STRATEGIES FOR MANAGING SLEEP DISTURBANCES AND...
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STRATEGIES FOR MANAGING SLEEP DISTURBANCES AND FATIGUE FOLLOWING TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY
Marie-Christine Ouellet, Ph.DCentre Interdisciplinaire de Recherche en Réadaptation et Intégration Sociale, Québec, CanadaÉcole de psychologie, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
Brain Injury Association of Canada, Charlottetown, August 2011
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Mysterious roles of sleep
Brain maturationRestoration of physical energyRegulation of immune functionModulation of endocrine functions (growth hormone, cortisol)Promotion of neural plasticity Role in memory processing and learningRole in recovery of illness and injury
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Fatigue
Sleepiness
Potential impacts of sleep-wakedisturbances
• Concentration• Memory• Attention• VigilancePain
• Irritability• Anxiety• Depression
30-75 %
14-55 %
RehabilitationReturn to workQuality of life
Insomnia30-40 %
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Potential causes of sleep-wakedisturbance following TBIPathophysiological factors
Structural damage to structures important for sleepHormonal and neurotransmitter alterationsPainMedications
Psycho-social factorsEnvironment (e.g. hospital, new home)StressUnhealthy sleep/wake habitsThoughts, attitudes, beliefs
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Alterations of sleep following TBI
Fragmentation of sleep (more awakenings)Increased « light » sleep (Stages 1 and 2)Decreased REM sleep (first 6 months)
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Spectrum of most common sleep-wakedisturbances seen following TBI
InsomniaDisorders causing Excessive Daytime Sleepiness
Sleep apnea (Obstructive or Central)NarcolepsyPost-traumatic hypersomnia
Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorders
Fatigue
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Only 6 published studies pertaining to intervention for sleep-wake disorders
Wiseman-Hakes, Colantonio & Gargaro (2009)
Management ?
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•Clinicians may simply rely on evidence obtained in non-TBI populations to choose their treatments.
•Need to adapt treatments to the particular needs of TBI survivors.
•Clinicians have built their own expertise- this knowledge needs to be shared.
Management ?
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Exploring post-TBI Insomnia and fatigue
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Insomnia and fatigue
following TBI
Literature Reviews
Descriptive studies
Sleep laboratory study
Interventions
Frequency, characteristicscorrelates
Objective and subjective measures of insomnia
Efficacy of CBTKnowledge exchange
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POST-TBI INSOMNIA
•Delayed sleep-onset•Multiple awakenings•Prolonged awakenings•Early morning awakenings•Unrefreshing sleep•Frustration, anticipation
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Insomnia complaints
2006
)
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Clinically significant insomnia
Criteria (DSM-IV & ICD):Subjective complaint of sleep disturbanceSymptoms of insomnia
Sleep onset problems (>30 minutes)Sleep maintenance problems (>30 minutes)
At least 3 times a weekImpacts on daytime functioning or significant distressPresent for at least 1 month
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No insomnia
Insomnia syndrome
Insomnia symptoms49.8%
29.4%
50.2%
Ouellet, Beaulieu-Bonneau, & Morin (2006) Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation
• Moderate to severe insomnia• Present 5.7 nights/week• Appears within a few weeks after accident• Average duration: 6 years• 41.6 % receiving treatment
Insomnia in mild to severe TBI
Average time since injury: 7.8 yearsN=452
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Sleep habits
Sleep Time: 8.24 hSleep Onset: 27.9 minWake Time: 22.5 minNaps per week= 4.7
Sleep Time: 6.59 h Sleep Onset: 57.88 minWake Time: 96.7 minNaps per week =8.5
No Insomnia Insomnia syndrome
Ouellet, Beaulieu-Bonneau, & Morin (2006) Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation
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Logistic Regression Analysis : • Age• Gender• Severity of TBI • Time since injury• On long-term disability leave• Presence of insomnia before TBI• Depressive symptoms• Anxiety symptoms• Cognitive disturbance symptoms• Irritability/anger symptoms• Fatigue level• Pain level
Factors associated with Insomnia following TBI
