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System for Measuring Distance ��

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Abstract

The technology of infrared rays is coming of age in Taiwan, and it is easy to see

that such as the remote control used on data transmission, as a switch of auto

cleaning, and the autofocus of camera etc. We can see the application of infrared rays

almost every where.

For one-dimension detection, the data we collected shows that measure the distance

almost by ultrasound, but the ultrasound is interfered by the environment very easily,

so in this study I try to use infrared rays to do one-dimension detection. Infrared rays

have the directionality, so when the angle changed, it causes the change of current on

receiver, and when the distance changed, the current on the receiver is also changed.

Using 2 or 3 receivers to detect the change of angle, and then doing two-dimension to

measure the distance and correct the aspect.

v

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ABSTRACT ...........................................................................................................IV

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1.1 Ú « .....................................................................................................................................1

1.2 T U � � ............................................................................................................................1

1.3 Û Ü Ý Þ © ¶ SENSOR.................................................................................................2

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2.2.1P y z { á ä Ö â ã ................................................................................................6

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2.2.4 ê � ä � © � ë ì í A î ................................................................................10

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2.3.1P ï ² � ó ô ...........................................................................................................11

2.3.2P õ � é ö ÷ ï ² � ..............................................................................................12

2.4� ø ù � Ë ð ñ ò ...........................................................................................................13

� � �� IC � �� ...........................................................................................15

3.1� 89C51 ú û ü ................................................................................................................15

vi

3.1.1P 89C51 ý Â þ �...................................................................................................15

3.2 ADC0804..........................................................................................................................19

3.2.1P ADC0804 û ü þ � ............................................................................................19

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viii

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P P L � � ´ µ Ö � 89C51 û ü ³ ´ µ � é _ ` \ � O 9 (È É Ê Ê Ë Ì

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! � c Ù a � Oª 89C51 ¬ _ � a Ë Ì 6 : b � d ´ $ Õ � { ê �1 Õ Ñ

e IC ULN2003 ³ _ � � � d ´ $ Õ � a Ë Ì �¤ Ä Ê B @ L �Ñ � ³ ´ µ

þ � OP

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3.1.1�� 89C51 � � � ��

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f � (� > ¦ �¬ ñ ò � 8 Ù å g � h P

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16

3.1.2 89C51 � � � ��

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û ü � © �8051 " 2# � È � > � � È � OQLÊ®p�È��BË×

b I � � È O��BË/ d U � � � c � � 1 b È�� È�� K � 3.1O

P

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� 3.1P 89C51È��P

P

P P Vcc(20)�È : (GND) Ë ��OP

P P Vcc(40)�È+5V Ë � � ÊOP

P P XTAL1(19)�XTAL2(18)�u � � � � ��O× ê � � � ý | û ã�� ¦

Ê � � û ã�Ð �È�È? XTAL15 XTAL2È�-O× ê � z � � � ² ��

h�² �� ¦ È � XTAL1È�-�ª XTAL2� ! È : O£ê � � u �

� U V (�1.2~12MHzO

P P RST/VST(9)�� ã< + (Reset) � � ��O�¿ È� É ? � ÑÒ low- � (

high� D��h�8051Ê õ < + �Lh8051Ê b S � �ý � I � � ê � (Special

Function Register�SFR) ñ Ô ( � ñ -�\ ÒÙ q 0000H � � µ � é O¿ È�P P P P P PPPP

P P (VPD) î £� J 8051� I � Ä � (Power Down) � é �� VPD 5 R Ó +5Vª

Vcc ö J � Ô �+5V+5%h�VPDÊ � ¦ Ë ÌËa( Standby PowerÍ ' b S �

17

� RAM ê � �¤ � ê b � � OP

P P EA(31)� z � ê 3 � � (External Access Enable) � � ��O7 Ô � é � s ã;

Ú d bytes(0000H�0FFFH) > ³ � q ü S � � ROM/EPROM(EA=1)�Ò³ � z �

� ROM/EPROM(EA=0)OP

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� æ D�Lh£� I/O � � È�Op�È�£ � � 8Ñ LS-TTL = > O¿ È�

