SUGAR UP
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![Page 1: SUGAR UP](https://reader037.fdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022110405/56813359550346895d9a6df2/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
SUGAR UPQUESTIONS
Or Review to Chapter 6 Honors
BiologyTest
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Respiratory System
• 1. nostril• 2. nasal
cavity
3. Pharynx
4. Epiglottis
(flap)
5. Larynx
(voice box)
1. 2. 3.
4. 5.
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Respiratory System (cont)
6. Esophagus (to stomach)
7. Trachea
8. R. lung
9. Pleura (lining)
6.
7.
8.
9.
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Respiratory System (cont)
• 10. bronchi
• 11. bronchioles
• 12. diaphragm10.
11.
12.
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Respiratory System (cont)
• 13. alveoli• 14. pulmonary artery• 15. capillary bed• 16. alveolar duct• 17. alveolus
13.
14.
15.
16.
From the heart
To the heart: pulmonary vein
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Respiratory System
• What is another name for the trachea? Where is it?
• Windpipe and located below epiglottis
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Where is the L. pulmonary artery?
R. Pulmonary vein
• L. pulmonary artery is 3• R. pulmonary vein is 4
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Label and describe what is going on here:
• Answer next slide
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What electron carriers are at “D” and at “E”?
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“D” = NADH “E” = FADH2 + NADH
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What waste gas leaves at “H”?
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H = Carbon Dioxide
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What processes are at A, B, C?
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A (glycolysis) B (Krebs cycle) C (ETC and chemiosmosis)
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What is at “I” “F” “G”?
__I
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“I” = 2 ATP, “F”= 2 ATP, “G” = 34 ATP?
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18. Which process is the anaerobic one in yeast?
• A. glycolysis• B. Krebs Cycle• C. Chemiosmosis• D. ETC• E. alcoholic fermentation• F. lactic acid fermentation
• ANSWER: alcoholic fermentation
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19.Which is the movement of H+ ions across ATP synthase?
• A. glycolysis• B. Krebs Cycle• C. Chemiosmosis• D. ETC• E. alcoholic fermentation• F. lactic acid fermentation
• ANSWER: chemiosmosis
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20. Which is the splitting of glucose into two 3-carbon compounds?
• A. glycolysis• B. Krebs Cycle• C. Chemiosmosis• D. ETC• E. alcoholic fermentation• F. lactic acid fermentation
• ANSWER: glycolysis
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21. Which is also called the citric acid cycle?
• A. glycolysis• B. Krebs Cycle• C. Chemiosmosis• D. ETC• E. alcoholic fermentation• F. lactic acid fermentation• G. TCA cycle
• ANSWER: Krebs cycle and TCA
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22. Which is the movement of electrons from high energy to low?• A. glycolysis• B. Krebs Cycle• C. Chemiosmosis• D. ETC• E. alcoholic fermentation• F. lactic acid fermentation
• ANSWER: ETC
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23. Which is the anaerobic process in animals’ muscles?
• A. glycolysis• B. Krebs Cycle• C. Chemiosmosis• D. ETC• E. alcoholic fermentation• F. lactic acid fermentation
• ANSWER: lactic acid fermentation
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24. How many carbons are in each pyruvic acid molecule?
• 2 3 6 34 38 40
• ANSWER: 3
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25. How many ATP’s are formed when one molecule of glucose
break down (net) in glycolysis only?
• 2 3 6 34 38 40
• ANSWER: 2 (net)
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26. What is the number of FADH2 formed per pyruvate
molecule in glycolysis?
• 0• 1• 2• 3• 4• 6• ANSWER 0
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27. How many ATP’s are formed during the ETC and chemiosmosis?
• 2 3 6 34 38 40
• ANSWER: 34
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28. How many net ATP’s are formed from the breakdown of one glucose
molecule TOTAL from cellular respiration (Krebs +
ETC/chemiosmosis) and glycolysis?
