Stress and Health 1. Stress – the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events,...

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Stress and Health 1

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Transcript of Stress and Health 1. Stress – the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events,...

Page 1: Stress and Health 1. Stress – the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging.

Stress and Health

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Page 2: Stress and Health 1. Stress – the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging.

Stress – the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging.

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Page 3: Stress and Health 1. Stress – the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging.

General Adaption Syndrome – Hans Selye’s concept of the bodies adaptive response to stress (ex. physical or emotional trauma) in three stages – alarm, resistance, exhaustion

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en.wikipedia.org

Page 4: Stress and Health 1. Stress – the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging.

Type A – competitive, impatient, super motivated, verbally aggressive, easily angered

Type B – easy going, non-competitive, slow to anger

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cartoonstock.com

Page 5: Stress and Health 1. Stress – the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging.

In relaxed situations – reactions are the same.

When challenged or threatened with loss of control, Type A individuals are more physiologically active

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colinfarrelly.blogspot.com

Page 6: Stress and Health 1. Stress – the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging.

Problem-focused coping – attempting to alleviate stress directly – change the stressor or the way we interact with the stressor (sense of control and can change the circumstances)

(Hate your job, quit….)

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Page 7: Stress and Health 1. Stress – the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging.

Emotion-focused coping – attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring the stressor and attending to emotional needs related to one’s stress reaction (damaging relationship) (Mother-in-law)

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Page 8: Stress and Health 1. Stress – the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging.

8shop.advancedsuccess.co.uk

Page 9: Stress and Health 1. Stress – the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging.

Biofeedback – a system for electronically recording, amplifying, and feeding back information regarding a subtle physiological state, such as blood pressure or muscle tension.

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maximenterprises.org

Page 10: Stress and Health 1. Stress – the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging.

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Page 11: Stress and Health 1. Stress – the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging.

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Page 12: Stress and Health 1. Stress – the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging.

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Page 13: Stress and Health 1. Stress – the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging.

An individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting.

13Each dwarf has a distinct personality.

Page 14: Stress and Health 1. Stress – the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging.

The Psychoanalytic Perspective Exploring the Unconscious Exploring the Neo-Freudian

and Psychodynamic Theories Assessing Unconscious

Processes Evaluating the Psychoanalytic

Perspective14

Page 15: Stress and Health 1. Stress – the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging.

In his clinical practice, Freud

encountered patients suffering

from nervous disorders. Their complaints could not be explained

in terms of purely physical causes.

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Sigmund Freud(1856-1939)

Sigmund

Page 16: Stress and Health 1. Stress – the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging.

Freud’s clinical experience led him to develop the first

comprehensive theory of

personality, which included the

unconscious mind, psychosexual

stages, and defense mechanisms.

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Sigmund Freud(1856-1939)

gloriamundi.blogsome.com

Page 17: Stress and Health 1. Stress – the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging.

A reservoir (unconscious mind) of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. Freud asked patients to say whatever came to their minds (free

association) in order to tap the unconscious.

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http://w

ww.english

.upenn.edu

Page 18: Stress and Health 1. Stress – the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging.

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Page 19: Stress and Health 1. Stress – the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging.

Another method to analyze the unconscious mind is through

interpreting manifest and latent contents of dreams.

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Page 20: Stress and Health 1. Stress – the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging.

The process of free association (chain of thoughts) leads to

painful, embarrassing unconscious

memories. Once these memories are

retrieved and released (treatment: psychoanalysis) the patient feels better.

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neoneocon.com

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The mind is like an iceberg. It is mostly hidden, and below the surface lies the unconscious mind. The preconscious

stores temporary memories.

pierce.ctc.edu

Page 22: Stress and Health 1. Stress – the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging.

The Id unconsciously strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives, operating on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification.

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The ego functions as the “executive” and mediates the demands of the id

and superego.

The superego provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for

future aspirations.

Page 23: Stress and Health 1. Stress – the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging.

Personality develops as a result of our

efforts to resolve conflicts

between our biological

impulses (id) and social restraints

(superego).

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Page 24: Stress and Health 1. Stress – the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging.

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Page 25: Stress and Health 1. Stress – the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging.

Freud believed that personality formed during the first few years of life divided into psychosexual stages. During these

stages the id’s pleasure-seeking energies focus on pleasure sensitive body areas

called erogenous zones.

Freud divided the development of personality into five psychosexual

stages.

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Page 26: Stress and Health 1. Stress – the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging.

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Page 27: Stress and Health 1. Stress – the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging.

A boy’s sexual desire for his mother and

feelings of jealousy and hatred for the

rival father. A girl’s desire for her father is called the Electra complex.