î �C � u é �ö � Ù q (A0-A7)×� � (D0-D7) � Ì � �£� ê 3 z � � � s

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P P P1.0~P1.7(1~8)�w 1O( 8Ùå o 9 ] Â � I/OOÊ�� 1 ` � w 1h�£

ê b È�Ò b S � � � ( Y Ë Ù æ D�Lh£� I/O � � È�Op�È�£ �

� 4Ñ LS-TTL = > P

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wOÊ�� 1 ` � w 2h�£ê b È�Ò b S � � � ( Y Ë Ù æ D�Lh£�

I/O � � È�Op�È�£ � � 4ÑLS-TTL = > O¿ È�î � Y � Ù q (A8-A15)

� Ì � �¤ ê 3 z � � s ãOP

P P P3.0~P3.7(10~17)�w 3O( 8Ùå o 9 ] Â � I/OwOÊ�� 1 ` � w 3h�

£ê b È�Ò b S � � � ( Y Ë Ù æ D�Lh£� I/O � � È�Op�È�£

� � 4Ñ LS-TTL = > O¿ È�î £ê � J Ä ø a� È �RXD(P3.0)� v ø w�

� � � ÊOTXD(P3.1)� v ø w�� è ÊOINTR(P3.2)� z � � ¢ }��

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� � � ÊOT1(P3.5)�ò h� � ò c � f z � �� ÊOWR(P3.6)�z � � �

� s ã ` � � � (Strobe)�� è ORD(P3.7)�z � � � � s ã � 3 � � (Strobe)

�� è OP

P P PSEN(29)� � é r ê � � (Program Store Enable) � � � è ��OQz � � é

18

� s ã�� k� 2 3 � 1 h�PSENÊ@ è � � � �� 1# CPU Ø � z �

� � é � s ã� � 3 � k� OP

P P ALE(30)�Ù q � � � � (Address Latch Enable) � è ��O� CPU � z º �

s ã� 2 3 � k� Ò ê 3 � � h�ALEÊ Æ Q� Ñ � Ì � � 1 (Bus Cycle) � � h

@ è H��1# P0.0~P0.7(AD0~AD7) Ø @ è ö � Ù q A0-A7��¤ � z

º Ë ð¬ Ô R � ö � ��OÒ J ALE�� Å Ô ( ý | � u � � � 1/6�{

ALE�� " £¤ � � ² �� OP

P P 89C51 ê � h� � ¿ Ë ð� K � 3.2

P

� 3.2P 89C41 � ¿ Ë ð�P

P

P

P

P

P

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19

3.2 ADC0804

3.2.1�� ADC0804 � � ��

P P ADC0804( % � b � � � ADC�\ Á 2 h � _ � Ë ð�b � � £Ò z n �

R�C 7 Ô � Ä � 3.3�( ADC0804�È��OP

P

� 3.3P ADC0804È��PP

PIN 1 ÌCS ÍP Pû ü Ý O�RD�WRÈ�� B � ³ Ó ¢ � è Ò ` �

�j �(ö D � � OP

PIN 2 ÌRD ÍP P � 3 � � O�CS�RD o ( � � h�ADC0804 Æ Ê ! ¡

� c Ù ' � � Ò DB7 ~ DB0 � � � 8051Òb c �¡ à ú å OP

� ¢ � P� PÌWR ÍP PÊ ô ø ' � ! � c Ù ' �O�CS�WR o ( � � h��

� < + � INTR ñ Ô ( 1��WRÒ 0→1·CS�0h�ADC0804Ê � � ! '

