Study Guide for Midterm 2.doc

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Election Law and Related JurisprudenceElection Law and Related Jurisprudenceby: Prof. Victoria V. Loanzonby: Prof. Victoria V. Loanzon

A. INTRODUCTION

• The Right to Suffrage

B. Constitutional basis: Art. II, 19! Constitution

Article II – Declaration of Principles and State Policies, 1987 Constitution

“Sec. 1 – The Philippines is a deocratic and repu!lican state. So"erei#nt$ resides in thepeople and all #o"ernent authorit$ eanates fro the.%

C. "ho #an $ote: Art. %. 19! Constitution

“Sec. 1 & Suffra#e a$ !e e'ercised !$ all citi(ens of the Philippines not other)isedis*ualified !$ la), )ho are at least ei#hteen $ears of a#e, )ho shall ha"eresided in the Philippines for at least one $ear and in the place )herein the$

propose to "ote for at least si' +- onths iediatel$ precedin# the election.o literac$, propert$, or other su!stanti"e re*uireent shall !e iposed on thee'ercise of suffra#e. +ephasis supplied-%

D. "ho #annot $ote: Se#. 11, O&nibus 'le#tion Co(e

The follo)in# shall !e dis*ualified fro "otin#/

+a- An$ person )ho has !een sentenced !$ final 0ud#ent to suffer iprisonent for not lessthan one $ear, such disa!ilit$ not ha"in# !een reo"ed !$ plenar$ pardon or #rantedanest$/ Pro"ided, ho)e"er, that an$ person dis*ualified to "ote under this para#raph shallautoaticall$ reac*uire the ri#ht to "ote upon e'piration of fi"e +- $ears after ser"ice of

sentence.+!- An$ person )ho has !een ad0ud#ed !$ final 0ud#ent !$ copetent court or tri!unal of

ha"in# coitted an$ crie in"ol"in# dislo$alt$ to the dul$ constituted #o"ernent such asre!ellion, sedition, "iolation of the anti&su!"ersion and firears la)s, or an$ crie a#ainstnational securit$, unless restored to his full ci"il and political ri#hts in accordance )ith la)/Pro"ided, that he shall re#ain his ri#ht to "ote autoaticall$ upon e'piration of fi"e +-$ears after ser"ice of sentence.

+c- Insane or incopetent persons as declared !$ copetent authorit$.

'. The CO)'*'C

+. Art. I, 19! Constitution

-. Co&osition Se#. I /10 Art. I 2 B, 19! Constitution

“Sec. 1 +1- – There shall !e a Coission on 2lections coposed of a Chairan and si'Coissioners )ho shall !e natural&!orn citi(ens of the Philippines and, at the tie of theirappointent, at least thirt$&fi"e +3- $ears of a#e, holder of a colle#e de#ree, and ust notha"e !een candidates for an$ electi"e position in the iediatel$ precedin# elections.4o)e"er, a a0orit$ thereof, includin# the Chairan, shall !e e!ers of the Philippine 5ar)ho ha"e !een en#a#ed in the practice of la) for at least ten $ears.

3. Ter& of Offi#e Se#. I /40, Art. I 2, 19! Constitution

The Chairan and the Coissioners shall !e appointed !$ the President )ith the consent of the Coission on Appointents for a ter of se"en $ears )ithout reappointent. ' ' 'Appointent to an$ "acanc$ shall !e onl$ for the une'pired ter of the predecessor. In no caseshall an$ 6e!er !e appointed or desi#nated in a teporar$ or actin# capacit$. +ephasissupplied-%

2lection a) and elated :urisprudence;cto!er <=1=

By: Prof. Victoria V. Loanzon & pa#e 1 &



I. '*'CTION *A"S

5. 6ertinent *a7s

1. ;ni!us 2lection Code +5P 5l#. 881-

2. .A. > &The 2lectoral efor Act of 198>

3. .A. o. 71 & The S$nchroni(ed ational and ocal 2lections a) of 1991

4. .A. 91> & 5aran#a$ and San##unian# ?a!ataan 2lections, aendin# epu!lic Act o. 71=

5. .A. 8=> & Authori(in# the Coission on 2lections to Conduct a ation)ide Deonstration

of a Coputeri(ed 2lection S$ste and Pilot&Test it in the 6arch 199 2lections in the

Autonoous e#ion.

