial P(s) and denominator

polynomial Q(s), the necessary conditions for the driving point functions are as follows :

The coefficients of the numerator polynomial P(s) and the denominator polynomial Q(s) must

be real and positive.

If poles and zeros are imaginary then such poles and zeros must be conjugate.

The real part of all the poles and zeros must be negative or zero and if the real part is zero,

then the pole or zero must be simple.

There should not be any missing term between the highest and lowest degrees in the

polynomials P(s) and Q(s) unless all the even or all the odd terms are missing.

The degree of the polynomial in numerator and denominator should differ by either zero or

one.

The terms of lowest degree in P(s) and Q(s) may differ in degree at the most by one


References • TEXT BOOKS:

• 1. Electrical Circuit Theory by Arumugam & Premkumaran

• 2. Electrical Networks by Soni & Gupta

• 3. Electrical Network Analysis by Umesh Sinha

• 4. Electrical Network Analysis by G.K.Mithal

• 5. Text Book of Circuit Theory by G.S. Verma

• REFERENCE BOOKS:

• 1. Text Book of Circuit Theory by G.S. Verma

• 2. Electrical Circuit by M.E. Valvenkerberg

• Faculty Name: Er.R.P.Sharma

• Email id :[email protected]

• Mobile Number:7665220534

Unit No Description

I Automobile Electrical System , Domestic Appliances

II Introduction of Electrical Maintenance , Maintenance and Repair of Storage

Batteries , Maintenance and Repairs of Circuit Breakers

III Maintenance and Repair of Transformers , Fault Investigation and Testing

IV Maintenance and Repair of A.C Motors , Maintenance and Repair of D.C.

Motors

V Wire Joints , Wiring, Safety Measures

Electrical Workshop


Aim and Objective:: A diploma holder in electrical engineering has to perform supervisory duty in industries and Electricity Corporation. He/ She should have adequate knowledge as well as should be able to educate his/her subordinates for electrical wiring, wiring circuits, fault investigation and repair of domestic appliances..

Unit –I Automobile Electrical System


The contents of the series of posts have been planned to cover different aspects of

automobile (vehicle) electrical system design in such a way that starting from the

stage of introduction of a new vehicle under design and development to defining all

the constituent units of the electrical system, interfacing of t he units and networking

through data buses and engineering of the wiring on the vehicle are outlined.

The modern electrical system has been developed, over a period of some fifty years from the

days of the early motor-car which usually had only one electrical system, namely, that of the

ignition comprising either a trembler coil and battery or a magneto. The replacement of the

magneto by the coil ignition system with its necessary battery unit, necessitated some means of

keeping the battery charged and this brought the dynamo into more general use. Having a

regularly charged battery the earlier advantage taken of this unit was to provide electric current

for the headlamps and tail lamps and, later, to the electric motor starting unit that relieved the

starting handle of most of its duties.

Unit –I Domestic Appliances

The Domestic Appliance Given a broad usage, the domestic application attached to home

appliance is tied to the definition of appliance as "an instrument or device designed for a

particular use or function". More specifically, Collins English Dictionary defines "home

appliance" as: "devices or machines, usually electrical, that are in your home and which you

use to do jobs such as cleaning or cooking". The broad usage, afforded to the definition allows

for nearly any device intended for domestic use to be a home appliance, including consumer

electronics as well as stoves, refrigerators, toasters and air conditioners

Major appliances, also known as white goods, comprise major household appliances and may

include: air conditioners, dishwashers, clothes dryers, drying cabinets, freezers, refrigerators,

wkitchen stoves, water heaters, washing machines, trash compactors, microwave ovens, and

induction cookers. White goods were typically painted or enameled white, and many of them

still are

Small appliances are typically small household electrical machines, also very useful and easily

carried and installed. Yet another category is used in the kitchen, including: juicers, electric

mixers,meat grinders, coffee grinders, deep fryers, herb grinders, food processors, electric

kettles, waffle irons,




Automobile Electrical System Dynamo



Self Starter

Unit –II Introduction of Electrical Maintenance


Electrical maintenance covers all aspects of testing, monitoring, fixing, and replacing

elements of an electrical system. Usually performed by a licensed professional with a

complete knowledge of the National Electric Code and local regulations, one of the

major challenges to electrical maintenance is the nature of electrical wiring. It can be

difficult to pinpoint the location of specific problems as the system is built into the

building. Thermal imaging has become increasingly important in the industry for its

ability to identify issues with both electrical connection points and equipment operation.

By catching such problems early, electrical maintenance helps reduce unexpected power

outages and protects equipment from damage.

What is electrical maintenance? It’s an aspect of building operations no commercial

facility should be without. While large scale operations may have their own on-staff

electricians, smaller facilities may find it more financially viable to contract with a

licensed professional for scheduled electrical maintenance and servicing.

Unit –II Maintenance and Repair of Storage Batteries


Testing is designed to tell us things we want to know about individual cells and batteries.

Some typical questions are:

Is it fully charged ?

How much charge is left in the battery ?

Does it meet the manufacturer's specification ?

Has there been any deterioration in performance since it was new ?

How long will it last ?

Do the safety devices all work ?

Does it generate interference or electrical noise ?

Is it affected by interference or electrical noise ?

The answers are not always straightforward.

Indirect Measurements

Although all of the cell parameters the design engineer may wish to measure can be quantified

by direct measurement, this is not always convenient or possible . For example the amount of

charge left in the battery, the State of Charge (SOC) can be determined by fully discharging the

battery and measuring the energy output. This takes time, it wastes energy, each test cycle

shortens the battery life and it may not be practical if the battery is in use. It would also be

pointless for a primary cell



The Cell Design Process Testing

A much more detailed testing regime is necessary in the design of new cells. More information

can be found on the New Battery Designs and Chemistries page.