Ouellet, Beaulieu-Bonneau, & Morin (2006) Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation
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Polysomnography data: TBI vs Healthy Good Sleepers
• Sleep complaints were objectified• Sleep continuity is altered in TBI participants with insomnia• Basic sleep architecture is normal (except more Stage 1)• Resemble PSG in primary insomnia or depression
Ouellet & Morin (2006) Sleep Medicine
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Pharmacological options
Rapid symptomatic reliefRecommended as a short-term optionGains not maintained after treatment discontinuationPotential side effects: drowsiness, dizziness, cognitive impairment, reduction of psychomotor speedRisk for abuse, tolerance and dependence
Effects on memory, attention and vigilance may be particularly detrimentalSome medications may lower seizure thresholdRisk for abuse, tolerance and dependenceNeed for data on efficacy, safety and adherence
Primary or comorbid insomnia and fatigue TBI
Flanagan , Greenwald & Wieber, 2007Li Pi Shan & Ashworth (2004)
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Non-pharmacological options
Well-validated: Stimulus ContolSleep RestrictionRelaxation-based interventionsParadoxical intentionCognitive therapyCombined CBT
CBT is as effective as medication and more durable
70-80% have clinically significant improvements30% become good sleepers
CBT for Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: increase activity levels
Preliminary evidence of the efficacy of CBTNeeds to be adaptedto the needs of the TBI population
Primary or Comorbid Insomnia and fatigue TBI
Morin et al., 1994Murtagh et al., 1994Morin et al., 2006
Ouellet & Morin, APMR, 2004Ouellet & Morin, APMR, 2007
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Pre-morbid AcuteInsomnia
Early Insomnia
Chronic Insomnia
Inso
mni
a in
tens
ity
Threshold
Predisposing factors
Precipitating factors
Perpetuating factors
Spielman & Glovinski, 1991Morin, 1993
A conceptual model of insomnia
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Predisposing factors
FemaleAgingFamilial history of insomniaHyperarousabilityBiological vulnerabilityPsychologicalvulnerability
Hormonal alterationsNeurotransmitterHypocretin levelsAlterations of intra-cranial pressure duringsleepPremature aging of brain stem structures ?Comorbidpsychopathology
Primary insomnia Specific to TBI
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Pre-morbid AcuteInsomnia
Early Insomnia
Chronic Insomnia
Inso
mni
a in
tens
ity
Threshold
Predisposing factors
Precipitating factors
Perpetuating factors
Spielman & Glovinski, 1991Morin, 1993
A conceptual model of insomnia
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• Hopsitalization, pain, orthopedic injuries, complications
Medical Conditions
• Ex: analgesics, anticonvulsantsMedication
• Grief, adjustment to major limitationsMajor stressors
• Interpersonal problems, role or identity issuesChronic stressors
• TBI-related depression, anxietyPsychopathology
• Hospital or rehab center routine, noise, return homeEnvironment
Precipitating factors
MedicalIlnessHospitalization
PsychosocialStressful life event(unemployment, marital stress)
EnvironmentalNoiseTime changeAltitudeComfort
Primary insomnia Specific to TBI
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Pre-morbid AcuteInsomnia
Early Insomnia
Chronic Insomnia
Inso
mni
a in
tens
ity
Threshold
Predisposing factors
Precipitating factors
Perpetuating factors
Spielman & Glovinski, 1991Morin, 1993
A conceptual model of insomnia
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Perpetuating factors
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Perpetuating factors
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Mean number of naps per week: 5.84 (±7.09)Mean number of rest periods per week: 12.97 (±16.20)
Sleep habits in TBI: Naps and rest periods
Before TBI
96.7% either never or rarely have to stop their activities to take a nap or rest during the day
After TBI
21.9% need a nap or rest period 3-7 times a week49.5% need a nap or rest period more than 7 times a week
Ouellet & Morin, Rehab Psychol, 2006
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PSG – Time spent in bed (min) 489.5 ± 19.0 489.9 ± 15.5 .931
PSG – Total sleep time (min) 386.6 ± 78.4 416.3 ± 54.9 .153
PSG – Wake after sleep onset (min) 72.4 ± 70.1 46.9 ± 42.0 .149
SD – Time spent in bed (min) 514.5 ± 41.1 484.2 ± 45.1 .025*
SD – Total sleep time (min) 441.8 ± 67.4 428.5 ± 63.6 .507
SD – Wake after sleep onset (min) 19.5 ± 22.4 14.5 ± 29.1 .521
SD – Number of naps/week 3.3 ± 2.9 1.3 ± 1.2 .006*
SD – Duration of naps/week 213.1 ± 225.6 72.0 ± 88.3 .009*