6. .A. 8189 & @oters e#istration Act of 199

7. .A. 8<9 – one Candidate a)

8. .A. 9== – Bair 2lections Act of <==1

9. .A. 9189 – The A!sentee @otin# a)

10. .A. 939 – Coission on 2lections to use an autoated election s$ste in the 6a$ 11,

1998 national or local elections and in su!se*uent national and local electoral e'ercises.

11. 2'cerpts fro .A. 71= – ocal o"ernent Code

B. Interretation of 'le#tion *a7s i!erall$ construed in fa"or of ri#ht of suffra#eCases/ -.R. No. Date

+-1 6acalintal ". Coission on 2lections >= SCA 1> <==3+-< 6endo(a ". Coision on 2lections =3 SCA 9< <==9+-3 a!an n# Deoration# Pilipino ".

Coission on 2lections ><3 SCA <==>+-> 5uac ". Coission on 2lections ><1 SCA 9< <==>+- 5arro ". Coission on 2lections =3 SCA <9< <==9+- Pedra#o(a ". Coission on 2lections >9 SCA 13 <==+-7 lu( ". Coission on 2lections <3 SCA > <==7+-8 anot ". Coission on 2lections =7 SCA 11> <==

+-9 Penera ". Coission on 2lections 99 SCA =9 <==9and Resolution dated < o"e!er <==9

+-1= oces ". 4ouse of epresentati"es 2lectoral Tri!unal >9 SCA >81 <==+-11 Pientel III ". Coission on 2lections 2n 5anc Sittin# as the ational 5oard of Can"assers >8 SCA 19 <==8+-1< 5aran#a$ Association for ational Ad"anceent And Transparenc$ +5AAT- Part$ ist

". Coission on 2lections 9 SCA >77 <==9

C. 6urose of 'le#tion *a7s To ascertain the )ill of the peopleCases/ -.R. No. Date

+-13 @illa"ert ". Bornier &3== ;cto!er 17,19>9& istae or i#norance of the "oter ust #i"e )a$ to his actual intent.

-.R. No. Date+-1> 5rillantes ". de @enecia et al &13193 :une 1, <==>

& an$ act )hich )ould esta!lish “trendin#% should not !e allo)ed.

8. R'-ISTRATION O+ %OT'RS

In#lusion '#lusion 6ro#ee(ings /Se#s. 1;, 1;9, 1<4, O&nibus 'le#tion Co(e0Case/ -.R. No. Date

+-1 ;(ais ". Eosa &<8<<8 Au#ust 31, 197=

& inclusionFe'clusion proceedin#s a$ include deterination of ones citi(enship.

*. =UA*I+ICATIONS AND DIS=UA*I+ICATIONS O+ CANDIDAT'S T'R) O+ O++IC'

A. National 'le#ti$e Offi#ials

1. 6resi(ent /Se#s. 4 an( <, Art. %II, 19! Constitution0

• Arti#le %II 19! Constitution 'e#uti$e Deart&ent


By: Prof. Victoria V. Loanzon & pa#e < &



=ualifi#ations:Se#. 4 – o person a$ !e elected President unless he is a natural – !orn citi(en of thePhilippines, a re#istered "oter, a!le to read and )rite, at least fort$ $ears of a#e on theda$ of the election, and a resident of the Philippines for at least ten $ears iediatel$precedin# such election.

Ter& of Offi#e:Se#. < – The President and the @ice&President shall !e elected !$ direct "ote of thepeople for a ter of si' $ears )hich shall !e#in at noon on the thirtieth da$ of :une ne'tfollo)in# the da$ of the election and shall end at noon of the sae date si' $earsthereafter. The President shall not !e eli#i!le for an$ reelection. o person )ho hassucceeded as President and has ser"ed as such for ore than four $ears shall !e*ualified for election to the sae office at an$ tie.