Test Conditions

In all of the following tests, and testing in general, the test conditions must be specified so that

repeatable results can be obtained, and meaningful comparisons can be made. This includes

factors such as method, temperature, DOD, load and duty cycle. For instance the cell capacity

and cycle life, two key performance indicators could vary by 50% or more depending on the

temperature and the discharge rate at which the tests were carried out. See also

cell Performance Characteristics.

Battery specifications should always include the test conditions to avoid ambiguity.



Qualification Testing

Qualification testing is designed to determine whether a cell or battery is fit for the purpose for

which it was intended before it is approved for use in the product. This is particularly important if

the cell is to be used in a "mission critical" application. These are comprehensive tests carried out

initially on a small number of cells including testing some of them to destruction if necessary. As

a second stage, qualification also includes testing finished battery packs before the product is

approved for release to the customer. The tests are usually carried out to verify that the cells meet

the manufacturer's specification but they could also be used to test the cells to arbitrary limits set

by the applications engineer to determine how long the cells survive under adverse conditions or

unusual loads, to determine failure modes or safety factors.

Abuse Testing

The purpose of abuse testing is to verify that the battery is not a danger to the user or to itself either

by accidental or deliberate abuse under any conceivable conditions of use. Designing foolproof

batteries is ever more difficult because as we know, fools are so ingenious.

Abuse testing (always interesting to witness) is usually specified as part of the Safety Testing

(below). Recent accidents with Lithium cells have highlighted the potential dangers and stricter

battery design rules and a wider range of tests are being applied as well as stricter Transport

Regulations for shipping the products.

Unit –III Maintenance and Repair of Transformers


power transformer is the most costly and essential equipment piece of equipment within

an electrical substation. As such it is desirable to perform various preventative maintenance

activities to ensure the transformer maintains a high level of performance and a long

functional life.

A power transformer requires various routine maintenance tasks including measurement

and testing of different parameters of the transformer. There are two main types of

maintenance of transformer. We perform one group on a routine basis (known as

preventative maintenance), and the second group on an ad-hoc basis (i.e. as required).

other types of maintenance for a transformer we perform only as they are required –

known as emergency or breakdown transformer maintenance. But if one performs regular

maintenance properly, this significantly reduces the chances of needing to perform such

emergency maintenance. The regular checking and maintenance of transformer is also

known as condition maintenance.

Unit –III Maintenance and Repair of Transformers


Unit –III Fault Investigation and Testing


• Electric Heater-Electric heating is a process in which electrical energy is converted to heat

energy. Common applications include space heating, cooking, water heating and industrial

processes. An electric heater is an electrical device that converts an electric current into

heat.[1] The heating element inside every electric heater is an electrical resistor, and works on

the principle of Joule heating: an electric current passing through a resistance.

Unit –III Fault Investigation and Testing


• Electric Immersion heaters are used to heat many liquid substances like water, oil, chemicals

and even to stabilize gas within their tanks. They are used in many industries within different

liquid storing tanks, during the processing of pipes and in pressurizing the storing containers.

This product is made in such a way so as to withstand almost any environment and you can

make use of it either in a pure water tank or under any acidic medium

• .

Unit –IV Maintenance and Repair of A.C Motors

Maintenance and Repair of A.C motors and D.C motors

The motor will run indefinitely and never give you any trouble. For the motors, cleaning is the most important maintenance that can be done. Regular cleaning must be done both on the outside and the inside of the motor. The winding should be cleaned with chemical agents like electro-solve and dried. In case insulation readings are low, then the windings can be dried by heating with an electric heater or by supplying an small intensity current through the windings, then followed by varnishing the windings.

In case compressed air is used for blowing the dust away, make sure that it is dry and has been

passed through the dehumidifier. However prudent engineers do not use compressed air as the

pressure of the air forced the dust and the contaminants inside the windings. It is better to use a

long handle dog leg brush for the cleaning. Alternatively a vacuum cleaned can be used.:

The motors become dirty from the outside in industries and then the overzealous staff

paint them bright before the inspections. However it must be remembered that each

additional layer of paint is reducing the heat transfer of the motor casing and fins. Years

of painting lead to the overheating and the failure of the insulation and eventual burning

of the motor. In case you find that the motor have become dirty it is a better option to

clean them with a heavy duty cleaner than re painting.


Unit –IV A.C motors


An AC motor is an electric motor driven by an alternating current (AC). The AC

motor commonly consists of two basic parts, an outside stator having coils supplied

with alternating current to produce a rotating magnetic field, and an inside rotor

attached to the output shaft producing a second rotating magnetic field. The rotor

magnetic field may be produced by permanent magnets, reluctance saliency, or DC or

AC electrical windings. less common, AC linear motors operate on similar principles

as rotating motors but have their stationary and moving parts arranged in a straight line

configuration, producing linear motion instead of rotation

Unit –IV D.C motors


A DC motor is any of a class of rotary electrical motors that converts direct current electrical

energy into mechanical energy. The most common types rely on the forces produced by

magnetic fields. Nearly all types of DC motors have some internal mechanism, either

electromechanical or electronic, to periodically change the direction of current in part of the

motor

DC motors were the first form of motor widely used, as they could be powered from existing

direct-current lighting power distribution systems. A DC motor's speed can be controlled over

a wide range, using either a variable supply voltage or by changing the strength of current in

its field windings. Small DC motors are used in tools, toys, and appliances. The universal

motor can operate on direct current but is a lightweight brushed motor used for portable power

tools and appliances. Larger DC motors are currently used in propulsion of electric vehicles,

elevator and hoists, and in drives for steel rolling mills. The advent of power electronics has

made replacement of DC motors with AC motors possible in many applications.

Unit –IV D.C motors


Unit V Wire Joints , Wiring, Safety Measures

Wire Joints : Different types of joints

Systems of wiring ,Types of wiring and their

application

Wiring Diagram of Different Lamp Control Circuits and Their Working : Bell indicator

,Fluorescent tube (single and double) , Mercury vapour lamp , Sodium vapour lamp, Neon sign

lamp.