• 2 3 6 34 38 40
• ANSWER: 38
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29. How many ATP’s are needed to get the glucose in glycolysis to start
breaking down?
• 2 3 6 34 38 40
• ANSWER: 2
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30. How many ATP are made in the Energy Payoff Phase of
Glycolysis?
• 1• 2• 3• 4
• ANSWER: 4
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HEY!!!!!
• 1 NADH = __________ ATP• 1 FADH2 = _________ ATP
• 3• 2
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31. Where does FERMENTATION occur?
• A. Cytoplasm• B. Matrix• C. Inner membrane of mitochondrion• D. Intermembrane space of mitochondrion
• ANSWER: cytoplasm (fermentation and glycolysis)
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32. Where does Krebs CYCLE occur?
• A. Cytoplasm• B. Matrix• C. Inner membrane of mitochondrion• D. Intermembrane space of mitochondrion
• ANSWER: matrix
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33. Where does ETC occur?
• A. Cytoplasm• B. Matrix• C. Inner membrane of mitochondrion• D. Intermembrane space of mitochondrion
• ANSWER: inner membrane
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34. Where do H+ ions collect before they pass through the ATP
synthase? • A. Cytoplasm• B. Matrix• C. Inner membrane of mitochondrion• D. Intermembrane space of mitochondrion
• ANSWER: intermembrane space
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35. Where is the ATP synthase located??
• A. Cytoplasm• B. Matrix• C. Inner membrane of mitochondrion• D. Intermembrane space of mitochondrion
• ANSWER: inner membrane
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36. How is the ETC different than burning glucose with a
flame?• ETC breaks down glucose gradually
• A flame burns glucose all at once
• 34% of energy captured (ETC), rest is lost as heat
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37. Which electron carrier(s) (is) are in glycolysis?
• FADH NADH
• NADH• Which electron carriers are in
Krebs cycle?• BOTH NADH and FADH2
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38. What is the final electron acceptor of the ETC?
• A. oxygen• B. NAD+• C. FAD• D. Jimin Leeeeee
• ANSWER: oxygen
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39. Where do each of these come from to form water in cellular
respiration?
• H+• NADH and FADH2
• Oxygen• Breathing in• Electrons• NADH and FADH2 (released to ETC)
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41.What is the difference?
• Between calorie and Calorie?
• calorie = heat it takes to raise 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsius
• Calorie = 1000 calories• Calorie = 1 kcal
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So…
• 50 calories• 0.05 Calories• 0.05 kcal
• 1 Calorie = 1000 calories = 1 kcal• 1 calorie = .001 Calorie = .001 kcal
1 Calorie= 1000 calories
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42. What is another name for…
• The Krebs Cycle?• A. Calvin Cycle• B. Lactic Acid Cycle• C. Citric Acid Cycle• D. Pyruvic Acid Cycle• E. TCA cycle
• ANSWER: C + E
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43. Which enzyme…
• Grooms pyruvic acid so it can enter the Krebs cycle?
• A. Lactase• B. Coenzyme A• C. Coenzyme K• D. Protease
• ANSWER: B
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43. What is cut off…
• Pyruvic acid so it can enter the Krebs cycle?
• A. oxygen• B. nitrogen• C. hydroxide• D. carbon dioxide
• ANSWER: D
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44. What is formed at the end of glycolysis (3-C molecule)?
• Carbon dioxide• Pyruvate• G3P• NADH
• ANSWER: pyruvate (pyruvic acid)
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45. What is the product at the end of ETC/chemiosmosis with H+ and
with oxygen?• Pyruvic acid• ATP• Water• Carbon dioxide
• ANSWER: water
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46. What product forms with ethanol (ethyl alcohol) in yeast
fermentation?• ATP• Water• Carbon dioxide• Ethanol
• ANSWER: carbon dioxide
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47. What product forms at the end of anaerobic fermentation in
muscles of animals?• Carbon dioxide• Water• Pyruvic acid• Lactic acid• Ethanol
• ANSWER: lactic acid
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48. What is an intermediate formed at the end of the Energy Investment Phase of glycolysis?• Pyruvate• G3P• OAA• Citric acid
• ANSWER: G3P
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49. What forms as a waste product in yeast + glucose if
oxygen is not present ?