TBI (n = 22) CTL (n = 22) t test
M ± SD M ± SD p
Sleep habits in TBI: Naps and Time in Bed
Beaulieu-Bonneau et al., i n preparationOn average 4.4 years post-injury
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Sleep habits in TBI: Sleep schedules, sleephygiene
Irregular sleep-wake schedulesEspecially in younger adultsLack of routine: no specific productive activity in the morning
Sustance use before sleep 21.1% of insomnia sufferers report using alcohol or soft drugs Ouellet, Beaulieu-Bonneau & Morin, JHTR,2006
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Perpetuating factors
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Perpetuating factors
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Cognitions in post-TBI insomnia
I need to catch up on sleep lossI am loosing control over my ability to sleepIf I feel tired, I have no energy and am not functionning well, it’s due to poor sleepI should avoid or cancel obligations after a poornight’s sleep
If I don’t sleep well, my brain will not recoverMy caregivers tell me to rest, but can’t do it If I cannot sleep well, I will never be able to return to work
Primary or comorbid Insomnia TBI-specific
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Perpetuating factors
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• Irregular schedules• Inactivity• Excessive time in bed• Naps
Behavioral
• Worrying and ruminations linked to the impacts of the injury
Cognitive
• Significant others taking up roles or encouraging maladaptive habits
Environmental
• PainPhysiological arousal
Perpetuating factors
BehavioralIrregular sleep-wakeroutinesExcessive time spent in bed
CognitivePerformance anxiety
Arousal
Primary Insomnia Specific to TBI
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• Re-associate cues with sleep and sleepiness• Establish a regular circadian sleep/wake rhythm.Stimulus control
• Curtail time in bed to the actual sleep time• Consolidate sleep on a shorter periodSleep Restriction
• Identify and correct dyfunctional thoughts, beliefsand attitudes regarding sleep and fatigueCognitive Therapy
• Change habits practices and environmental factors interfering with sleep
Sleep HygieneEducation
• Monitor fatigue and modify activities• Resume physical, social and leisure activities
Fatigue Management
CBT for post-TBI insomniaTreatment components
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An important tool during CBT for post-TBI insomnia: the sleep diary
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Stimulus Control
• Reassociate temporal (bedtime) and environmental (bed and bedroom) stimuli with rapid sleep onset.
• Establish a regular circadian sleep/wake rhythm.
Keep at least an hour before going to bed to relaxDevelop a ritual to do before going to bedGo to bed only when sleepyWhen unable to fall asleep or go back to sleep within15 to 20 min, leave the bed and bedroom, return to bed only when sleepyMaintain a regular arising time in the morningUse the bed/bedroom for sleep and sex only Do not watch TV, listen to the radio, eat, or read in the bed)Avoid taking naps during the day
Goals: Procedures:
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Naps
•Sleep latency is inversely correlated with length of previous waking period.
•Early naps contain more REM sleep and less slow-wave sleep.
•Late naps contain more slow-wave sleep.
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Sleep Restriction
Curtail time in bed to the actual sleep time, thereby creating mild sleep deprivationConsolidate sleep on a shorter period to increase its efficiency
Self-monitor sleep Restrict the amount of time spent in bed to the actual amount of time spent asleepTime in bed is adjusted according to sleep efficiency: increased of decreased by 15 minutes
GoalProcedures:
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Sleep Restriction: Curtailing time spent in bed to actual sleep time
12:00 8:008:00
Time slept
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Cognitive Therapy for insomnia
Changing dysfunctionalbeliefs and attitudes about sleep and insomnia thatexacerbate emotionalarousal, performance anxiety, and learnedhelplessness related to sleep
Identify unrealisticexpectations, faultyappraisals, misattributions of daytime impairments, misconceptions about the causes of insomnia.Challenge the validity of sleep by using cognitive restructuring techniques (e.g., decatastrophizing, reattribution, reappraisal, and attention-shifting).
Goal Procedures
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Sleep Hygiene Education
Educate clients about health practices and environmental factorswhich may promote or interfere with sleep.