Safety Measures

various safety devices and appliances in an electrical workshop ,Safety measures

for working on low,

• medium and high voltage main and the study the apparatus used,,

Use of fire fighting, electric shock lasher



Wire Joints

Britania joints

Tee joints

Married Joints

Rat Tail joint

Western Union Joint

Scarfed Joint

Wiring System

Distribution System

Tee System

Electrical Lamps

Fluorescent lamp

Sodium Vapour lamp



Mercury Argon lamp

Carbon Arc lamp

Neon lamp

An electric light is a device that produces visible light from electric current. It is

the most common form of artificial lighting and is essential to modern society, providing

interior lighting for buildings and exterior light for evening and nighttime activities. In

technical usage, a replaceable component that produces light from electricity is called a lamp.

Lamps are commonly called light bulbs; for example, the incandescent light bulb. Lamps

usually have a base made of ceramic, metal, glass, or plastic, which secures the lamp in the

socket of a light fixture


TEXT BOOKS:

1. Study of electrical appliances and devices by K.B. Bhatia

2. Workshop practice in electrical engineering by M.L. Gupta

3. Electrical wiring by Arora, B.Dass

4. Domestic Appliance by S.E. Board Rajasthan, Ajmer

5. Basic shop practicals in electrical Engg.by Vinod kumar, & K. Vajay

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. Basic of Practicals in Electrical Engg. by Vinod kumar & K. Vijay

2. Electrical Gadgets by H. Partab

3. Electrical Wiring by Arora, B. Das.

4. Workshop Practices in Electric Engg. by M.L.Gupta

Faculty name: Er.Ajay Singh

Email id: [email protected]

Contact Number: 7665220534

References

mailto:[email protected]

Unit No Description

I Mechanical Properties of Metals, Basics Concept Of Thermal Engineering.

II Hydraulics, Pressure Measuring Devices.

III Bernoulli's Theorem, Pumps, Transmission.

IV Turbine, Properties of Steam.

V Boilers, Steam Turbines, I.C Engines.

Basics Of Mechanical Engineering

Subject Code:4DEEO4 Course Name : Basics Of Mechanical Engineering

Objective: A Diploma holder in electrical engineering absorbed in state electricity boards

& industries has to deal with the different types of water turbines, pumps, steam engine &

boilers, therefore the basic construction/ working of types of steam & water prime movers

becomes essential. This subject fulfills the above need.

Unit : I Mechanical Properties of Metals, Basics Concept Of Thermal Engineering.

Definitions:-

Elasticity:- Elasticity. It is the property of a material to regain its original shape after deformation when the external forces are removed. This property is desirable for materials used in tools and machines. It may be noted that steel is more elastic than rubber.

Plasticity:-It is property of a material which retains the deformation produced under load permanently. This property of the material is necessary for forgings, in stamping images on coins and in ornamental work.

Ductility:-It is the property of a material enabling it to be drawn into wire with the application of a tensile force. A ductile material must be both strong and plastic. The ductility is usually measured by the terms, percentage elongation and percentage reduction in area.

Brittleness:-It is the property of a material opposite to ductility. It is the property of breaking of a material with little permanent distortion. Brittle materials when subjected to tensile loads snap off without giving any sensible elongation. Cast iron is a brittle material.

Toughness:- It is the property of a material to resist fracture due to high impact loads like hammer blows. The toughness of the material decreases when it is heated. It is measured by the amount of energy that a unit volume of the material has absorbed after being stressed upto the point of fracture. This property is desirable in parts subjected to shock and impact loads.

Malleability:- It is the property of a material which refers to a relative case with which a material can be cut. The machinability of a material can be measured in a number of ways such as comparing the tool life for cutting different materials or thrust required to remove the material at some given rate or the energy required to remove a unit volume of the material. It may be noted that brass can be easily machined than steel.

Subject Code:4DEE04 Course Name : Basics Of Mechanical Engineering


Basics Concept Of Thermal Engineering:-

Energy

Internal energy

Potential energy

Kinetic energy

Heat

Work and enthalpy

Specific heat ratio

Characteristics gas equation

For ideal gas, the equation of states is PV equal to nRT. It is a result of combination of Boyle's

and Charles's laws. Boyle's law states that at constant temperature, pressure is inversely

proportional to volume. ... These are some characteristics of ideal gas.

Universal gas content

The ideal gas law is: pV = nRT, where n is the number of moles, and R is universal gas constant.

The value of R depends on the units involved, but is usually stated with S.I. units as: R = 8.314

J/mol•K. This means that for air, you can use the value R = 287 J/kg•K.


Unit : I Mechanical Properties of Metals, Basics

Concept Of Thermal Engineering.

• First law of thermodynamics:

• When energy passes, as work, as heat, or with matter, into or out of a system, the system's

internal energy changes in accord with the law of conservation of energy. Equivalently,

perpetual motion machines of the first kind (machines that produce work with no energy

input) are impossible.

• The first law of thermodynamics is a version of the law of conservation of energy, adapted for

thermodynamic systems.

• The law of conservation of energy states that the total energy of an isolated system is

constant; energy can be transformed from one form to another, but can be neither created nor

destroyed.

• For a thermodynamic process without transfer of matter, the first law is often formulated.

Subject Code:4DEEO4 Course Name : Basics Of Mechanical Engineering


Second law of thermodynamics

The second law of thermodynamics states that the total entropy of an isolated system can never

decrease over time, and is constant if and only if all processes are reversible. Isolated systems

spontaneously evolve towards thermodynamic equilibrium, the state with maximum entropy. The

total entropy of a system and its surroundings can remain constant in ideal cases where the system

is in thermodynamic equilibrium, or is undergoing a (fictive) reversible process. In all processes

that occur, including spontaneous processes, the total entropy of the system and its surroundings

increases and the process is irreversible in the thermodynamic sense. The increase in entropy

accounts for the irreversibility of natural processes, and the asymmetry between future and past.