• ethanol
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50. ADP
• HOW DIFFERENT IS ATP?
• ANSWER: ATP has one more phosphate attached
• ATP stores more energy
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51.NAD+
• HOW DIFFERENT IS NADH?
• Answer: NADH Picked up electrons and hydrogen.
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52. FAD
• How different is FADH2 ?
• ANSWER: FADH2 has picked up electrons and 2 hydrogen.
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53. Glucose
• How different is pyruvic acid?
• ANSWER: Glucose is 6-C and pyruvic acid is 3-C made from glucose splitting.
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Is it ANAEROBIC OR AEROBIC?
• Glycolysis• Krebs cycle• Chemiosmosis• Fermentation• ETC
• Anaerobic• Aerobic• Aerobic• Anaerobic• Aerobic
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54. What is the difference between anaerobic and aerobic?
• A. with oxygen• B. without oxygen
• ANSWER: anaerobic is without oxygen
• Aerobic is with oxygen
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55. What causes the electrons to flow down the ETC?
• e- are passed from one protein to another from high energy to lower pulled by the final oxygen acceptor
• (the escaped energy is used to move the H+ across the inner membrane of the mitochondrion)
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55. What is the final electron acceptor?
• OXYGEN
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56. What is the respiratory system disorder?
• Involuntary muscles of the air tubes constrict making breathing difficult
• Asthma
• Spasmic contractions of the diaphragm causing the snapping of the glottis
• hiccups
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56. What is the respiratory system disorder?
• Infection of overuse of the vocal cords causing loss of sound.
• Laryngitis
• Chronic expansion of the alveoli so they cannot spring back.
• emphysema
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56. What is the respiratory system disorder?
• Infection of the lining of the air tubes causing soreness, swelling the irritation for a raspy cough.
• bronchitis
• A sore throat. Its an inflammation or infection of the lining of the throat.
• pharyngitis
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56. What is the respiratory system disorder?
• An infection of the lung air sacs and alveoli- they fill with fluids and breathing is labored.
• pneumonia
• An infection of the membranes surrounding the lungs, painful to breathe.
• pleurisy
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57. What is the formula for cellular respiration?
• C6H12O6 + 6 O2
•
• 6 CO2 + 6 H2O
• + ATP
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What is the equation for cellular respiration?
• C6H12O6 + 6 O2
6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP
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58. What is the difference between substrate-level
phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation?
• See the next slide
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2 Ways to Make ATP• Substrate-Level
Phosphorylation• (without a
membrane; it occurs in the cytoplasm or matrix of mitochondrion with help of an enzyme)
• Oxidative Phosphorylation
• diffusion of particles through a membrane produces ATP
• -loses e-
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59. How is pyruvate “cut and groomed” to enter the Krebs
cycle?• Cut = remove
carbon as carbon dioxide
• Groomed is acetyl group is attached to Coenzyme A
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60. Fill in the total number formed in the Krebs cycle for 2
pyruvates:• ATP• NADH• FADH2
• CO2
• 2• 6• 2• 4
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61. CONTRAST
• SLOW TWITCH MUSCLES• Thin fibers• Many mitochondrion• Aerobic• Many myoglobin• Dark Meat• Long Distance runs
• FAST TWITCH MUSCLES• Thick fibers• Few Mitochondrion• Anaerobic• Few myoglobin• Light Meat• Sprinters, weight lifting
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62. WHAT IS AT EACH AREA?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.folds
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Intermembrane space
(Fold)
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63. In the following equation, what is oxidized and what is
reduced?
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63. In the following equation, what is oxidized and what is
reduced?• ANSWERLose e- and lose H
Gain e- and gain H
LEO goes GER
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64. What is OAA?