�OP

PIN 4�PIN 19 (CLK IN�CLKR) h � � � £ � è Oh � � � £ � È % È

¡ à ú å �h � ' �Oªh � � è �b � � ; ¯- . £¯J 640KHz�� ´ £ Ý

� z � ÒS � ³ � � h � OP

PIN 5 Ì INTR ÍP P� ¢ ¤ « �(ö D � � O� ¡ � � ! � 1 h� INTRÊ

20

Æ Ò 1→0 � ¥ p 89C51Òb c �¡ à ú å ¡ � ! �� £¤ � 3 c Ù� ' OP

PIN 6�PIN7 (VIN(+)�VIN(-)) Pô ø � � Ë � � ¼ �� Ê�� Ë � VIN

�VIN(+)�VIN(-)�VIN(-) ÷ > È : �ª VIN(+) > � � ¦ ! aô ø Ë � ' ��

ADC0804 Æ Ê §�� ! � c Ù ' �OP

PIN 8 (A GND) Pô ø Ë � �È : ÊOP

PIN 9 (VREF⁄2)P Pô ø ) * Ë � � � �VREF(ô ø � � Ë � VIN�- = -O

× > PIN 9 ; È�� VIN�- = -�( VCCOP

PIN 10 (D GND) P c ÙË � �È : ÊOP

PIN 11 ~ PIN 18 (DB7 ~ DB0) P ! ¡ � c Ù� ' � è O ! > CS�0�

RD�0h è � � 3 � j � b � ' 6 í ¨ OP

PIN 20 (VCC) PË � � � ÊOPP

3.2.2�� ADC0804 � � � � � � � � ��

P P s X ! y© � ADC0804Ê Ë � ' � ` � \ ! �{ ë ÊWRy Clear( 0�

ê ô ø Ë � ' � ` � �g ÊWR PSet( 1�k ADC0804´ � ! � 1 Oªa / ¨

© INTR � Ó ¢ ! > j ¡ � �× > INTRÒ 1→0��1# � � ! ¡ � �£¤

Ê c Ù� ' � ? 89C51 ³ n ¤ ¡ à Ì9( RD�CS ¢ È : �{ � � � R � � æ

DÍ�×CS =0�RD =0�� ADC0804 ! � ( ) Ê INTR ( Y Dh É � � �

� Ì � � ¶ ¡ à � � 3 �h " � K � 3.4�� 3.5OP

21

P

� 3.4P ADC0804 ! h " �P

P

� 3.5P ADC0804h " �PP

R � � ´³ � c Ù ' �� 1�í 4 �> ª VIN(+)�VIN(-)�VREFÒ VCC 2 - «

�3 0�¤ Ä � � Ñ� k ³ ®OP

VREF( ; È�¬ ¤ � � Ë � � U V ( 0(GND) ~ 5V(VCC)�ª 8051 � � �

c -p � Ñú Ù�¯ � �( 53.19256

5= (mV)P�� 8051 � � 01001011�§ p

¬ VIN Ó (P ×53.19 010010112 = 19.53× 7510 = 1.46(V) Pb c ¤ Lô b aOÌ× Pin

9 6 ; È��³ VREF¯ � ³ 7 Ô � � Ë � - = OÍ�ADC0804 � ´ ê � �Ë ð�

K � 3.6OP

22

P

� 3.6P ADC0804 ê � aË ð�P

P

P

P

P

3.3 ULN2003 P P 89C51�� è Ë Ì I � � � d ´ $ Õ � ! ä z ñ + � �Ë ð�9 ¬ Ü Ý �

$ Õ � �Ë Ì ( 200mA�Ö � ULN2003� � � IC�b È��5 S � # í � K �

3.7OP

P

� 3.7P ULN2003È��×b S � # í �P

P

P P b S � � Ç K � 3.8�(Á 2 � Ö â ãaÕ Ñ e Ë ð�£� � ; Y 500mA

Ë Ì O@ d ´ $ Õ ª« £� 2 ® <¯Ë Ì �x pÑ � �Ë ð¬ � � � u � 1 ¢

. Y � � � IC ¦ / � Æ � M �K � 3.9 ¬ # � � �� 2 89C51� P1.0~P1.3

23

% È? 2003� � Ñ � ] � � � Ê�� è ÊÈ? d ´ $ Õ OP

P

� 3.8P ULN2003 S � � Ç P

P

� 3.9P ULN2003�$ Õ % ÈË ð�P

P

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24

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e K Ä ��P

P

P

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P

P

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P

P P P

P

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y z { á ÊP � <ÈÉ ÊP

Ð ô ÈÉ ÊP

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ADC0804

ø ù � P

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(¦# ¶ Î )