Historically, the second law was an empirical finding that was accepted as an axiom of

thermodynamic theory. Statistical mechanics, classical or quantum, explains the microscopic

origin of the law.

Clausius statement The statement by Clausius uses the concept of 'passage of heat'. As is usual in

thermodynamic discussions, this means 'net transfer of energy as heat', and does not refer to

contributory transfers one way and the other . Heat cannot spontaneously flow from cold regions

to hot regions without external work being performed on the system, which is evident from

ordinary experience of refrigeration, for example. In a refrigerator, heat flows from cold to hot,

but only when forced by an external agent, the refrigeration system.

Subject Code: 4DEE04 Course Name : Basics Of Mechanical Engineering

Unit-II Hydraulics, Pressure Measuring Devices

Density: Density is the mass per unit volume of a fluid. In other words, it is the ratio between mass

(m) and volume (V) of a fluid. Density is denoted by the symbol ‘ρ’. Its unit is kg/m3.

Viscosity: Viscosity is the fluid property that determines the amount of resistance of the fluid to

shear stress. It is the property of the fluid due to which the fluid offers resistance to flow of one

layer of the fluid over another adjacent layer. In a liquid, viscosity decreases with increase in

temperature. In a gas, viscosity increases with increase in temperature.

Temperature: It is the property that determines the degree of hotness or coldness or the level of

heat intensity of a fluid. Temperature is measured by using temperature scales. There are 3

commonly used temperature scales.

Pressure: Pressure of a fluid is the force per unit area of the fluid. In other words, it is the ratio of

force on a fluid to the area of the fluid held perpendicular to the direction of the force. Pressure is

denoted by the letter ‘P’. Its unit is N/m2

Specific Volume: Specific volume is the volume of a fluid (V) occupied per unit mass (m). It is the

reciprocal of density. Specific volume is denoted by the symbol ‘v’. Its unit is m3/kg


Specific Gravity:

Specific gravity is the ratio of specific weight of the given fluid to the specific weight of standard

fluid. It is denoted by the letter ‘S’.

Specific gravity may also be defined as the ratio between density of the given fluid to the density

of standard fluid.

Pascal’s law Pascal's law is a principle in fluid mechanics given by Pascal that states that a

pressure change at any point in a confined incompressible fluid is transmitted throughout the fluid

such that the same change occurs everywhere.

Pascal's principle is defined as a change in pressure at any point in an enclosed fluid at rest is

transmitted undiminished to all points in the fluid. The pressure applied to any part of the enclosed

liquid will be transmitted equally in all the direction through the liquid.

U-Tube Manometer:

It consist a U – shaped bend whose one end is attached to the gauge point ‘A’ and other end is

open to the atmosphere. It can measure both positive and negative (suction) pressures. It contains

liquid of specific gravity greater than that of a liquid of which the pressure is to be measured.

Differential U-Tube Manometer:

A U-Tube monomeric liquid heavier than the liquid for which the pressure difference is to be

measured and is not immiscible with it.

Subject Code:4DEE04

Course Name : Basics Of Mechanical Engineering


Inverted U-Tube Manometer: Inverted U-Tube manometer consists of an inverted U – Tube

containing a light liquid. This is used to measure the differences of low pressures between two

points where where better accuracy is required. It generally consists of an air cock at top of

monomeric fluid type.

Micro Manometer: Micro Manometer is is the modified form of a simple manometer whose one

limb is made of larger cross sectional area. It measures very small pressure differences with high

precision.

Inclined Manometer: Inclined manometer is used for the measurement of small pressures and is

to measure more accurately than the vertical tube type manometer. Due to inclination the distance

moved by the fluid in manometer is more.

Pressure gauge: A pressure gauge is a fluid intensity measurement device. Pressure gauges are

required for the set-up and tuning of fluid power machines, and are indispensable in

troubleshooting them. Without pressure gauges, fluid power systems would be both unpredictable

and unreliable.



Continuity Equation : When a fluid is in motion, it must move in such a way that mass is

conserved. To see how mass conservation places restrictions on the velocity field, consider the

steady flow of fluid through a duct (that is, the inlet and outlet flows do not vary with time). The

inflow and outflow are one-dimensional, so that the velocity V and density \rho are constant over

the area .

One-dimensional duct showing control volume.

Now we apply the

of mass conservation. Since there is no flow through the side walls of the duct, what mass comes

in over A_1 goes out of A_2, (the flow is steady so that there is no mass accumulation). Over a

short time interval \Delta t,



Energy of fluid: fluid is a material that can flow easily and includes both liquids and gases. These materials often contain energy that can be harnessed as primary energy. These include the harnessing of primary energy known flows like: hydropower - water, a fluid, has potential energy and flows through the water cycle.

Pressure energy: The pressure energy is the energy in/of a fluid due to the applied pressure (force per area). So if you have a static fluid in an enclosed container, the energy of the system is only due to the pressure; if the fluid is moving along a flow, then the energy of the system is the kinetic energy as well as the pressure.

Datum energy: Energy, in fluid mechanics is generally in the form of Velocity, Pressure and Datum (Height). ... Energy in the form of Pressure is called Pressure head. Energy in the form of Datum is called Potential head. The theorem which states the conservation of these energies is called Bernoulli's theorem.

Venturimeter: Venturi Meter are used to measure the velocity of flow of fluids in a pipe. They consist of a short length of pipe shaped like a vena contracta, or the portion with the least cross-sectional area, which fits into a normal pipe-line. The obstruction caused to the flow of liquid at the throat of the venturi produces a local pressure drop in the region that is proportional to the rate of discharge. This phenomenon, using Bernoulli’s equation, is used to calculate the rate of flow of the fluid flowing through the pipe.