DietExerciseSubstance UseLight Noise TemperatureSleep & Aging
Goals Information
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Fatigue Management
Recognize fatigueManage energy more effectivelyRevise dysfunctional attitudes about fatigue and rest
Self-monitoring of fatigue and energyIdentification of signs of fatigueGradual augmentation of activity levelsActivity planning (restperiods, alternatingtasks, task segregation, realistic goal setting)
Goals Procedure
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Adapting CBT for post-TBI Insomnia
Shorter sessions (attention, fatigue)Written material at each session (memory)Repetition (memory)Structure (adherence, motivation)Involvement of significant other (motivation)
Inclusion of a fatigue management componentBehaviouralCognitive
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Content of CBTContent of sessions
1 • Overview of treatment• Presentation of basic facts about sleep and insomnia following TBI• Presentation of importance of self‐monitoring and support from significant
other• Review of sleep diary• Establishment of sleep window (sleep restriction)
2 • Review of sleep diary• Presentation of rationale of stimulus control and sleep restriction
procedures3 • Review of sleep diary; adjustment of sleep window
• Review of stimulus control and sleep restriction procedures• Review of problems encountered during implementation of stimulus
control and sleep restriction4 • Review of sleep diary; adjustment of sleep window
• Continuation of stimulus control and sleep restriction procedures• Beginning of cognitive therapy
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Content of CBTContent of sessions
5 • Review of sleep diary; adjustment of sleep window• Continuation of stimulus control and sleep restriction procedures• Continuation of cognitive restructuring• Presentation of fatigue diary
6 • Review of sleep diary; adjustment of sleep window• Continuation of stimulus control and sleep restriction procedures• Continuation of cognitive restructuring• Presentation of sleep hygiene recommendations• Review of fatigue diary• Presentation of fatigue management skills training
7 • Review of sleep diary; adjustment of sleep window• Continuation of stimulus control and sleep restriction procedures• Continuation of cognitive restructuring• Review of fatigue diary• Continuation of fatigue management skills training
8 • Review of sleep diary; adjustment of sleep window• Review of progress and learning• Relapse prevention
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Pilot study
Ouellet & Morin (2004) Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehab
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Single-case experimental design
Ouellet & Morin (2007) Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehab
N=11 mild to severe TBI Living in the communitySuffering from insomnia syndrome (DSM and ICD criteria)Without comorbid psychiatric or medical disorderPain excluded as a cause of insomnia
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BaselinePRE Treatment POST
Participants A
Participants B
3 wks
5 wks
8 sessions
7 wksParticipants C
3-moF-up
1-moF-up
...
... .........
...
Design
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Results
Baseline: hight inter-night variabilityTreatment phase: Clearreductions in TWT for 8/11Swift progression for 5 /11Latency to change: approximately 7 to 13 daysTime series analyses: Large significant Level Changes in TWT noted for 8/11 participants
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Pre vs post treatment
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Conclusions
Psychological and behavioral factors are important in post-TBI insomnia.
CBT seems as effective in the TBI population than in people with primary insomnia.
Results seem to be durable up to 3 months.
CBT reduces fatigue but more research on fatigue is needed.
Cognitive limitations or behavioral problems did not constitute a barrier for implementation of CBT.
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Best approach for insomnia ?
A combined approach (CBT+Medication) achieves better long-term outcome if medication is discontinued after the initial 6 weeks.
Does this apply to TBI ?Morin et al., JAMA 2009
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FATIGUE
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Fatigue affects 30 to 75% of persons with TBI
Linked to problems with mood, cognition, pain
Remains a major issue even several years post-accident
Scope of the problem
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68.6%
Ouellet & Morin (2006) Rehabilitation Psychology
significantly more fatiguedcompared to before TBI
N= 452
Fatigue following TBI: Frequency, characteristics and associated factors
Ouellet & Morin (2006) Rehabilitation Psychology
Average time since injury: 7.8 yearsN=452
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Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
General Physical Mental Activity Motivation
MFI
-sco
re
Ouellet & Morin (2006) Rehabilitation Psychology
Ouellet & Morin (2006) Rehabilitation Psychology
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-
Logistic regression analysis : • Age• Sex• Severity of TBI• Time since injury• Long-term disability• Depressive symptoms• Anxiety symtpoms• Cogntive disturbance symptoms• Anger/ irritability symptoms• Insomnia severity• Perceived pain level Ouellet & Morin (2006)
Rehabilitation Psychology
Factors Associated with Fatigue
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Rest periods and naps
Before TBI
96.7% either never or rarely have to stop their activities to takea nap or rest duringthe day
After TBI
21.9% need a nap or rest period 3-7 times a week49.5% need a nap or rest period more than7 times a week
Mean number of naps per week: 5.84 (±7.09)Mean number of rest periods per week: 12.97 (±16.20)
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Stay in bed longer in the morningTake napsCancel activitiesGo to bed earlierSpend more time in bedConsume caffeine Irregular sleep/wake schedules
Desynchronisation of the sleep/wake cycle
Fatigue: Compensatory behavious
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No Insomnia syndromeInsomnia syndrome
60.1% significant fatigue
87.1% significant fatigue
No significant fatigueSignificant fatigue
12.9% insomnia
40.1% insomnia
Insomnia and Fatigue: Independent problems
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Differentiating fatigue from sleepiness
Subjective feeling of weariness, depletedenergyMultidimensional (e.g. mental, physical)No real objective measure
Physiological drive to sleepMeasurable signs:
YawningEyes droopingReduced altertness
Can be measured in a sleep laboratory(MSLT)
FATIGUE EXCESSIVE DAYTIME SLEEPINESS
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No effective pharmacological option has been identified
Nonpharmacological optionsExerciseNaps and Sleep Hygiene Stress reduction Cognitive-Behavior Therapy Light therapy ?