• Oxaloacetate combines with acetyl group to form citric acid
OAA
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65. What causes ATP synthase to produce ATP?
• As the H+ ions that collected in the intermembrane space pass through the ATP synthase, it moves and causes the P to join ADP to form ATP
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66.Match the poisons
• Cyanide
• Oligomycin
• DNP
• rotenone
• Blocks ETC to kill insects and fish in ponds-Blocks first protein in ETC
• Blocks fourth protein in ETC; used in Tylenol tampering
• Antibiotic blocks H+ passage
• Quickens metabolic rate-energy all lost as heat
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66.Match the poisons
• Cyanide
• Oligomycin
• DNP
• rotenone
ANSWERS• Blocks fourth protein in
ETC; used in Tylenol tampering
• Antibiotic blocks H+ passage
• Quickens metabolic rate-energy all lost as heat
• Blocks first protein in ETC
and Blocks ETC to kill insects and fish in ponds
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67. How does pyruvate change in
Alcoholic fermentation• Gives off carbon dioxide• Regenerates NADH to
NAD+• Forms alcohol (ethanol)
Lactic acid fermentation
• Forms lactic acid• DOES NOT FORM
carbon dioxide• Does regenerate NADH
to NAD+
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68. How are these different?
Obligate anaerobes• Organisms that require
anaerobic conditions (NO OXYGEN)
Facultative anaerobes
• Organisms that can live in or not live in aerobic conditions
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69. What is the smallest rotary motor known?
• ATP synthase
What runs it?• Proton concentration (H+)
gradient from the intermembrane space
• WHAT DOES IT MAKE?• ATP
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70. Which process…
• Means “sugar breaking?”
•A. glycolysis
• B. Krebs cycle• C. ETC• D. chemiosmosis
• ANSWER: A
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71. What process…
• Regenerates NAD+ so glycolysis can continue?
• A. Krebs cycle• B. fermentation• C. glycolysis• D. chemiosmosis
• ANSWER: B
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72. See question 64
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73. In a redox reaction how do you know if a molecule has been oxidized? Reduced?
• Oxidized = loss of electrons = loss of H+
• Reduced = gain of electrons = gain of H+
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74-77 What is at “A” and “C”?
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“A” = ETC “C” = ATP Synthase
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Where do the H+ ions collect?
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H+ ions collect at “B”
H+
H+
H+H+
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Where is the Krebs Cycle?
H+
H+
H+H+
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“D” has the Krebs Cycle
H+
H+
H+H+
KREBS CYCLE
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When electrons are passed in the ETC, what direction does the
energy flow?• Low to high • High to low• Even throughout
• ANSWER: High to low
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What is phosphorylation?
• Addition of a phosphate• Addition of a hydrogen• Addition of an oxygen
• ANSWER: Addition of a phosphate• Like ADP + P = ATP• Adding P to glucose to break into pyruvic acid
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78. Which is inhalation?
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Which is inhalation?
Contract
Vol. increaseRelax
Volume decrease
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Which is the diaphragm relaxing?
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Which is the diaphragm relaxing?
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EXTENDED RESPONSE HINTS
• 1. NAD+ to NADH and back to NAD+• Example: glycolysis, Kreb cycle, ETC• Show when it forms NAD+ to NADH and
then loses them at the ETC (LEO goes GER)
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ETC and ATP synthase Team
• 2. H+/e- source from NADH and FADH2
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EXTENDED RESPONSEHINTS
• 3. Pulmonary arteries Normal arteries• Carry deoxygenated carry oxygenated
• Pulmonary veins Normal veins• Carry oxygenated carry deoxygenated
• Arteries always away from the heart• Veins always to the heart
LUNGSHeart to body
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3
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EXTENDED RESPONSE HINTS #4
• Anaerobic respiration Aerobic resp.• Does not requires O2 Requires oxygen
• Occurs in cytoplasm Occurs in mitoch.• Only needs enzymes Needs membranes• act as ETC, ATP• synthase• Only makes 2 ATP makes 34 + 2 ATP
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Just a bunch more of
•Great questions
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Where does it take place?
