Structural Systems for Tall Buildings ARCH489_Fall2009_Lecture1 - Aug 25

5/22/2018 Structural Systems for Tall Buildings ARCH489_Fall2009_Lecture1 - Aug 25

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Structural Systems for Tall BuildingsProfessor Mahjoub Elnimeiri, PhD

Fall 2009 - Lecture 1

What is structure?

Structure/Architecture Interaction

State of Art of Tall Buildings (from modern era to present)


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Stability

Equilibrium

What is Structure


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Human Comfort

Strength

Stiffness

What is Structure

Redundancy

variation of B with design parameters


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Structure under earthquake : Global Ductility

What is Structure


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Ductility Demand and Capacity


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Efficiency

- Materials

- Gravity System

- Lateral System

- Foundation

Constructability

- Simplicity

- Time

What is Structure


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Steel Structural Systems


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Reinforced Concrete Structural Systems

160

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

NUMBER

OFOFFICESTORIES


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Efficiency of Structural Steel Systems

NUMBER

OFST

ORIES

(OFFICE

BUILDINGS)

POUNDS PER SQUARE FOOR (PSF)


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structure

20-30%

MEP

20-25%

elevator system

6-12%

architecture

30-40%

Structural Economy, Efficiency and Constructability

Cost of Structure in relation to Total Construction Costs


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World Map


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Worlds Tallest Buildings Chart

Meter

1000

900

800

700

600

500

400

300

200

100

0


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Location: 875 N. Michigan Avenue, Chicago, Illinois

Status: completed Groundbreaking: 1965

Completion: 1969

Use: Mixed use

Height: 1127 feet (344 meters)

Floor Count: 100 Floor Area: 853,432 sq.ft . (260,126 sq.m.)

- Architect: Skidmore Owings & Merrill, LLP

- Structural Engineer: Skidmore Owings & Merrill, LLP

- Contractor: Tishman Construction Company

- Developer: John Hancock Insurance

John Hancock Center


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Structural System


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Sears Tower

Location: 233 S Wacker Drive, Chicago, Illinois

Status: completed Groundbreaking: 1972

Completion: 1974

Use: Office


Floor Count: 110 Floor Area: 4,497,700 sq.ft. (418,064 sq.m.)

- Architect: Skidmore Owings & Merrill, LLP


- Contractor: Morse-Diesel Inc.

- Developer: Sears, Roebuck and Company


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Structural System


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Sears Tower, Chicago, 1974

Column Axial Load Distribution

Load behavior


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Connection Details


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Frame Construction

Belt trusses are added to the top location of each change in bundle conf iguration


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Modular Parts


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Superstructure Construction


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One Magnificent Mile

Location: 940 N Michigan Avenue, Chicago, Illinois

Status: completed

Groundbreaking: 1978

Completion: 1983

Use: Mixed


Floor Count: 57

- Architect: Skidmore Owings & Merril l, LLP



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Structural System


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Structural Analysis


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Location: 441 E. Erie Street, Chicago, Illinois

Status: completed

Completion: 1986

Use: Mixed use


Floor Count: 58

- Architect: Skidmore Owings & Merril l, LLP


Onterie Center


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Architectural plan / section


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The Attack


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The World Trade Center Site, New YorkTwin Towers, 1973 (Top), Freedom Tower, 2011 (Down)


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World Trade Center

Groundbreaking:August 5, 1966

Completion:Apri l 4, 1973

Destroyed: September 11, 2001

Use: Office

Height: 1368 / 1362 feet (417 / 415 meters)

- Architect: Minoru Yamasaki, Emery Roth & Sons Consul ting

- Engineers: John Skilling & Leslie Robertson

- Contractor: Port Authority of New York & New Jersey


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Typical tower floor plan

Site plan


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conceptual view of floor systemconceptual view of structural system


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Simulation of the collapse

http://video.pbs.org:8080/ramgen/wgbh/mediastorage/nova/minutes/2907_220.rm

Simulation of the collapse


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Impact of 9/11 and the 2008 Real Estate cr isis

on Tall Building Construction


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Jin Mao Building, Shanghai, China 1998(Architect: SOM)

Skyscraper built before 9/11


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Taipei 101, Taipei, Taiwan 2004(Architect: SOM)

Skyscraper built after9/11


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Swiss Re Tower, London, UK, 2004

(Architect: Norman Foster)


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Turning Torso, Malm Harbor, Sweden, 2005

(Architect: Santiago Calatrava)


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Torre Caja Madrid, Madrid, Spain

(Architect: Norman Foster)

under construction, 2008


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Shanghai World Trade Center, Shanghai, China(Architect: KPF)



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Chicago Spire

Location: 400 N Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, Illinois

Status: under construction

Groundbreaking: June 25, 2007

Completion: 2011 estimated

Use: Residential

Height: 2000 feet (609.6 meters)

Floor Count: 150

Floor Area: 3,000,000 sq.ft. (278,709 sq.m.)

- Architect: Santiago Calatrava and Perkins+Will

- Structural Engineer: Thorton Tomasetti

- Contractor: Case Foundation- Developer: Shelbourne Development


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Americas Tallest Bui ld ing


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Foundation

34 concrete and steel caissons 36.5m (120) deep

32m (104) diameter cofferdam 24m (78) deep

1m (3.2) wide perimeter wall 24.2m (80) deep

98 bell caissons to support subst ructure


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Superstructure

Composite structural system : concrete core and steel columns

7 w-shaped mega columns at ground level rise to become 21 internal columns

Columns shi ft inwards at each of the 4 outrigger floors

6 thick light weight reinforced concrete slab rotates 2 degrees on every floor

Calatravas sketch


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Calatravas sketch


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Burj Dubai, Dubai, UAE(Architect: SOM)



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Infinity Tower, Dubai, UAE

(Architect: SOM)



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White Luchung Plaza, Shanghai, China


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Davinci Tower, Dubai, UAE

(Architect: Fisher)


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New City Hall Proposal, Guangzhou, China

proposed


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Nile Tower, Cairo, Egypt

(Architect: Zaha Hadid)

proposed


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Dubai Towers

Location: Dubai, UAE

Status: proposed

Completion: 2011

Use: Mixed


Floor Count: 120

Floor Area: 2,259,264 sq.ft. (210,000 sq.m.)

- Architect: Thompson, Ventulett, Stainback

- Structural Engineer: cdci engineers international

- Developer: Sama


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HEIGHT BUILT-UP AREA

TOWER-01 360 m 120,000 sq. m

TOWER-20 410 m 140,000 sq. m

TOWER-21 460 m 160,000 sq. m

TOWER-29 550 m 210,000 sq. m

TowerHeight 550m

Towers Heights and Areas


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Architectural ModelStructural ModelPreliminary structural sketch


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Elevator Core/ Plan Layout


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Typical Facade


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Spire


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Tall Building Research at IIT


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Plaza Level Floor Plan 1st Floor

Office Zone 3 Local 2: 74th 76th

Hotel Guest Rooms: 108th

Hangkang City Tower, Seoul, Korea

proposed, 1996



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Form Stiffened Structures Research at IIT

Structural Systems for Tall Buildings ARCH489_Fall2009_Lecture1 - Aug 25

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