2. %i#e2 6resi(ent /Se#s. ; an( <, Art. %II, 19! Constitution0=ualifi#ations:

Article @II, Se#tion ; – There shall !e a @ice&President )ho shall ha"e the sae*ualifications and ter of office and !e elected )ith and in the sae anner as the

President. 4e a$ !e reo"ed fro office in the sae anner as the President.

Ter& of Offi#e:Article @II, Se#tion < +<nd para#raph- – o @ice&President shall ser"e for ore than t)o+<- successi"e ters. @oluntar$ renunciation of the office for an$ len#th shall not !econsidered as an interruption in the continuit$ of the ser"ice for the full ter for )hichhe )as elected.

3. Senator /Se#s. ; an( <, Art. %I, 19! Constitution0=ualifi#ations:

Article @I, Se#tion ; – o person shall !e a Senator unless he is a natural&!orn citi(en of the Philippines, and, on the da$ of the election, is at least thirt$&fi"e $ears +3- of a#e,

a!le to read and )rite, a re#istered "oter, and a resident of the Philippines for not lessthan t)o $ears iediatel$ precedin# the da$ of the election.

Ter& of Offi#e:Article @I, Se#tion < – The ter of office of the Senators shall !e si' $ears and shallcoence, unless other)ise pro"ided !$ la), at noon on the thirtieth da$ of :une ne'tfollo)in# their election.

o Senator shall ser"e for ore than t)o +<- consecuti"e ters. @oluntar$ renunciationof the office for an$ len#th of tie shall not !e considered as an interruption in thecontinuit$ of his ser"ice for the full ter for )hich he )as elected.

4. Congressional Reresentati$es /Se#s. > an( !, Art. %I, 19! Constitution0=ualifi#ations:

Article @I, Se#tion > – o person shall !e a 6e!er of the 4ouse of epresentati"esunless he is a natural&!orn citi(en of the Philippines, and, on the da$ of the election, isat least t)ent$&fi"e +<- $ears of a#e, a!le to read and )rite, and e'cept the part$&listrepresentati"es, a re#istered "oter in the district in )hich he shall !e elected, and aresident thereof for a period of not less than one $ear iediatel$ precedin# the da$ of the election.

Ter& of Offi#e:Article @I, Se#tion ! – The 6e!ers of the 4ouse of epresentati"es shall !e elected fora ter of three +3- $ears )hich shall !e#in, unless other)ise pro"ided !$ la), at noon onthe thirtieth da$ of :une ne't follo)in# their election.

o 6e!er of the 4ouse of epresentati"es shall ser"e for ore than three +3-consecuti"e ters. @oluntar$ renunciation of the office for an$ len#th of tie shall not!e considered as an interruption in the continuit$ of his ser"ice for the full ter for)hich he )as elected.





). *o#al 'le#ti$e Offi#ials

1. =ualifi#ations /Se#. ;9, R.A. !1>?0@Se#. ;9 – Gualifications.+a- An electi"e local official ust !e a citi(en of the PhilippinesH a re#istered "oter in the

!aran#a$, unicipalit$, cit$, pro"ince or, in the case of a e!er of the san##unian#planlala)i#an, san##unian panlun#sod, or san##unian# !a$an, the district )here heintends to !e electedH a resident therein for at least one +1- $ear iediatel$ precedin#

the da$ of the electionH and a!le to read and )rite Bilipino or an$ other local lan#ua#e ordialectH and a!le to read and )rite Bilipino or an$ other local lan#ua#e or dialect.

