Student Submission -- Gen Psych Different Therapeutic Approaches
-
Upload
elmer-saba-ereno -
Category
Documents
-
view
227 -
download
0
Transcript of Student Submission -- Gen Psych Different Therapeutic Approaches
7/28/2019 Student Submission -- Gen Psych Different Therapeutic Approaches
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/student-submission-gen-psych-different-therapeutic-approaches 1/15
7/28/2019 Student Submission -- Gen Psych Different Therapeutic Approaches
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/student-submission-gen-psych-different-therapeutic-approaches 2/15
• is the generic term for any technique or set of techniques that attempts to help
people who are suffering from a psychological disorder. It includes both the various
"talk therapies" and the more physiological approaches, including the use of
psychoactive medicines.
• Talk therapy was essentially invented by Sigmund Freud, or, perhaps a little more
historically honestly, by a woman called Anna O. and her doctor, Freud's friend and
colleague Joseph Breuer.
• Anna O. was Joseph Breuer's patient from 1880 through 1882. Twenty one years old,
Anna spent most of her time nursing her ailing father. She developed a bad cough
that proved to have no physical basis. She developed some speech difficulties, then
became mute, and then began speaking only in English, rather than her usual
German.
7/28/2019 Student Submission -- Gen Psych Different Therapeutic Approaches
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/student-submission-gen-psych-different-therapeutic-approaches 3/15
If all this weren't enough, she had fairy-tale fantasies, dramatic mood swings, and
made several suicide attempts. Breuer's diagnosis was that she was suffering from
what was then called hysteria (now called conversion disorder), which meant she
had symptoms that appeared to be physical, but were not.
Anna would sink into states of what Breuer called "spontaneous hypnosis," or what
Anna herself called "clouds." Breuer found that, during these trancelike states, Anna
could explain her daytime fantasies and other experiences, and she felt better
afterwards. Anna called these episodes "chimney sweeping" and "the talking cure."
Catharsis , from the Greek word for cleansing
7/28/2019 Student Submission -- Gen Psych Different Therapeutic Approaches
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/student-submission-gen-psych-different-therapeutic-approaches 4/15
7/28/2019 Student Submission -- Gen Psych Different Therapeutic Approaches
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/student-submission-gen-psych-different-therapeutic-approaches 5/15
Sigmund Freud's system of therapy
1. A Comfortable Physical Environment
- Freud felt that it was important to make the patient comfortable.
2. An Accepting Social Environment-Even more important was to make the patient feel at ease socially.
3. Free association.
Free association is the central "technique" of psychoanalysis
4. Resistance
- therapist, in the meantime, looks for clues to the patient's problems in their
conversations. One of these clues is resistance
7/28/2019 Student Submission -- Gen Psych Different Therapeutic Approaches
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/student-submission-gen-psych-different-therapeutic-approaches 6/15
5. Slips of the tongue
-slip of the tongue is technically called a parapraxis, and is commonly called a Freudian slip
6. Dream interpretation
- believed that when we dream, our defenses are down, and things that we are deeply concernedabout rise to the surface.
7. Transference
-Transference is when the patient begins to feel feelings towards the therapist. It can be
anger; it can be affection; it can even be sexual desire.
8. Catharsis
-Catharsis is an outpouring of "pent-up" emotions.
9. Insight
- a patient will achieve insight into their problems
7/28/2019 Student Submission -- Gen Psych Different Therapeutic Approaches
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/student-submission-gen-psych-different-therapeutic-approaches 7/15
Carl Rogers' Client Centered Therapy. - Carl Rogers is one of the most influential theorists, therapists, and researchers in
psychology. His approach to therapy involves allowing the patient, who he prefers to call the
client, to be in control of their own therapy. Originally, he called it non-directive therapy,
because he believed that the therapist should back off from trying to actively help the
client. Instead, the therapist should be a caring helper who listens.
7/28/2019 Student Submission -- Gen Psych Different Therapeutic Approaches
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/student-submission-gen-psych-different-therapeutic-approaches 8/15
Rogers believed that the job of the therapist is not so much to do this or
that, but to "be" a certain way for the client. He talks about three qualities that the
therapist should exhibit during therapy sessions: 1. He or she should be congruent. Basically, this comes down to being honest, not
phony. Rogers was particularly concerned that the therapist should be honest inregards to his or her feelings. He felt that clients can always tell when you are
pretending, so in order to engender trust in the therapeutic relationship, congruence is
a must. 2. He or she should be empathic. The therapist must be able to identify with the
client, understand them not so much as a psychologist but as a person who has also
seen their share of troubles. Therapist should be able to look into the client's eyes and
see himself. Active listening is one way the therapist can show that he or she is truly
trying to understand the client. 3. He or she should show the clientunconditional positive regard. This doesn't
mean that the therapist has to love the client, or even like them. It means he or she
should respect them as a human being, and not judge them. This can be the mostchallenging thing for a therapist to do, but Rogers believed that only by feeling
respected could a client get better.