Fatigue following TBI : Management ?
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Fatigue: pharmacological options ?
Anecdotal reports with : amantadine, methylphenidate, bomocriptine, modafinil, pemoline, phenylephrine and amphetamines
Randomized controlled trials:Jha et al. (2008): no success with modafinil for either sleepiness or fatigueKaiser et al (2010): modafinil improves sleepiness but not fatigue
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Fatigue: Non-pharmacological options
Physical exerciseGordon and colleagues (1998): individuals with TBI who exercised regularly were
less depressed,had fewer residual symptoms and reported overall a better
Driver and Ede (2009): benefits of an 8-week program of physical
Various components of mood were enhanced (anxiety, depression, anger, confusion) including a reduction in fatigue and an increase in vigour.
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Fatigue: Non-pharmacological options ?
CaffeineStress reductionNaps and restLight therapy (Ponsford et al. In preparation)
Cognitive-behavioral interventions (some evidence from the chronic fatigue syndrome literature)
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The vicious cycle of fatigueBehaviours :
Avoid certain activitiesStop completely certain activitiesCancel social occasionsSeek rest (naps, increased time in bed)
Inactivity
Consequences :
Loss of sources of gratificationSocial isolationLoss of source of pleasureLoss of alternative ways to restFrustration, depressionPhysical deconditioningDissatisfaction in relationshipsDecrease of motivationSleep disturbances
Fatigue
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Fatigue ManagementBehaviours :
Gradually resume avoided activities Find alternative activitiesResume social interactionsRe-arrange activitiesRegularize sleep/wake cycleRevise definition of rest
Increased Activity
Consequences :
Increased pleasureIncreased gratificationBetter sleepIncreased perceived controlIncreased self-confidence Better physical conditionIncreased psychological Opportunities for self-actualization
Better management of energy levels
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Staying active following TBI
Volunteer (n=36)Non-active (n=35)
Ouellet, Morin & Lavoie (2009) Journal of Head Trauma Rehab
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The scientific literature provides few answers for effective management of post-TBI fatigue
Clinicians have built their own expertise relative to fatigue management following TBI
This multidisciplinary expertise should be collected and translated into tools that can be shared and further evaluated in clinical trials
A survey of the existing clinical expertise ?
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1. Review the available literature on fatigue and TBI2. Document the existing expertise developed in our TBI unit3. Present and validate the results of the survey4. Triangulate with literature5. Identify targets for interventions6. Translate this data into a tangible clinical tool for assessment
and intervention7. Evaluate the tool directly in the clinical setting 8. Improve manual with feedback from clinicians and clients9. Evaluate tool in systematic research10. Disseminate and use for training
Larger knowledge exchange objectives
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Participants
IRDPQ TBI post-acute rehabilitation unit : 37 clinicians sollicited
Responders4 Occupational Therapists 1 Social Worker5 Neuropsychologists1 Physiotherapists2 Speech Therapists3 Special Educators1 Music therapist1 Vocational Counselor1 Physician3 Nurses
N=2260% responserate
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Survey
1) What are the main manifestations or signs of fatigue in your clients ?
2) Do you need to change or adapt your interventions to account for fatigue in your clients ? If yes, how so ?