+!- Candidates for the position of a$or or "ice&a$or of independent coponent cities,coponent cities or unicipalities ust !e at least t)ent$&one +<1- $ears of a#e onelection da$. +ephasis supplied-

2. Disualifi#ations /Se#. <?, R.A. !1>?0@Se#. <? – Dis*ualifications. – The follo)in# persons are dis*ualified fro runnin# for an$electi"e local position/

+a- Those sentenced !$ final 0ud#ent for an offense in"ol"in# oral turpitude or for an

offense in"ol"in# oral turpitude or for an offense punisha!le !$ one +1- $ear or ore of iprisonent )ithin t)o +<- $ears after ser"in# sentenceH

+!- Those reo"ed fro office as a result of an adinistrati"e caseH

+c- Those con"icted !$ final 0ud#ent for "iolatin# the oath of alle#iance to the epu!licH

+d- Those )ith dual citi(enshipH

+e- Bu#iti"es fro 0ustice in criinal or non&political cases here or a!roadH

+f- Peranent residents in a forei#n countr$ or those )ho ha"e ac*uired the ri#ht to reside

a!road and continue to a"ail of the sae ri#ht after the effecti"it$ of this CodeH and

+#- The insane or fee!le&inded

N. 5URIS6RUD'NC'

A. Citienshi Reuire&entCases/ -.R. No. Date

+-1 a!o ". C;622C 1=111 :ul$ 3, 199<– An election of a candidate )ho has !ecoe a citi(en of another countr$ does

autoaticall$ restore his Bilipino citi(enship.-.R. No. Date

+-17 6ercado ". 6an(ano 3=7 SCA 3= 13=83 6a$ <,1991– A Bil&A )ho upon reachin# the a#e of a0orit$, elected Bilipino citi(enship and

re#istered as a "oter for t)o elections is *ualified to run for a local electi"e position.

-.R. No. Date+-18 Bri"aldo ". C;622C 87193 :une <3, 1989

– A candidate ust eet all *ualifications at tie of his election.-.R. Nos. Date

+-19 Antonio Co ". 42T ;n#, :r. 9<191&9<, 9<<=<&=3 Au#ust 31,197=

– The 42T a$ include the deterination of citi(enship in its proceedin#s.

B. Resi(en#e Reuire&entsCases/ -.R. No. Date

+-<= oualde(&6arcos ". C;622C <>8 SCA 3== 11997 Septe!er18, 199

– Jpon the death of her spouse, the sur"i"in# spouse a$ choose another place of residence.

-.R. No. Date+-<1 A*uino "s. C;622C <>8 SCA >== 1<=< Septe!er 18, 199


By: Prof. Victoria V. Loanzon & pa#e > &



– A lease contract is not conclusi"e of the len#th of sta$ to esta!lish residence of acandidate.

-.R. No. Date+-<< A!ella ". C;622C <=1 SCA <3 1==71= Septe!er 3, 1991

& A candidate )ho pro"es that a )innin# candidate did not eet the residencere*uireent does not !ecoe necessaril$ the )inner of the electi"e position.A second placer is al)a$s a second placer.

-.R. No. Date+-<3 Doino ". C;622C 31= SCA > 13>=1 :ul$ 19, 1999

& The one&$ear residence re*uireent is strictl$ construed.

C. Ter& *i&itCases/ -.R. No. Date

+-<> 6onte!on and ;nda$ ". C;622Cand Potencioso, :r. 18=>> April 8, <==8& In"oluntar$ Interruption of the three&ter $ear )ill not operate as dis*ualification.

-.R. No. Date+-< Sando"al ". C;622C 1>83 o"e!er 1<, <==<

& The three&ter rule )ill not appl$ in case of recall.

D. Disualifi#ationCases/ -.R. No. Date

+-< Ca$at ". C;622C 1377 April <>, <==7– Con"iction !$ final 0ud#ent of the crie of acts of lasci"iousness is considered

a dis*ualification.

-.R. Nos. Date+-<7 a$undo A. 5autista ". C;622C et al 1>79&97 ;cto!er <3, <==3

– A candidate )ho is not a re#istered "oter of a !aran#a$ cannot run as Punon#5aran#a$ of that place.