7/28/2019 Student Submission -- Gen Psych Different Therapeutic Approaches
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/student-submission-gen-psych-different-therapeutic-approaches 9/15
7/28/2019 Student Submission -- Gen Psych Different Therapeutic Approaches
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/student-submission-gen-psych-different-therapeutic-approaches 10/15
Elllis is a very different person from Rogers. While Rogers is a quiet, laid-back sort of therapist,
Ellis is more dynamic and is as likely to argue with his clients as sympathize with them. Basically, Ellis believes that a person's problems come from their mistaken beliefs about the
world, others, and themselves. Your beliefs lead you to see things, feel things, and do things in a
certain way, and if those beliefs are wrong, so will be your perceptions, your emotions, and your
behaviors. Here are the twelve most common mistaken beliefs: I must be loved. Some acts are unredeemably wicked, and some people are damned. It is absolutely horrible when things don't go right.
All my suffering comes from outside, from others.
I should get upset at problems and obsess about them. I should avoid problems. I need someone or something stronger to lean on. I should be really competent at all things, because it is bad to be imperfect. Once something bad happens, it will affect me forever. I must have control over everything. I can only be happy by avoiding all action. I have no control over my emotions.
7/28/2019 Student Submission -- Gen Psych Different Therapeutic Approaches
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/student-submission-gen-psych-different-therapeutic-approaches 11/15
Joseph Wolpe's Systematic
Desensitization
7/28/2019 Student Submission -- Gen Psych Different Therapeutic Approaches
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/student-submission-gen-psych-different-therapeutic-approaches 12/15
Joseph Wolpe was a behavioral psychologist in South Africa
who was actually studying cats more than dealing withclients. Cats, like people, can get quite anxious. But Wolpe
noticed that there were several things that cats could do that
seemed to interfere with their anxiety. They could calm
themselves, for example, by grooming themselves. Or they could
eat. Eating and being nervous seemed to be incompatible. You may have noticed this yourself: Some of us, when we are
nervous, like to eat (maybe a gallon of Cookie Dough Ice Cream,
for example). We feel better, at least for a while. Others, when
they are nervous, can't eat, because their anxiety interferes with
their digestion. It's one or the other!
7/28/2019 Student Submission -- Gen Psych Different Therapeutic Approaches
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/student-submission-gen-psych-different-therapeutic-approaches 13/15
7/28/2019 Student Submission -- Gen Psych Different Therapeutic Approaches
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/student-submission-gen-psych-different-therapeutic-approaches 14/15
Drug therapy, also called pharmacotherapy, has become the fastest moving part of
psychotherapy, with new developments occuring every year. Our knowledge of the chemistry of
the nervous system is developing rapidly, and our knowledge of our genetic makeup even faster,
and it is the hope of every psychologist that someday every psychological problem that has
physiological roots will have a simple remedy in the form of a pill.
Antianxiety drugs Antianxiety drugs, also called anxiolytics, include such famous name brands
as Valium and Librium. These drugs work by blocking GABA receptor sites, toning down central
nervous system activity a bit like alcohol does. Although they help you to sleep, they do not cause
the excessive sleepiness or grogginess that alcohol does
. Antidepressant drugs Antidepressants have made a great deal of progress in the last twenty years or so. The
best known is the original one, Prozac (fluoxetine). Prozac is a member of a family of
drugs called the SSRIs, which stands for selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors.
Antipsychotic drugs
The best known antipsychotic drugs are the old drugchorpromazine and the newer drug clozapine. They both work by blocking dopamine receptors, thereby reducing a
person's response to "irrelevant" stimuli, such as those that cause hallucinations and
paranoia. The newer drugs such as clozapine also help a bit with various forms of
withdrawal, as well as with anxiety and depression.
7/28/2019 Student Submission -- Gen Psych Different Therapeutic Approaches
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/student-submission-gen-psych-different-therapeutic-approaches 15/15
Electroconvulsive therapy Electroconvulsive therapy or ECT is what some people call shock therapy. It was invented
in the 1930's by a team of Italian doctors, Ugo Cerletti and Lucio Bini. Originally, it was
done with the patient conscious and was rightly considered a terrifying procedure.
Psychosurgery The infamous lobotomy was invented by Antonio Egaz Moniz of the University of Lisbon
Medical School. He found that cutting the nerves that run from the frontal cortex to the
thalamus in psychotic patients who suffered from repetitive thoughts “short-circuited” the
problem. Together with his colleague Almeida Lima, he devised a technique involving
drilling two small holes on either side of the forehead, inserting a special surgical knife, and
severing the prefrontal cortex from the rest of the brain.