d ´ $ Õ P

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y z { á Ë ðP

y z { ÈÉ Ë ðP É ¯ï ² Ë ðP ADC0804

89C51

LCD

25

4.1��

á Ë ðK � 4.3�50 ¯ ° �Ë ¿ ( = Ì �£ � � £Å Ë ¿ ³ ± T Ë Ì P

¯ � �" § > á � E OP

P

P

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P

P P ÈÉ Ë ðK � ²�²�ÈÉ Ö â ã(� õ ö ÈÉ ä { �� Q ¯ � ª _ � . Ï �

³ Ë Ì �ÈÉ ? �ä { � Q ¯h�L ³ Ë Ì " ´ ¯�" § > ´ � ¸ ê Ë û ã�

�¬ ¤ Vo Q ? �Ë � " Æ ´ � �� a î � O C Bi iβ= � Bi Å ¯� Ci " Æ § Å

¯� o CC C EV V i R= − Ì ER � µ }¶ · ° £Å Ë ¿ Í�{ÈÉ ? �� Q ¸ ¯ ³ Ë Ì ¸ ¯�

¬ ¤ oV Æ ¸ ö OP

P

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26

4.2��

9( c f C g & � : 9 2 � ä & ê Q�QÈÉ ÊË ð � � � © h�K � 4.5

� 2 ' �´ � �¬ ¤ 0 ñ ò Ñï ² � ³ ï ¹ z Q�½ ¾ OP

P

� 4.5P � ä & ½ ¾ ÈÉ Êa ' �P

P P Ò�£ p �� 1 (1

3727

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= = �9 á Ê( � Ì � è �í 0 ï ¹ Y � �

¬ ¤ ñ ò ï ² � (Ö � ö ÷ ï ² � �·. ë = C É ¯�¬ ¤ (õ �é Ö � ö ÷ ï

² � �Ö RC Ë ð �K � 4.6OP

P

P

� 4.6P Ö � RC ö ÷ ï ² � P

P P P

ê � º » Ë � 104 0.1 Fµ= � M � � � 13Hz � � º é 2.8£¤ 0 ? 45.8k ¯ ° �

¿ -� Ü Ý � b � 47k ¯ ° ³ C 8 � �QÈÉ Êï ² � � ) K � 4.7OP

P

27

P� 4.7P ÈÉ Ê % Èï ² � a ( ) P

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ê � 89C51 ú û ü ³ ´µ ¡ à �R ¼ �ÈÉ Ë ð� è ÊË � -Q 0V~5VaP

<�Ý � ADC0804 ³ ´µ ô ø c Ù��\ ·� Keil C ³ _ ` � é Ê( )

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28

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#include<reg51.h> #define LCDP P1 /* � è � LCD È � */ #define ADC P2 /*ADC ! / � � È � */

sbit RS = P0^2; /*LCD � RS=1 ¡ à � � &RS=0 � k */ sbit RW = P0^3; /*LCD � RW=1 � 3 LCD,RW=0 ` LCD*/ sbit EN = P0^4; /*LCD � � � */ sbit flag = P1^7; /* ç " ADC � ' ( ) I */ sbit INTR = P0^1; /*ADC � INTR=0 1 ! ¡ � */ sbit wr = P0^0; *ADC � WR=0 1 � � ! */

void init_LCM(void); /*LCD * � ñ Ô */ void write_inst(unsigned char); /*LCD ` � � é*/ void write_char(unsigned char); /*LCD ` � � � */ void check_BF(void); /* ' ( c */ void display(unsigned int); /* ¦ # Ë � é*/ void display2(void); /* ¦ # ¶ Î é*/