Unit: III Bernaulli’s Theorem, Pumps, Transmission.

Unit: III Bernoulli's Theorem, Pumps, Transmission. Pump: Pump is a mechanical device which moves the fluids from one place to another by

mechanical action. ... They come in various sizes starting from microscopic to large industrial

pumps. They mostly operate on the mechanism of reciprocating and rotary. It consumes energy in

order to do mechanical work for moving fluid. Pump is a mechanical device which moves the

fluids from one place to another by mechanical action. It may be driven by manual operation,

electricity, engines or wind power. They come in various sizes starting from microscopic to large

industrial pumps.

Reciprocating pump: is a hydraulic machine which converts the mechanical energy into

hydraulic energy. It does this work by sucking liquid into a cylinder containing a reciprocating

piston which exerts a thrust force on the liquid and increases its hydraulic energy ( pressure

energy of liquid). It is a type of positive displacement pump which consists of piston or plunger.

Course Name : Basics Of Mechanical Engineering Subject Code:4DEE04

Unit: III Bernoulli's Theorem, Pumps, Transmission.

• Advantages

• High pressure is obtained at the outlet.

• Priming process is not needed in this pump.

• It provides high suction lift.

• It is also used for air.

• Disadvantages

• It requires high maintenance because of more wear and tear of the parts.

• Low flow rate i.e. it discharges low amount of water.

• They are heavy and bulky in size.

• High initial cost.

• Selection of a Belt Drive

• Following are the various important factors upon which the selection of a belt drive depends:

Speed of the driving and driven shafts, Speed reduction ratio, Power to be transmitted,

Centre distance between the shafts, . Positive drive requirements, Shafts layout,

Space available, and Service conditions.


Unit: III Bernoulli's Theorem, Pumps, Transmission.

• Types of Belt Drives : The belt drives are usually classified into the following three groups :

• Light drives: These are used to transmit small powers at belt speeds up to about 10 m/s, as in agricultural machines and small machine tools.

• Medium drives: These are used to transmit medium power at belt speeds over 10 m/s but up to 22 m/s, as in machine tools.

• Heavy drives: These are used to transmit large powers at belt speeds above 22 m/s, as in compressors and generators.

• Types of Belts: Though there are many types of belts used these days, yet the following are

important from the subject point of view:

• Flat belt: The flat belt, is mostly used in the factories and workshops, where a moderate

amount of power is to be transmitted, from one pulley to another when the two pulleys are not

more than 8 metres apart.

• V-belt: The V-belt is mostly used in the factories and workshops, where a moderate amount of

power is to be transmitted, from one pulley to another, when the two pulleys are very near to

each other.

• Circular belt or rope: The circular belt or rope is mostly used in the factories and

workshops, where a great amount of power is to be transmitted, from one pulley to another,

when the two pulleys are more than 8 meters apart.


Unit: IV Turbine, Properties of Steam.

• Turbine: A turbine is a rotary mechanical device that extracts energy from a fast moving flow of water, steam, gas, air, or other fluid and converts it into useful work. A turbine is a turbo-machine with at least one moving part called a rotor assembly, which is a shaft or drum with blades attached.

• Francis turbine: Francis turbine blades are

designed in such a way that one portion of the

blade design creates the pressure difference

between the opposite faces of the blade when

water flows through it, and the remaining

portion’s blade design use the impulse force of

water hitting it and this combined action of

pressure difference and impulse force generates

enough power to get turbine moving at a required

speed. Thus there would be a decrease in both

kinetic energy and potential energy of water at

exit, then what it has when it enters the turbine.


Unit: IV Turbine, Properties of Steam.

• Pelton wheel turbine: The

energy available at the inlet of

the Pelton turbine is only kinetic

energy. The pressure at the inlet

and outlet of the turbine is

atmospheric pressure. The water

stored at high head is made to

flow through the penstock and

reaches the nozzle of the Pelton

turbine. The nozzle increases the

K.E. of the water and directs the

water in the form of jet. The jet

of water from the nozzle strikes

the buckets (vanes) of the runner.

This made the runner to rotate at

very high speed. The quantity of

water striking the vanes or

buckets is controlled by the spear

present inside the nozzle.


Unit: IV Turbine, Properties of Steam. • Properties of steam: Steam is a vapour. It is used

as the working substance in the operation of steam. engines and steam turbines. a vapour is a partially evaporated liquid carrying in it particles of liquid and it can be liquefied by minor changes in temperature or pressure. Steam as a vapour would not obey the laws of perfect gases unless it is in a highly dried condition. Steam in such a dried state is known as superheated steam and it is assumed to behave like a perfect gas when highly superheated Although steam is considered as a perfect gas on account of It being a mixture of dry steam (gas) and moisture (water), it possesses properties like those of gases : namely, pressure, volume, temperature, internal energy, enthalpy and entropy.

• Steam at Constant Pressure: In general, steam can be formed by boiling water in a vessel. But to use it effectively as a working or heating medium, it has to produce in a closed vessel under pressure. Steam formed at a higher pressure has higher temperature and can be made to flow easily through insulated pipes from steam generator to point of use. A simple arrangement of formation of steam at constant pressure.


Unit : V Boilers, Steam Turbines, I.C Engines.

• Boilers: A gas/oil central heating boiler (heat generator)

is like the engine of a car, this provides the heat that the

facility needs to warm itself up. The size of the boiler is

matched to the size of the facility.

• If the boiler is oversized, the fuel bills will be excessive.

• If the boiler is undersized, it may not generate enough

heat in winter.

• Boiler Types and Classifications: There are two general

types of boilers: ''fire-tube'' and ''water-tube''. Boilers are

classified as "high-pressure" or "low-pressure" and

"steam boiler" or "hot water boiler." Boilers that operate

higher than 15 psig are called "high-pressure" boilers.

• A hot water boiler, strictly speaking, is not a boiler. It is a

fuel-fired hot water heater. Because of its similarities in

many ways to a steam boiler, the term ''hot water boiler''

is used.