• 1. cellular respiration• 2. Krebs cycle• 3. lactic acid fermentation• 4. alcoholic fermentation• 5. gives off CO2 as a waste product
CHOICES:• C = cytoplasm• M = mitochondrion• IM = inner membrane• IMS = inter membrane space• MX = matrix
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Where does it take place?
• 1. cellular respiration• 2. Krebs cycle• 3. lactic acid fermentation• 4. alcoholic fermentation• 5. gives off CO2 as a waste product
• M• MX
• C• C
• MX
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Where does it take place?
• ETC• Glycolysis• Citric acid cycle• NADH and FADH2 (gives up e-)
• H+ ions collect when NADH and FADH2 give up e-
CHOICES:• C = cytoplasm• M = mitochondrion• IM = inner
membrane• IMS = inter
membrane space• MX = matrix
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Where does it take place?
• ETC• Glycolysis• Citric acid cycle• NADH and FADH2 (gives up e-)
• H+ ions collect when NADH and FADH2 give up e-
• IM• C• MX
• MX to IM
• IMS
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What number?2 3 4 6 34 38
ATP to start glycolysis?
ANSWER: 2
Total ATP made from glycolysis to pyruvic acid?
ANSWER: 4
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What number?2 3 4 6 34 38
Net ATP made from glucose to pyruvic acid?
ANSWER: 2
ATP from Krebs cycle?
ANSWER: 2
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What number?2 3 4 6 34 38
ATP from ETC and chemiosmosis?
ANSWER: 34
Total ATP from one glucose broken down (glycolysis + Krebs cycle + ETC/chemiosmosis) ?
ANSWER:38
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What number?2 3 4 6 34 38
Number of carbons in glucose?
ANSWER: 6
Number of carbons in pyruvic acid?
ANSWER: 3
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What molecule is it?
• That grooms pyruvic acid to enter the Krebs cycle?
ANSWER: coenzyme A
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What molecule is it?
That is the final (ultimate) electron acceptor?
ANSWER: oxygen
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What molecule is it?
That forms when pyruvic acid breaks down in muscles (anaerobically)?
ANSWER: lactic acid
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What 2 molecules…
• That form when pyruvic acid breaks down in yeasts (anaerobically)?
• ANSWER: carbon dioxide and ethanol (ethyl alcohol)
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What molecule is it?
• An electron carrier formed from glycolysis?
• ANSWER:NAD+ to NADH
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What molecule is it?
• 2 electron carriers formed in the Krebs cycle?
• ANSWER: NADH and FADH2
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What molecule…
• Forms after H+ ions go through ATP synthase?
• ANSWER: ATP
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What molecule is it?
• That is formed after H+ ions join with oxygen?
• ANSWER: H2O
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What molecule is it?
• That forms as a one-carbon waste product in the Krebs cycle?
• ANSWER: carbon dioxide
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What molecule is it?
• That is a 6-carbon molecule that forms temporarily in the Krebs cycle (2-C acetyl CoA and a 4-C compound)?
• ANSWER: citric acid
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Which is the form in each that is
filled carrying e-?• NAD+ or NADH?
• FADH2 or FAD?
• ANSWER: NADH and FADH2
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As e- go down the ETC, do they do it…?
• Gradually (step by step)• OR• Quickly (all at once)?
• ANSWER: gradually
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Pyruvic acid gets “cut and groomed” by what and to go
where?
• ANSWER:• BY Coenzyme A to go into
the Krebs cycle
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What is chemiosmosis?
• The diffusion of _____________ from ______ concentration to ___________ concentration across a ________________.
• ANSWER: H+ ions, High to Low, membrane
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Where do the H+ ions collect after the NADH and FADH2
dropped them off and they got pulled to here?
• ANSWER:• Intermembrane Space