3) Do you use specific tools to evaluate fatigue (questionnaires, scales)? If yes, which ones ?
4) Do you give specific recommendations or advice to your clients about fatigue? If yes, which ones ?
5)What are the barriers and facilitators to effective post-TBI fatigue management ?
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Qualitative Analysis
Global examination of the meaning and symbolic content of the answers collected
Preliminary Identification of major themes
Coding of terms, keywords, ideas, phrases, expressions into meaningful concepts (a priori codes)
Identification of themes
Combination of themes if necessary
Consensus of all members of the research team on the final themes retained for each question
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1) WHAT ARE THE MAIN MANIFESTATIONS OR SIGNS OF FATIGUE IN YOUR CLIENTS ?
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AttentionConcentrationErrorsDifficulty processing
instructions
Five main themes emerged:Alterations of cognitive functionsEmotional reactionsBodily signs EnduranceCommunication
Results: Manifestations and signs of fatigue
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IrritabilityCryingEuphoria
Five main themes emerged:Alterations of cognitive functionsEmotional reactionsBodily signs EnduranceCommunication
Results: Manifestations and signs of fatigue
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Slowing of movementsChanges in postureHeadachesYawningSleepiness
Five main themes emerged:Alterations of cognitive functionsEmotional reactionsBodily signs EnduranceCommunication
Results: Manifestations and signs of fatigue
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Decreased performanceDecreased dynamismNeed for rest
Five main themes emerged:Alterations of cognitive functionsEmotional reactionsBodily signs EnduranceCommunication
Results: Manifestations and signs of fatigue
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Difficulty following a conversationDifficulty with speech
Five main themes emerged:Alterations of cognitive functionsEmotional reactionsBodily signs EnduranceCommunication
Results: Manifestations and signs of fatigue
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2) DO YOU NEED TO CHANGE OR ADAPT YOUR INTERVENTIONS TO ACCOUNT FOR FATIGUE IN YOUR CLIENTS ? IF YES, HOW SO ?
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Not planning two demanding treatments back to backPlanning treatment during
‘optimal energy window’Augment demands
progressively in function of the client’s capacity
Five main themes emerged:Plan interventions optimally Shorter interventionsManage demands within the treatment periodControl the environmentIntegrate pleasure and humour
Results: Adaptations or changes to interventions
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Cancelling or aborting therapy sessionsShorter sessions
Five main themes emerged:Plan interventions optimally Shorter interventionsManage demands within the treatment periodControl the environmentIntegrate pleasure and humour
Results: Adaptations or changes to interventions
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Alternate tasks more and less cognitively or physically demandingComplete more complex
tasks in the beginning of the sessionTake breaks
Five main themes emerged:Plan interventions optimally Shorter interventionsManage demands within the treatment periodControl the environmentIntegrate pleasure and humour
Results: Adaptations or changes to interventions
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NoiseVisitorsCommuting
Five main themes emerged:Plan interventions optimally Shorter interventionsManage demands within the treatment periodControl the environmentIntegrate pleasure and humour
Results: Adaptations or changes to interventions
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Talk about positive aspectsLaughMake jokes
Five main themes emerged:Plan interventions optimally Shorter interventionsManage demands within the treatment periodControl the environmentIntegrate pleasure and humour
Results: Adaptations or changes to interventions
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3) DO YOU USE SPECIFIC TOOLS TO EVALUATE FATIGUE ? IF YES, WHICH ONES ?
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Direct observationCollection of observations
from therapists and nursing staffCollection of observation
from family members
Results: Tools used to evaluate fatigue
Four main themes emerged:Observation of the clientSpecific questions directed to the clientHelp clients evaluate their fatigue levelsEvaluate other aspects which could cause/exacerbate fatigue
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Open-ended questioning Question client on gradation of signsExplore impacts of fatigue
Results: Tools used to evaluate fatigue
Four main themes emerged:Observation of the clientSpecific questions directed to the clientHelp clients evaluate their fatigue levelsEvaluate other aspects which could cause/exacerbate fatigue
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DiaryActivity sheetsVisual analog scaleVariety of questionnaires
Results: Tools used to evaluate fatigue
Four main themes emerged:Observation of the clientSpecific questions directed to the clientHelp clients evaluate their fatigue levelsEvaluate other aspects which could cause/exacerbate fatigue
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Medical disordersMedicationSleep disorderAnxietyDepressionUnhealthy life habits
Results: Tools used to evaluate fatigue
Four main themes emerged:Observation of the clientSpecific questions directed to the clientHelp clients evaluate their fatigue levelsEvaluate other aspects which could cause/exacerbate fatigue
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4) DO YOU GIVE SPECIFIC RECOMMENDATIONS OR ADVICE TO YOUR CLIENTS ABOUT FATIGUE? IF YES, WHICH ONES ?