. 'le#tioneeringCase/ -.R. No. Date

+-<8 5ernardo et al ". A!alos et al 137< Dece!er , <==>– Coplainant ust present actual proof to esta!lish that certain acts of the

incu!ent electi"e officials )ere purposel$ eplo$ed to sho) the$ )ereeant to influence pu!lic school teachers.

+. 'le#tion 6rotestCases/ -.R. No. Date

+-<9 Topacio ". Paredes &8=9 ;cto!er 7, 191<– 2lection disputes in"ol"e those pertainin# to castin# and countin# of "otes and

those referrin# to eli#i!ilit$ of candidates.

-.R. No. Date+-3= Soller "s. C;622C 13983 Septe!er , <===

– Issues related to election protest ust first !e heard !$ a C;622C di"ision. Anappeal is resol"ed !$ C;622C en !anc.

-.R. Nos. Date+-31 Se!astian ". C;622C 13973&7 6arch 7, <===

– Disissal is proper for failure to deonstrate precisel$ ho) the preparation andappreciation of election returns ad"ersel$ affected the protestant.

-.R. No. Date+-3< 6aruho ". C;622C 13937 6a$ , <===

– 6otion to Disiss is an iproper pleadin# once an Ans)er has !een filed in an2lection foru.

-.R. No. Date+-33 Carloto ". C;622C 17>1 :anuar$ <>, <==7

– Disissal is proper for failure to cite specific alle#ations that )ould erit there"ie) of the result of the election.

-.R. Nos. Date+-3> ;4ara ". C;622C 1>89>1&>< 6arch 1<, <==<

– The )ill of the people should not !e frustrated. 2rror in the Certificate of Can"ass ust !e anifest !efore the corrections are ade.


By: Prof. Victoria V. Loanzon & pa#e &



-.R. No. Date+-3 6illa ". 5alores&a'a 11< :ul$ 18, <==3

& C;622C en !anc cannot annul election results at first instance.-.R. No. Date

+-3 Torres ". A!undo, Sr. and C;622C 17><3 :anuar$ <>, <==7– Bor failin# to o"erturn the e"idence on the alle#ed irre#ularities, the election

protest )as disissed.-.R. Nos. Date

+-37 @illarosa ". 42T and icardo @. Guintos 1>331,1>>1<9 Septe!er 1>, <===– Bor appropriatin# the initials or nicnae of her spouse, Con#. @illarosa )as

unseated for e"ident !ad faith.-.R. No. Date

+-38 Torres ". 42T 1>>>91 Be!ruar$ , <==1– The Supree Court upheld the findin#s of 42T )hich conducted the re"ision of !allots.

-.R. No. Date+-39 4enr$ “:un% Duenas, :r. ". 42T et al 191= 6a$ >, <=1=

– The decision of 42T can !e uphold e"en if the Supree Court 0ustices )ho aree!ers of the 42T did not si#n the Decision. It is sufficient that thea0orit$ of the 42T e!ers coplied )ith prescri!ed rules.

-.R. No. Date

+->= Pientel ". C;622C 178>13 6arch 13, <==8– ;nl$ the Senate 2lectoral Tri!unal has the sole 0urisdiction o"er proceedin#s of

the ational 5oard of Can"assers.-.R. No. Date

+->1 e#arda ". de Castro P2T Case o. ==3 :anuar$ 18, <==8– The Supree Court disissed the Petition for each of le#al and factual !asis, as

pilot tested re"ision of !allots )ould not affect the a0or of "otes o!tained !$de Castro and for failure of e#arda to pa$ the re*uired fees.