Hot water boilers that have temperatures above 250° Fahrenheit or pressures higher than 160 psig are called

''high temperature hot water boilers''.



• Water-tube Boilers: In a water-tube boiler

the water is inside the tubes and combustion

gases pass around the outside of the tubes.

The advantages of a water-tube boiler are a

lower unit weight-per-pound of steam

generated, less time required to raise steam

pressure, a greater flexibility for responding

to load changes, and a greater ability to

operate at high rates of steam generation.

• Babcox and Wilcox:It is a Horizontal drum

axis, natural draft, natural circulation, multi

tubular, stationary, high pressure, solid fuel

fired, externally fired water tube boiler. It

was discovered by George Herman Babcock

and Stephen Wilcox in the year 1967. And if

was named after its discoverer as Babcock

and Wilcox boiler.

Course Name : Basics Of Mechanical Engineering


• STEAM TURBINE: The steam turbine is one kind of heat engine machine in which steam's

heat energy is converted to mechanical work. The construction of steam turbine is very

simple. There is no piston rod, flywheel or slide valves attached to the turbine. So

maintenance is quite easy. It consists of a rotor and a set of rotating blades which are attached

to a shaft and the shaft is placed in the middle of the rotor. An electric generator known as

steam turbine generator is connected to the rotor shaft. The turbine generator collects the

mechanical energy from the shaft and converts it into electrical energy. Steam turbine

generator also improves the turbine efficiency.

• TYPES OF STEAM TURBINE: According to the working principle, there are different

types of steam turbine.

• According to the working principle steam turbines are mainly divided into two categories :

• a)Impulse Turbine

• b).Reaction Steam Turbine

• When steam strikes the moving blades through nozzles called Impulse Turbine and when it

strikes the moving blades under pressure via guide mechanism called Reaction Turbine.


Unit : V Boilers, Steam Turbines, I.C Engines. • CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES OF IC ENGINE:

• The cross section of IC engine is shown in Fig. 1. these parts is given below.

• Cylinder

• Piston

• Piston Rings

• Piston Pin

• Connecting Rod

• Crankshaft

• Engine Bearings

• Valves

• Camshaft

• Flywheel


References

• TEXT BOOKS:

• 1. Thermodynamics & Heat Power Engg. by Mathur & Mehta

• 2. Thermal Engg.by P.L. Ballaney

• 3. Hydraulics & Hyd. Machines by Khurmi

• REFERENCE BOOKS:

• 1. Strength of Materials by G.C.Singh

• 2 Heat Engines by Pande & Shah.

• Faculty Name: Er.Saurabh



Unit No Description

I Introduction of Microprocessors Architecture (Intel 8085 )

II Application of Microprocessor & Introduction of ‘C’ Language

III Elements of ‘C’ & Console Input-Output

IV Control Flow & Arrays & Functions

V Pointers & Structure and Enumerated Data Types

MICROPROCESSOR AND “C” PROGRAMMING

Subject Code:4DEE05 Course Name :Polytechnic

Objective: To introduce students with the architecture and operation of typical microprocessors and microcontrollers. To familiarize the students with the programming and interfacing of microprocessors. The course is designed to provide complete knowledge of C language. Students will be able to develop logics which will help them to create programs, applications in C .Also by learning the basic programming constructs they can easily switch over to any other language in future.

Unit-I Introduction of Microprocessors Architecture (Intel 8085 )

Computer: A computer is a programmable machine that receives input, stores and

manipulates data/information, and provides output in a useful format. Basic computer system

consist of a CPU, memory and I/O unit.

Microcomputer:-It is a programmable machine. The two principal characteristics of a

computer are:

Responds to a specific set of instructions in a well-defined manner.

It can execute a prerecorded list of instructions (a program)

Its main components are

CPU

Input & Output devices

Memory

Course Name: Polytechnic

Subject Code:4DEE05


Subject Code:4DEE05

Evolution of Microprocessors

We can categorize the microprocessor according to the generations or according to the

size of the microprocessor:

First Generation (4 - bit Microprocessors)-The first generation microprocessors were

introduced in the year 1971-1972 by Intel Corporation. It was named Intel 4004 since it

was a 4-bit processor. It was a processor on a single chip. It could perform simple

arithmetic and logical operations such as addition, subtraction, Boolean OR and Boolean

AND.I had a control unit capable of performing control functions like fetching an

instruction from storage memory, decoding it, and then generating control pulses to

execute it.

Subject Code:4DEE05


Subject Code:4DEE05

Second Generation (8 - bit Microprocessor)-The second generation microprocessors were

introduced in 1973 again by Intel. It was a first 8 - bit microprocessor which could perform

arithmetic and logic operations on 8-bit words. It was Intel 8008, and another improved version

was Intel 8088.

Third Generation (16 - bit Microprocessor)-The third generation microprocessors, introduced

in 1978 were represented by Intel's 8086, Zilog Z800 and 80286, which were 16 - bit processors

with a performance like minicomputers.

Fourth Generation (32 - bit Microprocessors)-Several different companies introduced the 32-

bit microprocessors, but the most popular one is the Intel 80386.

Fifth Generation (64 - bit Microprocessors)-From 1995 to now we are in the fifth generation.

After 80856, Intel came out with a new processor namely Pentium processor followed

by Pentium Pro CPU, which allows multiple CPUs in a single system to achieve

multiprocessing.

Other improved 64-bit processors are Celeron, Dual, Quad, Octa Core processors.

Subject Code:4DEE05


Subject Code:4DEE05

How does a Microprocessor works-To execute a program, the microprocessor

“reads” each instruction from memory, “interprets” it, then “executes or

perform” it. The right name for the cycle is

(i)Fetch (ii)Decode (iii)Execute

This sequence is continued until all instructions are performed.