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Regular verification of signs of fatigueHelp clients recognize and name signs of fatigueExperimenting with the progression of fatigue
Results: Recommendations
Seven main themes emerged:Teach the clients to recognize signs of fatigue and respect their limitsEducationTeach the client effective planning of activitiesMake a judicious use of breaks and rests periodsModulate the environmentEncourage healthy habitsTeach stress management
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Present multidimensionality of fatigueNormalizeGive handoutsUse of meaningful metaphores (battery, bank account)
Results: Recommendations
Seven main themes emerged:Teach the clients to recognize signs of fatigue and respect their limitsEducationTeach the client effective planning of activitiesMake a judicious use of breaks and rests periodsModulate the environmentEncourage healthy habitsTeach stress management
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Chose timing of activitiesSeparate activities into more manageable unitsAlternate between activities
Results: Recommendations
Seven main themes emerged:Teach the clients to recognize signs of fatigue and respect their limitsEducationTeach the client effective planning of activitiesMake a judicious use of breaks and rests periodsModulate the environmentEncourage healthy habitsTeach stress management
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NapsRest without sleeping (lying down, relaxation, walking, listening to music)
Results: Recommendations
Seven main themes emerged:Teach the clients to recognize signs of fatigue and respect their limitsEducationTeach the client effective planning of activitiesMake a judicious use of breaks and rests periodsModulate the environmentEncourage healthy habitsTeach stress management
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Plan visitsInform significant othersPrepare for social occasions
Results: Recommendations
Seven main themes emerged:Teach the clients to recognize signs of fatigue and respect their limitsEducationTeach the client effective planning of activitiesMake a judicious use of breaks and rests periodsModulate the environmentEncourage healthy habitsTeach stress management
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Regular exerciseSleep hygieneRegular meal timesLimit caffeine or energy drinks
Results: Recommendations
Seven main themes emerged:Teach the clients to recognize signs of fatigue and respect their limitsEducationTeach the client effective planning of activitiesMake a judicious use of breaks and rests periodsModulate the environmentEncourage healthy habitsTeach stress management
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Recognizing sources of stressStrategies to manage worryingBreathingAssertiveness
Results: Recommendations
Seven main themes emerged:Teach the clients to recognize signs of fatigue and respect their limitsEducationTeach the client effective planning of activitiesMake a judicious use of breaks and rests periodsModulate the environmentEncourage healthy habitsTeach stress management
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5)WHAT ARE THE BARRIERS AND FACILITATORS TO EFFECTIVE POST-TBI FATIGUE MANAGEMENT ?
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Results: Barriers and facilitators
Sufficient awarenessAbility to observe one’s behaviorMotivationSelf-respect of strengths and limitsCapacity to adjust behaviourGood energy management before injury Significant others support learning
No interest in analyzing one’s functioningDifficulty adjusting behaviourApathy or passivityFatigue perceived as a punishment Significant others continually compensate
Facilitators Barriers
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1. Review the available literature on fatigue and TBI2. Document the existing expertise developed in our TBI unit3. Present and validate the results of the survey4. Triangulate with literature5. Identify targets for interventions6. Translate this data into a tangible clinical tool for assessment
and intervention7. Evaluate the tool directly in the clinical setting 8. Improve manual with feedback from clinicians and clients9. Evaluate tool in systematic research10. Disseminate and use for training
Larger knowledge exchange objectives
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Manual in preparation
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FATIGUE DIARYFatigue diary
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Exercise: Identify activities causing more or lessfatigue
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Manual in preparation
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Collaborators
Charles M. Morin Ph.D.Josée Savard Ph.D.Simon Beaulieu-Bonneau, M.Ps.Lise Binet MA Nathalie Boutin MPsGuylaine Duchesneau MPsJean-François Cantin PhDPaul Guilbault MDClaire Landry OTJulie Lessard OTIsabelle Potvin MPsNancy Turcotte OTMonique Delisle OT
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Funding- Thank you