void delay1ms(int); /*Delay*/ unsigned int result; /*ADC � 3 ( ) ê � ¡ */ unsigned char Dis[]={0,0,0,0,0,}; /* ( c � ê � ¡ */

unsigned char vol[]="Voltage is "; unsigned char d[]="Distance:"; unsigned char cm[]="cm"; unsigned int temp; float distance; float voltage; unsigned int type_int_distance; int FL; /* ) I �ç " � - � 3 > j 2 Ä */

main() { P0=0xff; /* Y W Ù �ñ ( � � Ê */ init_LCM(); /*LCD * � ñ Ô */

delay1ms(10); IE=0X81; /* + # INT0 � ¢ */ TCON=0X01; /*INT 0 ( = [ ç , á */

37

while(1) { if(FL==1) { display(temp); display2(); FL=0; } } } /******************************/ void init_LCM(void) /*LCD * � ñ Ô é*/

{ unsigned char i; RS=0; RW=0; EN=0; for(i=0;i<2;i++) { write_inst(0x30); } write_inst(0x38); write_inst(0x08); write_inst(0x01); write_inst(0x06); write_inst(0x0e); } /*******************************/ void write_inst(unsigned char inst) /*LCD ` � � é é*/

{ check_BF(); LCDP=inst; RS=0; RW=0; EN=1; EN=0;

38

} /*******************************/ void write_char(unsigned char character) /*LCD ` � � � é*/

{ check_BF(); LCDP=character; RS=1; RW=0; EN=1; EN=0; } /*******************************/ void check_BF() /*LCD ' ( é*/

{ while(1) { LCDP=0xff; RS=0; RW=1; EN=1; if(!flag) break; EN=0; } } /*******************************/ void Myintr(void) interrupt 0 { wr=0; wr=1; temp = ADC*196; FL=1; } /********************************/ void delay1ms(int x) /*Delay*/ { int i,j; for(i=0;i<x;i++) for(j=0;j<120;j++)

39

; } /********************************/ void display(unsigned int temp) { unsigned char i = 0; result = temp; Dis[0] = (result)/10000; Dis[2] = (result/1000)%10; Dis[3] = (result/100)%10; Dis[4] = (result/10)%10; write_inst(0x01); write_inst(0x80); for(i=0;i<11;i++) { write_char(vol[i]); } for(i=0;i<5;i++) { if(i==1) write_char('.'); else write_char(Dis[i]+0x30); /* n - 0x30, 9 ( = � ascii �*/

} } /*********************************/ void display2(void) { unsigned char i = 0; voltage = (ADC*196)/10000.0; if((voltage>=1.274)&&(voltage<=1.392)) distance=(voltage-1.274)/0.0234; else if((voltage>1.392)&&(voltage<=3.332)) distance=(voltage-0.569)/0.392; else if((voltage>3.332)&&(voltage<=4.057)) distance=(voltage-2.645)/0.0706;

40

else if((voltage>4.057)&&(voltage<=4.272)) distance=(voltage-3.627)/0.0125; else if((voltage>4.272)&&(voltage<=4.468)) distance=(voltage-4.0368)/0.00784; else distance=0; if(distance<10) type_int_distance=(int)(distance*10000); else type_int_distance=(int)(distance*1000); Dis[0] = (type_int_distance)/10000; Dis[2] = (type_int_distance/1000)%10; Dis[3] = (type_int_distance/100)%10; Dis[4] = (type_int_distance/10)%10; write_inst(0xc0); for(i=0;i<9;i++) { write_char(d[i]); } if(distance<10) { for(i=0;i<5;i++) { if(i==1) write_char('.'); else write_char(Dis[i]+0x30); } } else { for(i=0;i<5;i++) { if(i==1) write_char(Dis[i+1]+0x30); else if(i==2) write_char('.');

41

else write_char(Dis[i]+0x30); } } for(i=0;i<2;i++) { write_char(cm[i]); } }

42

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