Programming language broadly categorized into 3 categories:

1. High-level programming language-A high-level language is easy for

programmers to write as well as to understand. Programmers here use

simple and easy syntax to address a specific task. Examples: Python, C,

C++, etc.

2. Assembly language- Assembly language falls between a high-level

programming language and Machine language. it has syntaxes similar to

English, but more difficult than high-level programming languages. To

program in assembly language, one should have understood at hardware

level like computer architecture, registers, etc. This kind of programming

is mostly seen in the embedded systems.

3. Machine Language- Machine language is the binary language that is easily

understood by computers.

Subject Code:4DEE05


Subject Code:4DEE05 Subject Code:4DEE05

8085 architecture consists of following blocks:

Register Array

ALU & Logical Group

Instruction decoder and machine cycle encoder, Timing and control circuitry

Interrupt control Group

Serial I/O control Group


Subject Code:4DEE05 Subject Code:4DEE05

The Address and Data Busses-

Address Bus (Pin 21-28)

16 bit address lines A0 to A15

The address bus has 8 signal lines A8 – A15 which are

unidirectional.

The other 8 address lines A0 to A7 are multiplexed (time

shared) with the 8 data bits.

Data Bus (Pin 19-12)

To save the number of pins lower order address pin are

multiplexed with 8 bit data bus (bidirectional)

So, the bits AD0 – AD7 are bi-directional and serve as A0 – A7

and D0 – D7 at the same time.

During the execution of the instruction, these lines carry the

address bits during the early part (T1 state), then during the late

parts(T2 state) of the execution, they carry the 8 data bits.

8085 Pin Diagram-

Subject Code:4DEE05 Course Name : Polytechnic




Buses Structure- Various I/O devices and memories are connected to CPU by a group of

lines called as bus

Introduction-C is a programming language developed at AT & T Bell Laboratories of USA in

1972, designed and written by “Dennis Ritchie”.

C is highly portable i.e., software written for one computer can be run on another computer.

An important feature of ‘C’ is its ability to extend itself .A C program is basically a collection of

functions.

Facts about C-

C was invented to write an operating system called UNIX.

C is a successor of B language which was introduced around the early 1970s.

The language was formalized in 1988 by the American National Standard Institute (ANSI).

The UNIX OS was totally written in C.

Today C is the most widely used and popular System Programming Language.

Unit-II Introduction of ‘C’ Language

Course Name :Polytechnic Subject Code:4DEE05

The C Compiler-The source code written in source file is the human readable source for your

program. It needs to be "compiled", into machine language so that your CPU can actually

execute the program as per the instructions given.

The compiler compiles the source codes into final executable programs. The most frequently

used and free available compiler is the GNU C/C++ compiler, otherwise you can have

compilers either from HP or Solaris if you have the respective operating systems. Scope of C program-

A scope in any programming is a region of the program where a defined variable can have its

existence and beyond that variable it cannot be accessed. There are three places where

variables can be declared in C programming language −

Inside a function or a block which is called local variables.

Outside of all functions which is called global variable

In the definition of function parameters which are called formal parameters.

Unit-II Introduction of ‘C’ Language

Course Name : Polytechnic Subject Code:4DEE05

Keywords- The following list shows the

reserved words in C. These reserved words

may not be used as constants or variables or

any other identifier names.


Unit-III Elements of ‘C’

Data types-Data types in c refer to an

extensive system used for declaring

variables or functions of different types.

The type of a variable determines how

much space it occupies in storage and how

the bit pattern stored is interpreted.

C – Variables-A variable is nothing but a name given to a storage area that our programs can

manipulate. Each variable in C has a specific type, which determines the size and layout of

the variable's memory; the range of values that can be stored within that memory; and the set

of operations that can be applied to the variable. The name of a variable can be composed of

letters, digits, and the underscore character. It must begin with either a letter or an underscore.

Upper and lowercase letters are distinct because C is case-sensitive.

Operators & Expressions-An operator is a symbol that tells the computer to perform certain

mathematical or logical manipulations. Operators are used in program to manipulate data

and variables. The data items that operators act upon are called operands. Some operators

require two operands, while others act upon only one operand. The operators are classified

into unary, binary and ternary depending on whether they operate on one, two or three

operands respectively.

Types of operators- C has four classes of operators

Arithmetic Operators

Relational Operators

Logical Operators

Bit-wise Operators

In addition, C has some special operators, which are unique to C, they are

Increment & Decrement Operators

Conditional Operators

Assignment Operators, etc.



Hierarchy (precedence) of operators- The priority or precedence in which the operations of

an arithmetic statement are performed is called the hierarchy of operators.

The operators of at the higher level of precedence are evaluated first. The operators of the

same precedence are evaluated either from left to right or from right to left, depending on the

level. This is known as the Associativity property of an operator.

PRECEDENCE OF OPERATORS (Arithmetic operators only)

Subject Code:4DEE05 Course Name : POLYTECHNIC


Structure of a ‘C’ program-C programs consist of one or more functions. Each function

performs a specific task. A function is a group or sequence of C statements that are executed

together.

The following is a simple C program that prints a message on the screen.

/* A simple program for printing a message */ # include <stdio.h>

# include <conio.h>

void main( )

{

clrscr( );

printf(“Welcome to C”);

getch( );

}



• Execution of C Program-Steps to be followed in writing and running a C program.

• Creation of Source Program

• Create a C program file in various C compilers are available under MS-DOS, Turbo C Editor

etc.

• Compilation of the Program

• Turbo C compiler is user friendly and provides integrated program development

environment. Thus, selecting key combination can do compilation. That means press Alt + F9

for compilation.

• Program Execution

• In Turbo C environment, the RUN option will do the compilation and execution of a program.