-. +ailure of 'le#tionsCase/ -.R. No. Date

+->< 5ana#a, :r. ". C;622C 13>9 :ul$ 31, <===

– Bor failure of election to !e declared, t)o conditions ust concur/ no "otin#too place and the sae is due to/ force a0eure, "iolence, terroris, fraud orother analo#ous cases.

a. 6R'2'*'CTION ACTI%ITI'SCONTRO%'RSI'S

A. C'RTI+ICAT' O+ CANDIDAC

• As to B;6

• Contents of the CoC

1. aeFs<. Citi(enship

3. esidence and en#th of Sta$>. e#istered @oter of the Place. ;ther Ites

• K42 to file the CoC DeadlineFs/

1. Jnder ;2C/ Da$ !efore the start of the capai#n period4. ational – 9= da$s !efore election;. ocalFCon#ressional – > da$s !efore elections<. Jnder A 939FAutoated/ Deadline fi'ed !$ C;622C fro No$e&ber 19 to

No$e&ber ;?, 4??9

B. '++'CTS O+ +I*IN-:

• One be#o&es an offi#ial an( legiti&ate CANDIDAT'& Khen PJ5IC 2lected or appointed ;BBICIA files his CoC

LaM Jnder ;2C, Section 7/Khether 2lected or Appointed – ipso facto resi#ned – e'cept an elected official )ho

runs for sae officeFreelection or runs for President or @ice President.

L!M Jnder A 8>3/


By: Prof. Victoria V. Loanzon & pa#e &



2lected ;fficials are considered 2SI2D not fro filin# !ut onl$ fro start of period. Appointed officials are considered resi#ned upon filin# of CoC under ;2C.

LcM Jnder A 9==/eneral repeal of Section 7 of the ;2C Section 11 rendered ineffecti"e. 4ence,

there is ; ore ipso facto resi#nation for all elected officials.

LdM Jnder A 939 & Section 11 of epu!lic Act o. 8>3 as aended !$ A 939/

A pu!lic appointive official Nshall be considered ipso facto resigned from his/her office and must vacate the same at the start of the day of the filing of his/her certification of candidacy.

C. DIS=UA*I+ICATION

• -ROUNDS for Disualifi#ation

First: Ineli#i!ilit$ – lac of andated *ualification

econd: Prohi!ited Acts !efore Lpreature con"entionFeetin# to noinateFselectofficial candidatesM andFor ABT2 the Bilin# of CoC and !efore or after the2lection 5JT !efore proclaation LSection 8 of ;2C i.e. "ote !u$in#,

terroris ille#al contri!utionH

Sec. <1 d, e, ", etc.M

!hird: Jnder Section 1< of ;2C – IncopetentFinsane

Fourth: Jnder Section >= of ocal o"ernent Code – for local officials

"!#$Rs: reenCard holderCon"iction

• D'N2DU' COURS'CANC'* CoC

Jnder Section 78 of ;2C Section <3 of C;622C J2S/

ule <3/ Section 1. $%clusive &round – BAS2 aterial representation in CoC.

Section <. Period to File – )ithin fi"e +- da$s fro last da$ fro filin# of CoC

• NUISANC'

Section 7, ;2C and ule <>, C;622C J2S/

Classif$/ 6aes 6ocer$FDisrepute

Siilarit$ of A62S

ot !ein# 5;ABID2 candidate

K4; can file/ Candidate for the sae electi"e positionK42 to file/ )ithin fi"e +- da$s fro deadlineFlast da$ of filin# CoC

D. SUBSTITUTION O+ CANDIDAT'S;nl$ in three +3- instances/

• Death

• Dis*ualification

• Kithdra)al

'. R': 6R')ATUR' CA)6AI-NIN-

• ;ld ule under ;2C/

;nce one files, he !ecoes a CADIDAT2, and he can no lon#er capai#n until the start of capai#n period – other)ise P26ATJ2 capai#nin#.

Siple J2/ ; CoC filed, ;T $et a candidate – ; preature capai#nin#

• Jnder A 939/

“An$ person )ho files his certificate of candidac$ )ithin this period shall only beconsidered as a candidate at the start of the campaign period for )hich he filed his





certificate of candidac$/ Pro"ided, That, unla)ful acts or oissions applica!le to acandidate shall tae effect onl$ upon that start of the aforesaid capai#n period.



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