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Page 28: Stress and Health 1. Stress – the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging.

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Children cope with threatening feelings by repressing them and by identifying

with the rival parent. Through this process of

identification, their superego gains strength that

incorporates their parents’ values.

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ncrc.org

Page 30: Stress and Health 1. Stress – the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging.

The ego’s protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality.

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1. Repression banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness. Underlies all other defense mechanisms. Freudian slips2. Regression leads an individual faced with anxiety to retreat to a more infantile psychosexual stage. Homesick college students

Page 31: Stress and Health 1. Stress – the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging.

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3. Reaction Formation causes the ego to unconsciously switch unacceptable impulses into their opposites. People may express feelings of purity when they may be suffering anxiety from unconscious feelings about sex.

4. Projection leads people to disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others. (He doesn’t trust me --- I don’t trust him.)

Page 32: Stress and Health 1. Stress – the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging.

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5. Rationalization offers self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for one’s actions. (I only drink to be sociable.)6. Displacement shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person, redirecting anger toward a safer outlet. (The reason I failed the test is because my teacher doesn’t like me.)

Page 33: Stress and Health 1. Stress – the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging.

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Page 34: Stress and Health 1. Stress – the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging.

Jung believed in the collective

unconscious, which contained a common reservoir of images derived from our

species’ past. This is why many cultures share certain myths and images such as the mother being a

symbol of nurturance.

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Carl Jung (1875-1961)

notablebiographies.com

Page 35: Stress and Health 1. Stress – the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging.

Today’s psychologists discount the idea of inherited experiences.

However, many believe that our shared evolutionary history shaped some universal dispositions.

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Page 36: Stress and Health 1. Stress – the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging.

Like Freud, Adler believed in childhood tensions. However, these tensions were social in nature and not sexual. A child struggles with an

inferiority complex during growth and

strives for superiority and power.

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Alfred Adler (1870-1937)

psychology.wikia.com

Page 37: Stress and Health 1. Stress – the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging.

Like Adler, Horney believed in the

social aspects of childhood growth and development.

She countered Freud’s

assumption that women have weak

superegos and suffer from “penis

envy.”37

Karen Horney (1885-1952)

bothbrainsandbeauty.com

Page 38: Stress and Health 1. Stress – the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging.

Evaluating personality from an unconscious mind’s perspective would

require a psychological

instrument (projective tests) that

would reveal the hidden unconscious

mind.

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Page 39: Stress and Health 1. Stress – the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging.

Developed by Henry Murray, the TAT is a projective test in which people express their

inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous

scenes.

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Lew

Merrim

/ Photo Researcher, Inc.

Page 40: Stress and Health 1. Stress – the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging.

The most widely used projective test uses a set of 10 inkblots and was

designed by Hermann Rorschach. It seeks to identify people’s inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the

blots.

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Lew

Merrim

/ Photo Researcher, Inc.

Page 41: Stress and Health 1. Stress – the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging.

Critics argue that projective tests lack both reliability (consistency of results)

and validity (predicting what it is supposed to).

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1. When evaluating the same patient, even trained raters come up with different interpretations (reliability).

2. Projective tests may misdiagnose a normal individual as pathological (validity).

Page 42: Stress and Health 1. Stress – the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging.

1. Personality develops throughout life and is not fixed in childhood.

2. Freud underemphasized peer influence on the individual, which may be as powerful as parental influence. 42

Modern Research

hws.edu

Page 43: Stress and Health 1. Stress – the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging.

3. Gender identity may develop before 5-6 years of age.

4. There may be other reasons for dreams besides wish fulfillment.

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Page 44: Stress and Health 1. Stress – the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging.

4. Verbal slips can be explained on the basis of cognitive processing of verbal choices.

5. Suppressed sexuality leads to psychological disorders. Sexual inhibition has decreased, but psychological disorders have not.

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Modern Research

compudesign.com.br

Page 45: Stress and Health 1. Stress – the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging.

Freud's psychoanalytic theory rests on the repression of painful experiences

into the unconscious mind.

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The majority of children, death camp survivors, and battle-scarred veterans are

unable to repress painful experiences

into their unconscious mind.

vicshayne.com

Page 46: Stress and Health 1. Stress – the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging.

Freud was right about the unconscious mind. Modern research shows the existence

of nonconscious information processing.

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1. Schemas that automatically control perceptions and interpretations

2. Parallel processing during vision and thinking

3. Implicit memories

4. Emotions that activate instantly without consciousness

Page 47: Stress and Health 1. Stress – the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging.

The scientific merits of Freud’s theory have

been criticized. Psychoanalysis is

meagerly testable. Most of its concepts arise out

of clinical practice, which are the after-the-

fact explanation.

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