Press Ctrl



printf( ) function -printf( ) function is used to write information to standard output (normally

monitor screen). The structure of this function is

printf(format string, list of arguments);

Scanf() Function-The scanf( ) function is a built-in C function that allows a program to get user

input from the keyboard. The structure of this function is scanf(format string &list of

arguments);

Examples

scanf(“%d”, &a );

scanf(“%d %c %f ”,&a, &b, &c );

Unformatted input/output functions-Unformatted console input/output functions are used to

read a single input from the user at console and it also allows us to display the value in the

output to the user at the console.

Subject Code:4DEE05 Course Name :Polytechnic


Control flow statements- The control flow statements of a language determine the order in which

the statements are executed. We also need to be able to specify that a statement, or a group of

statements, is to be carried out conditionally, only if some condition is true.

Also we need to be able to carry out a statement or a group of statements repeatedly based on

certain conditions. These kinds of situations are described in C using Conditional Control and

Loop Control structures.

Conditional & loop structures-A conditional structure can be implemented in C using

• The if statement

• The if-else statement

• The nested if-else statement

• The switch statement.

whereas loop control structures can be implemented in C using

• while loop

• do-while loop

• for statement


Unit-IV Control Flow, ARRAY, Functions

if statement- The if statement is used to control the flow of execution of statements. The general

form of if statement is

if (condition)

statement;

if-else statement -The general form of if-else statement is…

if (condition)

statement1;

else

statement2;

Nested if-else statement-When a series of conditions are involved, we can use more than one if-else statement in nested form.

This form is also known as if-else if-else statements. The general form of

if-else if-else statement is

if (condition)

statements;

else if (condition)

statements;

else

statements;



Switch statement -The Switch statement is an extension of the if-else if-else statement. The

switch makes one selection when there are several choices to be made. The direction of the branch taken by the switch statement is based on the value of any int (or int compatible) variable or expression.

The general form of Switch statement is shown below.

switch (variable)

{

case constant1:statement 1;



case constant n: statement n;

default :statement;

}

LOOPS- A portion of program that is executed repeatedly is called a loop.

The C programming language contains three different program statements for program looping.

They are

For loop

While loop

Do-While loop



for loop -The for loop is used to repeat the execution statement for some fixed number of times.

The general form of for loop is

for(initialization;condition;increment/decrement)

statement;

where the statement is single or compound statement.

while loop -The while loop is best suited to repeat a statement or a set of statements as long as

some condition is satisfied.

The general form of while loop is

Initial expression;

while(conditional-expression)

{

statement;

increment/decrement;

}



do-while loop -The structure of do-while loop is similar to while loop. The difference is that

in case of do-while loop the expression is evaluated after the body of loop is executed. In

case of while loop the expression is evaluated before executing body of loop.

The general form of do-while statement is

do

{

statement;

}while(expression);



Functions -Functions are building blocks of C. Function performs the same set of instructions on

different sets of data or at different portions of a program. C functions can be classified into

two categories, namely library functions and user-defined functions. main is an example of

user-defined functions. printf and scanf belong to the category of library functions.

The main distinction between these two categories is that library functions are not required to

be written by us whereas a user-defined function has to be developed by the user at the time

of writing a program.

The general form of C function is

Return-type Function-name (parameter list) parameter declaration;

{

Body of function;

}

Subject Code:4DEE05 Course: Polytechnic


Structure -A structure is a convenient

tool for handling a group of

logically related data items. These

fields are called structure elements

or members.

Declaring A Structure

The general form of a structure

declaration statement is given below:

struct <structure name>

{

structure element1;

structure element2;

structure element3;

……….

……….

}


Unit-V Pointers, Structure and Enumerated Data Types

Unions - Unions are a concept borrowed

from structures and therefore follow the

same syntax as structures. However, there is

major distinction between them in terms of

storage. In structures, each member has its

own storage location, whereas all the

members of a union use the same location.

This implies that, although a union may

contain many members of different types, it

can handle only one member at a time. Like

structures, a union can be declared using

the keyword union as follows:

union item

{

int m;

float x;

char c;

}code;

Pointers - Pointers are another important

feature of C language. They are a

powerful tool and handy to use once

they are mastered. There are a

number of reasons for using pointers.

A pointer enables us to access a

variable that is defined outside the

function.

Pointers are more efficient in

handling the data tables.

Pointers reduce the length and

complexity of a program.

They increase the execution speed.

The use of a pointer array to

character strings results in saving of

data storage space in memory.



Declaring pointers -In C, every variable

must be declared for its type. Since pointer

variables contain addresses that belong to a

separate data type, they must be declared as

pointers before we use them.

The declaration of a pointer variable takes

the following form:

datatype *pt_name;

This tells the compiler three things about

the variable pt_name.

The asterisk (*) tells the variable

pt_name is a pointer variable.

pt_name needs a memory location.

pt_name points to a variable of type

datatype.

Initializing pointers -Once a pointer variable has been declared, it can be made to point to a

variable using an assignment statement such as

p = &quantity;

which causes p to point to quantity. That is, p now contains the address of quantity.

This is known as pointer initialization.

Before a pointer is initialized, it should not be used.

A pointer variable can be initialized in its declaration itself. For example,

• int x, *p=&x;

• is perfectly valid. It declares x as an integer variable and p as a pointer variable and then

initializes p to the address of x.

• Note carefully that this is an initialization of p, not *p. And also remember that the target

variable x is declared first. The statement

• int *p=&x, x;

• is not valid.



References

• Text Books:

• 1. Microprocessor & Micro Computer by B. Ram

• 2. Microprocessor, Architecture Programming & Applications by Ramesh & Gaonkar

• 3. An Introduction to Microprocessors by A.P. Mathur

• 1. 'C' Programming by Stephen Kochan

• 2. Programming with 'C' by Schaum's Series

• 3. 'C' Programming V.Balguru Swami

• Reference Books:

• 1 4. 'C' Programming By Kernighan & Ritchie

• 5. Let us 'C' by Yashwant Kanetkar

• Faculty Name: Er.Pankaj Jain



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